Exploring the Reliability and Validity of the PSCP Social Presence Scale

Filiz Özek, Seval Fer, Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science, Centre for Engineering in Society, Concordia University, Faculty of Education, Hacettepe University, Division of Curriculum and Instruction

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment

Published online on February 11, 2026

Abstract

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, Volume 44, Issue 5, Page 543-559, August 2026.
This study describes the development and validation of thePSCP Social Presence Scale, created to assess students’ perceived social presence in learning environments. The scale was tested with 446 pre-degree university students studying English as a ...