Do Not Think Ahead of Me: High‐Personalization Chatbots Can Backfire During the Goal Formation Stage
Published online on June 15, 2026
Abstract
["Psychology &Marketing, EarlyView. ", "\nABSTRACT\nWith the development of artificial intelligence (AI), firms are eager to harness the power of AI for customer service by deploying high‐personalization chatbots to actively capture real‐time consumer behaviors and provide personalized services across the decision stages. Prior research has highlighted the benefits of chatbot personalization and regards it as a firm's competitive advantage. However, consumers do not seem to favor high‐personalization chatbots throughout different decision stages. Across five studies, this research demonstrates that high‐personalization chatbots may backfire in the goal formation stage. However, this is not the case for consumers in the goal fulfillment stage. The authors reveal the underlying mechanism, namely reduced decision autonomy driving this adverse effect, and demonstrate the moderating effect of whether consumers have interdependent selves (vs. independent selves). These findings suggest that it is vital for firms to carefully adopt high‐personalization chatbots and consider the specific decision stages in chatbot deployment, particularly the goal formation stage.\n"]