Approaches to Defining the “Hate Element” of a Behavior: A Data-Driven Typology
Published online on November 24, 2025
Abstract
Crime & Delinquency, Ahead of Print.
This article addresses the proliferation of definitions and approaches used to characterize the hate element in behaviors motivated by hate, including hate crimes, hate speech, and behaviors motivated by prejudice against specific identities (e.g., ...
This article addresses the proliferation of definitions and approaches used to characterize the hate element in behaviors motivated by hate, including hate crimes, hate speech, and behaviors motivated by prejudice against specific identities (e.g., ...