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Belonging to unions across the world: Macro and micro dynamics

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European Journal of Industrial Relations

Published online on

Abstract

European Journal of Industrial Relations, Volume 32, Issue 2, Page 159-186, June 2026.
This study examines global unionization dynamics by analyzing how macro-level contexts and individual characteristics interact. Employing multilevel models on data from 75 countries, we demonstrate that democracy’s effect on union membership operates ...