Key points Retinal cells use vanilloid transient receptor potential (TRP) channels to integrate light‐evoked signals with ambient mechanical, chemical and temperature information. Localization and function of the polymodal non‐selective cation channel TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid isoform 1) remains elusive. TRPV1 is expressed in a subset of mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) with peak expression in the mid‐peripheral retina. Endocannabinoids directly activate TRPV1 and inhibit it through cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1Rs) and cAMP pathways. Activity‐dependent endocannabinoid release may modulate signal gain in RGCs through simultaneous manipulation of calcium and cAMP signals mediated by TRPV1 and CB1R. Abstract How retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) process and integrate synaptic, mechanical, swelling stimuli with light inputs is an area of intense debate. The nociceptive cation channel TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1) modulates RGC Ca2+ signals and excitability yet the proportion of RGCs that express it remains unclear. Furthermore, TRPV1's response to endocannabinoids (eCBs), the putative endogenous retinal activators, is unknown, as is the potential modulation by cannabinoid receptors (CBRs). The density of TRPV1‐expressing RGCs in the Ai9:Trpv1 reporter mouse peaked in the mid‐peripheral retina. TRPV1 agonists including capsaicin (CAP) and the eCBs anandamide and N‐arachidonoyl‐dopamine elevated [Ca2+]i in 30–40% of wild‐type RGCs, with effects suppressed by TRPV1 antagonists capsazepine (CPZ) and BCTC ((4‐(3‐chloro‐2‐pyridinyl)‐N‐[4‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)phenyl]‐1‐piperazinecarboxamide), and lacking in Trpv1−/− cells. The cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) colocalized with TRPV1:tdTomato expression. Its agonists 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) and WIN55,122 inhibited CAP‐induced [Ca2+]i signals in adult, but not early postnatal, RGCs. The suppressive effect of 2‐AG on TRPV1 activation was emulated by positive modulators of the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway, inhibited by the CB1R antagonist rimonabant and Gi uncoupler pertussis toxin, and absent in Cnr1−/− RGCs. We conclude that TRPV1 is a modulator of Ca2+ homeostasis in a subset of RGCs that show non‐uniform distribution across the mouse retina. Non‐retrograde eCB‐mediated modulation of RGC signalling involves a dynamic push–pull between direct TRPV1 activation and PKA‐dependent regulation of channel inactivation, with potential functions in setting the bandwidth of postsynaptic responses, sensitivity to mechanical/excitotoxic stress and neuroprotection.