Podocytes are highly differentiated epithelial cells wrapping glomerular capillary to form the filtration barrier in kidneys. As such, podocyte injury or dysfunction is a critical pathogenic event in glomerular disease. Autophagy plays an important role in the maintenance of the homeostasis and function of podocytes. However, it is less clear whether and how autophagy contributes to podocyte injury in glomerular disease. Here, we have examined the role of autophagy in adriamycin-induced nephropathy, a classical model of glomerular disease. We show that autophagy was induced by adriamycin in cultured podocytes in vitro and in podocytes in mice. In cultured podocytes, activation of autophagy with rapamycin led to the suppression of adriamycin-induced apoptosis, while inhibition of autophagy with chloroquine enhanced podocyte apoptosis during adriamycin treatment. To determine the role of autophagy in vivo, we established an inducible podocyte-specific Autophagy-related gene 7 knockout mouse model (Podo-Atg7-KO). Compared to wild-type littermates, Podo-Atg7-KO mice showed higher levels of podocyte injury, glomerulopathy, and proteinuria during adriamycin treatment. Together, these observations support an important role of autophagy in protecting podocytes under the pathological conditions of glomerular disease, suggesting the therapeutic potential of autophagy induction.