There have been dramatic increases over the past several decades in the prevalence of childhood obesity and childhood metabolic syndrome in the United States and other industrialized nations. Since the 2 conditions carry negative health implications, both during childhood and later in life, it is important for health care professionals to stay abreast of the current literature relative to both conditions. This review will examine definitional issues, prevalence rates, causative factors, and health consequences associated with childhood obesity and the metabolic syndrome, as well as current thinking regarding prevention and treatment efforts. The review will conclude with recommendations relative to future research needs.