Association between blood cadmium and the likelihood of developing human papillomavirus infection: A combination of NHANES and clinical study

Qinyuan He, Xia Zhao, Weiwei He, Yuehua Yang, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Department of Oncology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives Vigilance and Fertility Surveillance, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory of Fertility Protection and Health Technology Assessment, Jiangsu Health Development Research Center

Journal of International Medical Research

Published online on April 30, 2026

Abstract

Journal of International Medical Research, Volume 54, Issue 4, April 2026.
ObjectiveTo determine whether blood cadmium levels are associated with the likelihood of developing human papillomavirus infection in women aged 20–59 years.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from 7815 women in the 2005–2016 National ...