Clinical outcomes, environmental exposure factors, and antibiotic resistance patterns of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid fever in Pakistan: A prospective observational study

Hamna Khalid, Abdul Rehman Shahid, Eman Ahmad, Noshaba Razaq, Fatima Binte Muhammad, Laiba Irfan Ghauri, Sehrish Khan, Muhammad Dawood Nazir, Noof K. Binashikhbubkr, Department of Medicine, Wah Medical College, Wah Cantt, Department of Medicine, POF Hospital, Wah Cantt, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hadhramout University

Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease

Published online on August 13, 2026

Abstract

Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease, Volume 13, January-December 2026.
BackgroundExtensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid fever is a major public health concern in Pakistan, with limited treatment options and rising morbidity. There is a limited amount of evidence available on the role of the environmental factors that may ...