Wives, Mothers, Players: Chinese Married Women's Affective Labor in Otome Gaming
Family Relations / Family Relations Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies
Published online on July 27, 2026
Abstract
["Family Relations, EarlyView. ", "\nABSTRACT\n\nObjective\nThis study examined how married Chinese women sustain otome gaming practices within everyday family life through the lens of affective labor.\n\n\nBackground\nFor married women in Chinese families, the coexistence of Confucian familism and neoliberal individualization creates a moral tension in which self‐oriented leisure is simultaneously desired and delegitimized. Although otome games offer emotional fulfillment and relational autonomy, how married women integrate them into domestic life remains underexplored.\n\n\nMethod\nDrawing on 24 in‐depth interviews with married Chinese women and supplementary social media data from Weibo and Xiaohongshu, analyzed through thematic analysis framed by affective labor.\n\n\nResults\nThree layered forms of affective labor sustained women's gaming: boundary management (organizing time and space for play within domestic routines), relationship management (negotiating gaming practices with family), and self‐management (balancing self‐expectation, self‐fulfillment, and self‐restraint).\n\n\nConclusion\nOtome gaming operates as a negotiated form of leisure embedded in domestic relationships, where women exercise relational rather than individual agency through affective labor.\n\n\nImplications\nThis study extends family and game studies by conceptualizing married women's digital leisure as affective labor embedded in household relationships. Practically, the findings suggest that family practitioners and educators should recognize women's digital leisure as legitimate self‐care, emotional recovery, and relational negotiation.\n\n"]