How Toddlers Acquire and Transfer Tool Knowledge: Developmental Changes and the Role of Executive Functions
Published online on May 03, 2016
Abstract
This report investigates tool learning and its relations to executive functions (EFs) in toddlers. In Study 1 (N = 93), 18‐, 20‐, 22‐, and 24‐month‐old children learned equally well to choose a correct tool from observation, whereas performance based on feedback improved with age. Knowledge transfer showed significant progress after 22 months of age: Older children ignored irrelevant features more easily and adjusted their behavior more flexibly. Study 2 (N = 62) revealed that spontaneous transfer in 22‐ to 24‐month‐olds was related to set‐shifting skills and response inhibition. Flexible adaptation to feedback correlated with working‐memory capacity. These findings suggest that toddlerhood is a highly dynamic phase of tool learning and that EFs are related to transfer performance at this age.