General Surgery 4.0 – A Systematic Review of Extended Reality Interventions in General Surgery

Mikolaj R Kowal, Thomas Williams, Alexios Dosis, Samir Pathak, Shahid Farid, Deborah D Stocken, Peter Lodge, Sharib Ali, Damian Tolan, David G Jayne, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Department of HPB Surgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Leeds, School of Computer Science, University of Leeds

Surgical Innovation

Published online on January 13, 2026

Abstract

Surgical Innovation, Ahead of Print.
BackgroundSurgery is a central component of healthcare but involves significant risks, with complications occurring in 16.4% patients, accounting for 7.7% of worldwide fatalities. “Surgery 4.0” or digitisation of surgery, has introduced extended reality (...