Diabetes mellitus is a serious health problem that can lead to several pathologic complications in numerous organs and tissues. The most important and most prevalent organs affected by this disease are the heart and the kidneys and these complications are the major causes of death in patients with diabetes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), short non‐coding RNAs, have been found to be functionally important in the regulation of several pathologic processes and they are emerging as an important therapeutic tool to avoid the complications of diabetes mellitus. This review summarizes the knowledge on the effects of miRNAs in diabetes. The use of miRNAs in diabetes from a clinical perspective is also discussed, focusing on their potential role to repair cardiovascular and renal complications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.