This study in α-chloralose anesthetized cats discovered an excitatory peroneal nerve-to-bladder reflex. A urethral catheter was used to infuse the bladder with saline and record bladder pressure changes. Electrical stimulation was applied to the superficial peroneal nerve to trigger a reflex bladder activity. With the bladder distended at a volume about 90% of bladder capacity, superficial peroneal nerve stimulation (PNS) at 1-3 Hz and threshold (T) intensity for inducing muscle twitching on the posterior thigh induced large amplitude (40-150 cmH2O) bladder contractions. PNS (1-3 Hz, 1-2T) applied during cystometrograms (CMGs) when the bladder was slowly (1-3 ml/min) infused with saline, significantly (p<0.01) reduced bladder capacity to about 80% of the control capacity and significantly (p<0.05) enhanced reflex bladder contractions. To determine the impact of PNS on tibial nerve stimulation (TNS) induced changes in bladder function, PNS was delivered following TNS. TNS of 30-minute duration produced long-lasting post-stimulation inhibition and significantly (p<0.01) increased bladder capacity to 140.5±7.6% of the control capacity. During the post-TNS inhibition period, PNS (1-3 Hz, 1-4T) applied during CMGs completely restored bladder capacity to the control level and significantly (p<0.05) increased the duration of reflex bladder contractions to about 200% of control. The excitatory peroneal nerve-to-bladder reflex could also be activated by transcutaneous PNS using skin surface electrodes attached to the dorsal surface of the foot. These results raise the possibility of developing novel neuromodulation therapies to treat underactive bladder and non-obstructive urinary retention.