["The Journal of Physiology, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract figure legend Graphical summary of our study. Rats with varying hearing experiences were bilaterally implanted with cochlear implants (CIs), and neural responses were recorded from the inferior colliculus (IC), an auditory midbrain region (left). IC neurons showed greater sensitivity to interaural time differences (ITDs) carried in pulse timing (thumbs up; right top) than in the envelope (thumbs down; right bottom), regardless of pulse rate, modulation rate or hearing experience.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAbstract\nCochlear implants (CIs) have successfully restored hearing in more than one million patients with severe to profound hearing loss worldwide. Although CIs effectively restore speech perception in quiet environments, sound localization remains challenging for bilateral CI users, particularly their ability to utilize interaural time differences (ITDs). The majority of clinical CI processors use a coding strategy that encodes ITD information only in the envelope of electrical pulse trains rather than their pulse timing, which may contribute to the poorer spatial hearing perception of CI users. We recently demonstrated in a behavioural study on early deafened, bilaterally CI‐implanted rats that pulse timing ITDs completely dominate ITD perception, whereas sensitivity to envelope ITDs is almost negligible in comparison. Building on this, we here investigated the neurophysiological sensitivity of the inferior colliculus (IC) to envelope and pulse timing ITDs at two different pulse rates (900 and 4500 pulses/s) and three different stimulation modulations (5, 20 and 100 Hz) in CI rats with different hearing experiences. Our results indicate that IC neurons exhibit far greater sensitivity to pulse timing ITD than envelope ITD independent of pulse rate, modulation rate or hearing experience. These findings suggest that to improve binaural hearing outcomes in bilateral CI users, clinical stimulation strategies should provide informative pulse timing ITDs.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKey points\n\nCurrent bilateral cochlear implants mostly provide time cues of arriving sound in the envelope of stimulation rather than in the timing of pulses.\nA behavioural study on cochlear implanted rats has shown that pulse timing dominates binaural hearing.\nHere we examined the neural sensitivity to independent changes in time cues presented on the envelope or pulse timing, respectively, in rats with bilateral cochlear implants and different hearing experiences.\nAuditory midbrain neurons were consistently more sensitive to changes in pulse timing rather than envelope, irrespective of stimulus pulse rate, modulation rate or an animal's hearing experience.\n\n\n"]