The early Chinese migrants to Singapore were mainly traders and artisans, and their employment depended on kinship affiliations and networks within the community. After Singapore became an independent nation, it focused on building a cohesive multiracial nation, and racial differences were downplayed. Educating Singaporeans to develop the economy and improve their livelihood was emphasized, and meritocracy was promoted. Access to employment was based on individual merits and efforts rather than on kinships. Globalization and technological advancement require Singaporean workers to attain mastery of skills in the competitive economy. Consequently, career planning and development services are advocated and made available for both students and adults, regardless of race and other differences. This is to ensure that their potentials can be fully maximized. Many schemes are also available to help Singaporeans achieve career success.