{"__content__"=>"\n Objective\n \n \n Methods\n \n \n Results\n \n \n Conclusion\n \n ", "p"=>[{"__content__"=>"This study examines whether police activities—including self-initiated stops, frisks, searches, arrests, and summonses—differ between uniformed and plainclothes officers in New York City and whether the effect of wearing a uniform on these activities varies by assignment type (detective, bureau, SCU/NST [Street Crime Unit/Neighborhood Safety Team] period)."}, {"__content__"=>"Using Stop-Question-Frisk (SQF) data from 2017 to 2024 ( = 86,028), the effects are estimated with three average treatment effect estimators: Inverse Probability Weighted Regression Adjustment (IPWRA), Nearest Neighbor Matching (NNM), and Propensity Score Matching (PSM). Multivariate logistic regression analyses are also conducted, including interaction terms between police uniform and assignment type.", "i"=>{"__content__"=>"N"}}, {"__content__"=>"The IPWRA results indicate that, compared to plainclothes officers, uniformed officers are significantly less likely to initiate stops but significantly more likely to make arrests. Multivariate logistic regression with interaction terms indicates that uniform alone significantly decreases the odds of initiating stops while increasing the odds of conducting searches. In contrast, its effects on frisks and summonses depend on assignment to specific bureaus."}, {"__content__"=>"Police uniforms affect police activities, suggesting that officers in uniform behave differently from those not in uniform."}]}