--- - |2 Abstract Mechanisms by which the relations between different parenting behaviors and children's prosocial and problem behaviors occur is the focus of the current study. Supportive and nonsupportive emotion socialization practices of mothers were considered as potential mediators. Further, the moderator role of gender was explored. Participants were 228 mothers of 6 to 11‐year‐old children living in Ankara, Turkey. Scales assessing parenting behaviors (specifically, positive parenting and inconsistent discipline), maternal reactions to children's negative emotions, and prosocial and problem behaviors of children were completed by the mothers. Results revealed that supportive emotion socialization practices fully mediated the relation between positive parenting behaviors and both boys’ and girls’ prosocial behaviors. In contrast, nonsupportive emotion socialization practices partially mediated the relation between inconsistent parenting behaviors and problem behaviors, but only for girls. Findings indicated that girls were more vulnerable to their mothers’ inconsistent behaviors possibly because mother‐daughter dyads are more likely to use emotion‐related language and to discuss emotions than mother‐son dyads from a very early age. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. - Social Development, Volume 0, Issue ja, -Not available-.