Objectives Little is known about the relationship between growth and lipoprotein profile. We aimed to analyze common genetic and environmental factors in the association of height from late childhood to adulthood and pubertal timing with serum lipid and lipoprotein subclass profile. Methods A longitudinal cohort of Finnish twin pairs (FinnTwin12) was analyzed using self‐reported height at 11–12, 14, 17 years and measured stature at adult age (21–24 years). Data were available for 719 individual twins including 298 complete pairs. Serum lipids and lipoprotein subclasses were measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Multivariate variance component models for twin data were fitted. Cholesky decomposition was used to partition the phenotypic covariation among traits into additive genetic and unique environmental correlations. Results In men, the strongest associations for both adult height and puberty were observed with total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, intermediate‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein particle subclasses (max. r = −0.19). In women, the magnitude of the correlations was weaker (max. r = −0.13). Few associations were detected between height during adolescence and adult lipid profile. Early onset of puberty was related to an adverse lipid profile, but delayed pubertal development in girls was associated with an unfavorable profile, as well. All associations were mediated mainly by additive genetic factors, but unique environmental effects cannot be disregarded. Conclusions Early puberty and shorter adult height relate to higher concentrations of atherogenic lipids and lipoprotein particles in early adulthood. Common genetic effects behind these phenotypes substantially contribute to the observed associations. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:465–472, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.