Developing a Vertically Scaled Assessment of Elementary Students’ Number Sense

Patrick K. Kirkland, Claire Guang, Chineme Otuonye, Ying Cheng, Nicole M. McNeil, Institute for Educational Initiatives, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment

Published online on October 17, 2025

Abstract

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, Volume 44, Issue 3, Page 275-297, June 2026.
This article advances an argument-based approach to presenting validity evidence for a brief assessment of 3rd–5thgrade students’ number sense. Improving students’ number sense has been a goal of K-12 mathematics education in the US since the late 1980’s,...