The balance between artificial and human intelligence in clinical practice

Domenico Marrella, Turkka Anttila, Jorma Ryhänen, Robert Miller, Bo Liu, Philippe Liverneaux

Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume): Journal of the British Society for Surgery of the Hand & Official Journal of the Federation of European Societies for Surgery of the Hand

Published online on January 16, 2026

Abstract

Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume), Ahead of Print.
Introduction:Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly integrated into clinical care in hand surgery. Its applications extend across diagnosis, planning, intraoperative assistance, postoperative monitoring, rehabilitation, prosthetics and ...