Importance Curative cancer operations lead to debility and loss of autonomy in a population vulnerable to suicide death. The extent to which operative intervention impacts suicide risk is not well studied. Objective To examine the effects of morbidity of curative cancer surgeries and prognosis of disease on the risk of suicide in patients with solid tumors. Design Retrospective cohort study using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data from 2004 to 2011; multilevel systematic review. Setting General US population. Participants Participants were 482 781 patients diagnosed with malignant neoplasm between 2004 and 2011 who underwent curative cancer surgeries. Main outcomes and measures Death by suicide or self‐inflicted injury. Results Among 482 781 patients that underwent curative cancer surgery, 231 committed suicide (16.58/100 000 person‐years [95% confidence interval, CI, 14.54‐18.82]). Factors significantly associated with suicide risk included male sex (incidence rate [IR], 27.62; 95% CI, 23.82‐31.86) and age >65 years (IR, 22.54; 95% CI, 18.84‐26.76). When stratified by 30‐day overall postoperative morbidity, a significantly higher incidence of suicide was found for high‐morbidity surgeries (IR, 33.30; 95% CI, 26.50‐41.33) vs moderate morbidity (IR, 24.27; 95% CI, 18.92‐30.69) and low morbidity (IR, 9.81; 95% CI, 7.90‐12.04). Unit increase in morbidity was significantly associated with death by suicide (odds ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00‐1.03; P = .02) and decreased suicide‐specific survival (hazards ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00‐1.03, P = .01) in prognosis‐adjusted models. Conclusions In this sample of cancer patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, patients that undergo high‐morbidity surgeries appear most vulnerable to death by suicide. The identification of this high‐risk cohort should motivate health care providers and particularly surgeons to adopt screening measures during the postoperative follow‐up period for these patients.