Curing behaviour, mechanical and thermal properties of unmodified lignin–epoxy composites using a bio-based phenalkamine hardener

Siti Noor Hidayah Mustapha, Nurul Husna Izzati Ahmad Yusnaidi, Rasidi Roslan, Rohani Mustapha, Mohd Jumain Jalil, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites

Published online on February 19, 2026

Abstract

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Ahead of Print.
Developing sustainable epoxy systems requires the effective use of renewable components such as lignin, although challenges in compatibility and dispersion often limit performance. This study evaluates the direct incorporation of unmodified lignin (0–12 ...