The socioeconomic conditions of communities in which young South Africans live may be an important contributor to the high levels of violence in the country. Informed by social disorganization theory, this study examined the relationship between neighborhood sociostructural context and adolescent (15-19 years) homicide victimization in Johannesburg (2001-2009). The results revealed that neighborhood-concentrated disadvantage and measures of family structure were significantly related to levels of male and female adolescent homicide. The study underscores the importance of neighborhood structure in understanding adolescent homicide, particularly in Johannesburg, and can inform interventions that target high-risk communities.