In this study, an attempt has been made to statistically model the relationship between cutting parameters (speed, feed rate and depth of cut), cutting force components (Fx, Fy and Fz) and workpiece absolute surface roughness (Ra). The machining case of a martensitic stainless steel (AISI 420) is considered in a common turning process by means of a chemical vapor deposition–coated carbide tool. A full-factorial design (4³) is adopted in order to analyze obtained experimental results via both analysis of variance and response surface methodology techniques. The optimum cutting conditions are achieved using mutually response surface methodology and desirability function approaches while the model adequacy is checked from residual values. The results indicated that the depth of cut is the dominant factor affecting (Fx: 86%, Fy: 58% and Fz: 81%), whereas feed rate is found to be the utmost factor influencing surface roughness behavior (Ra: 81%). In addition, a good agreement between the predicted and measured cutting force components and surface roughness was observed. The results are also validated experimentally by determining errors (Fx: 6.51%, Fy: 4.36%, Fz: 3.59% and Ra: 5.12%). Finally, the ranges for optimal cutting conditions are projected for serial industrial production.