["Acta Physiologica, Accepted Article. ", "\nABSTRACT\nAim:  Exercise can be used to enhance neuroplasticity and facilitate motor recovery after a stroke in rats. We investigated whether treadmill running could reduce brain damage and enhance the expression of midkine (MK) and nerve growth factor (NGF), increase angiogenesis, and decrease the expression of caspase‐3.\nMethods:  77 Wistar rats were split unto 3 experimental groups (ischemia‐control: 36, ischemia‐exercise: 36, sham‐exercise: 5). Stroke was induced by 90 min left middle cerebral artery occlusion using an intraluminal filament. Beginning on the following day, the rats were made to run on a treadmill for 20 min once a day for a maximum of 28 consecutive days. Functional recovery after ischemia was assessed using the beam walking test and a neurological evaluation scale in all rats. Infarct volume, and the expression of MK, NGF, PECAM‐1, and caspase‐3 were evaluated at 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days after the induction of ischemia.\nResults:  Over time motor coordination and neurological deficits improved more in the exercised group than in the non‐exercised group. The infarct volume in the exercised group (12.4 ± 0.8%) subjected to treadmill running for 28 days was significantly decreased compared with that in the control group (19.8 ± 4.2%, P<0.01). The cellular expression levels of MK, NGF, and PECAM‐1 were significantly increased while that of caspase‐3 was decreased in the peri‐infarct area of the exercised rats.\nConclusions:  Our findings show that treadmill exercise improves motor behavior and reduces neurological deficits and infarct volume, suggesting that it may aid recovery from central nervous system injury.\n"]