Drawing from multiple bodies of literature, the authors investigate the relationship between consumption‐based carbon emissions and domestic income inequality for 67 nations from 1991 to 2008. Results of two‐way fixed‐effects longitudinal models indicate that the relationship between national‐level emissions and inequality changes through time and varies for nations in different macroeconomic contexts. For high‐income nations, the relationship shifts from negative to positive, suggesting that in recent years, income inequality in such nations increases carbon emissions. For middle‐income nations, the association is negative, and becomes increasingly negative in the later years of the study. For low‐income nations, the relationship between carbon emissions and domestic income inequality is null for the entire 1991 to 2008 period. These diverse results hold, net of the effects of other well‐established human drivers of emissions, including population size, level of economic development, and urbanization. The authors conclude by emphasizing the need for future research on greenhouse gas emissions and domestic inequality, and the central role that sociology should play in this emerging area of inquiry.