Renal damage resulting from acute and chronic kidney injury poses an important problem to public health. Currently patients with end stage renal disease rely solely on kidney transplantation or dialysis for survival. Emerging therapies aiming to prevent and reverse kidney damage are thus in urgent need. Although the kidney was initially thought to lack the capacity for self-repair, several studies have indicated that this might not be the case; Progenitor and stem cells appear to play important roles in kidney repair under various pathological conditions. In this review we summarize recent findings on the role of progenitor/stem cells on kidney repair as well as discuss their potential as a therapeutic approach for kidney diseases.