Objective To evaluate evidence of practice changes affecting kidney transplant program volumes, and donor, recipient and candidate selection in the era surrounding the introduction of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) conditions of participation (CoPs) for organ transplant programs. Data Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients; CMS ESRD and Medicare claims databases. Design Retrospective analysis of national registry data. Methods A Cox proportional hazards model of 1‐year graft survival was used to derive risks associated with deceased‐donor kidney transplants performed from 2001 to 2010. Findings Among programs with ongoing noncompliance with the CoPs, kidney transplant volumes declined by 38 percent (n = 766) from 2006 to 2011, including a 55 percent drop in expanded criteria donor transplants. Volume increased by 6 percent (n = 638) among programs remaining in compliance. Aggregate risk of 1‐year graft failure increased over time due to increasing recipient age and obesity, and longer ESRD duration. Conclusions Although trends in aggregate risk of 1‐year kidney graft loss do not indicate that the introduction of the CoPs has systematically reduced opportunities for marginal candidates or that there has been a systematic shift away from utilization of higher risk deceased donor kidneys, total volume and expanded criteria donor utilization decreased overall among programs with ongoing noncompliance.