Criminality Trends Through Socio-Economic Factors: A Two Decade Panel ARDL Analysis of Upper-Middle-Income Nations (2000–2021)
Published online on December 13, 2025
Abstract
Crime & Delinquency, Ahead of Print.
This study explores the socio-economic factors influencing criminality in 44 upper-middle-income nations (UMIN) from 2000 to 2021. While previous research has focused on high- and low-income nations, UMIN remain understudied despite their unique ...
This study explores the socio-economic factors influencing criminality in 44 upper-middle-income nations (UMIN) from 2000 to 2021. While previous research has focused on high- and low-income nations, UMIN remain understudied despite their unique ...