Objective Little is known about the personal factors that increase vulnerability to job‐related stress and burnout among psychologists in training. This study was based on a large international sample and aimed to explore the role of early maladaptive schemas (EMS) in predicting vulnerability to burnout, as well as attendant effects on short‐term physical health, in clinical and counseling postgraduate psychology trainees. Method An online, quantitative, cross‐sectional survey method design was used to collect self‐report data that measured burnout, EMS, and physical health from 1,297 trainees. Results Only the unrelenting standards (US) schema predicted high burnout among trainees. The most commonly endorsed physical health symptoms were back and neck pain and tiredness, and were more severe for those experiencing high burnout. Conclusion The current study contributes to our understanding of the role of the US EMS in the evolution of burnout in trainees and has implications for the development of self‐awareness training programs for this population.