--- - |2+ Abstract Aim Here, we have extensively investigated the relationship between thermoregulation and neurodegeneration‐induced dementia of the Alzheimer's type using intracerebroventricular injections of streptozotocin (icv‐STZ). Methods Male Wistar rats were treated with bilateral injections of icv‐STZ, and their thermoregulatory profiles (core body temperature, tail‐skin temperature, cold and heat defence responses and thermal place preference) were evaluated. Spatial memory, locomotor activity, social interaction, brain ventricular volume, and Aβ1‐42 and tau protein levels in the brain were analysed to characterize the effects of STZ on the brain and behaviour. Results In addition to deficits in spatial memory, reduced social interaction and an increased brain ventricular volume, icv‐STZ rats presented a pattern of hyperthermia, as demonstrated by an increased core body temperature. Hyperthermia was due to the activation of both autonomic heat conservation and behavioural cold avoidance, as STZ‐treated rats presented tail‐cutaneous vasoconstriction and an altered thermal preference. They also showed a distinct cold defence response when exposed to cold. Conclusion Our data bring evidence that icv‐STZ in rats causes hyperthermia, with activation of both autonomic and behavioural thermoregulatory defence responses when challenged at colder temperatures, leading us to hypothesize that they are more efficient in preventing hypothermia. These data are relevant for a better understanding of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms. - Acta Physiologica, Volume 224, Issue 2, October 2018.