Background Recently, the literature on rural left‐behind children in China has rapidly grown. However, no comprehensive review of the status of knowledge on the issue exists. Methods A co‐cited network map of 327 studies (covering 1998 through 2014) drawn from the Chinese Social Studies Citation Index database was analysed. Results Using visualization software, the results identified three fundamental studies on the issue and four hot topics: interventions, deviant behaviours, mental health and family childrearing strategies. The analysis found that knowledge on this topic could be furthered by (1) focusing on protective factors and (2) integrating disciplines by standardizing concepts and measures. Conclusions These study's results are an important reference for the development of theories, practices and policies regarding rural left‐behind children in China.