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International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Impact factor: 2.977 5-Year impact factor: 2.967 Print ISSN: 0885-6230 Online ISSN: 1099-1166 Publisher: Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)

Subjects: Gerontology, Psychiatry

Most recent papers:

  • The impact of substance use disorders on clinical outcomes in older‐adult psychiatric inpatients.
    Scott D. Lane, Sabrina C. Costa, Antonio L. Teixeira, Charles F. Reynolds, Breno S. Diniz.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 18, 2017
    Objective To examine associations among substance use disorder (SUD) and measures of length of stay (LOS) and non‐psychiatric medical comorbidity (MEDCO) in older‐adult inpatients with serious mental illness (SMI), hypothesizing SUD would be related to worse clinical outcomes. Methods A cross‐sectional study analyzed medical records from 2010 to 2016 of 7258 inpatients with SMI ≥ age 50, obtained from a 274‐bed psychiatric hospital. Descriptive analyses examined prevalence rates for SUD status (+/−), individual drug classes, and total number of SUDs (polysubstance use disorders). Regression models examined the influence of 2 independent variables of interest: (1) SUD status (+/−) and (2) type of SUD (ie, specific drug), controlling for demographic factors and additional (non‐SUD) psychiatric disorders. Two dependent (outcome) variables were examined: LOS and MEDCO. Results The overall SUD rate was 26%; cocaine was the most common SUD (≈ 10%). SUD status and additional (non‐SUD) psychiatric diagnoses were significantly associated with longer LOS (both P < 0.001). For individual SUDs, cocaine, marijuana, opiates, and alcohol were all significantly associated with LOS (all P < 0.01). SUD status, age, sex, admission status, and race were significantly associated with MEDCO (all P < 0.002). For individual SUDs, barbiturates, opiates, and alcohol were all significantly associated with MEDCO (P < 0.01). Conclusions The prevalence of SUD in this sample underscores concerns related to treating older adults presenting providers with comorbid SUD and SMI. This combination may increase the burden and complexity of care, warranting further investigation into mechanisms and long‐term consequences.
    October 18, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4799   open full text
  • Prevalence of delusions in drug‐naïve Alzheimer disease patients: A meta‐analysis.
    Leo Lai, Philip E. Lee, Peter Chan, Mark C. Fok, Ging‐Yuek R. Hsiung, Amir A. Sepehry.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 11, 2017
    Introduction Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common at all stages of Alzheimer disease (AD). Delusions in AD are associated with negative clinical consequences and may signal rapid disease progression. Hence, we sought to determine the prevalence of delusions in drug‐naïve (no cholinesterase inhibitor or neuroleptic medications) AD patients. Methods In this meta‐analysis, a search of the EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases was performed. We selected studies reporting delusion prevalence measured by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) in drug‐naïve AD patients. An aggregate delusion event rate with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. The I2 statistic was used to assess the magnitude of between‐study heterogeneity. Single variable meta‐regressions allowed examination of the effect of moderating factors and heterogeneity. Quantitative measures were used to appraise for publication bias. Results We identified 6 studies with 591 participants allowing calculation of the aggregate delusional prevalence rate. Irrespective of dementia severity, the aggregate event rate for delusions was 29.1% (95% CI: 20–41%; I2 = 84.59). No publication bias was observed. Conclusion This meta‐analysis calculates a 29.1% prevalence rate of delusions in AD patients. There is a trend towards increasing delusion prevalence in concordance with increasing severity of dementia. Given delusions are associated with poorer outcomes, the obtained prevalence should motivate clinicians to screen carefully for delusions. Current literature limitations warrant future studies, with sub‐analyses on dementia severity, and other neurobiological factors known to influence the presence of delusions.
    October 11, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4812   open full text
  • Correlates of physical activity among depressed older people in six low‐income and middle‐income countries: A community‐based cross‐sectional study.
    Davy Vancampfort, Brendon Stubbs, Nicola Veronese, James Mugisha, Nathalie Swinnen, Ai Koyanagi.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 10, 2017
    Objective Despite the benefits of physical activity (PA) in older people with depression, many do not comply with the International PA guidelines. Thus, we investigated what factors influence PA participation among 915 community‐dwelling older adults (aged ≥65 years) with depression in 6 low‐income and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Methods Cross‐sectional data were analyzed from the World Health Organization's Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health. The sample was restricted to those with DSM‐IV depression or receiving depression treatment in the last 12 months. PA was assessed by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Participants were dichotomized into low (ie, not meeting 150 minutes of moderate PA per week) and moderate‐to‐high physically active groups. Associations between PA and a range of correlates were examined using multivariable logistic regressions. Results The prevalence of low PA was 40.4% (95%CI = 34.8%–46.1%). After adjusting for age, sex, and country, larger household size and unemployment were significant sociodemographic correlates of low PA. Former smoking (vs never), anxiety, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), lower body mass index, bodily pain, asthma, chronic back pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hearing problems, stroke, slow gait, poor self‐rated health, higher levels of disability, and lower levels of social cohesion were identified as significant negative correlates of PA. Conclusions The current data provide guidance for future interventions across LMICs to assist older people with depression engage in regular PA. The promotion of social cohesion may increase the efficacy of future public health initiatives, while from a clinical perspective, somatic co‐morbidities, MCI, pain, and slow gait need to be considered. Key points More than 40% of older people with depression in low‐income and middle‐income countries do not meet physical activity guidelines. Somatic co‐morbidities, lower body mass index, pain, and slow gait need to be considered. The promotion of social cohesion may increase the efficacy of future public health initiatives.
    October 10, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4796   open full text
  • Exposure to a national multimedia Alzheimer's disease awareness campaign: Assessing stigmatic beliefs towards persons with the disease.
    Perla Werner, Ile Kermel Schiffman.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 03, 2017
    Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of being exposed to a multimedia campaign on stigmatic beliefs towards a person with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods A cross‐sectional posttest online survey was conducted immediately after the campaign among 510 Jewish participants aged 40 and above. Results Most the participants reported being exposed to the campaign. The campaign elicited significantly higher positive than negative emotions. Exposure to the campaign was not significantly associated with any of the stigmatic beliefs as a direct or moderating variable. Worry about developing AD was associated with increased stigmatic beliefs. Conclusions More research is needed to better understand which types of media campaigns work best to increase awareness and reduce stigma associated with AD.
    October 03, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4814   open full text
  • Specific depressive symptoms predict remission to aripiprazole augmentation in late‐life treatment resistant depression.
    Marie Anne Gebara, Elizabeth A. DiNapoli, John Kasckow, Jordan F. Karp, Daniel M. Blumberger, Eric J. Lenze, Benoit H. Mulsant, Charles F. Reynolds.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 03, 2017
    Objective To identify which specific depressive symptoms predict remission to aripiprazole augmentation in late‐life treatment resistant depression. Methods This is a secondary analysis of data from a late‐life treatment resistant depression trial examining the safety and efficacy of aripiprazole augmentation. Participants aged 60 and above were randomized to aripiprazole augmentation (N = 91) versus placebo (N = 90). The main outcome was depression remission. Clinical predictors included individual Montgomery‐Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) item scores categorized as symptomatic (scores >2) or nonsymptomatic (scores ≤2). Results Three MADRS items predicted depression remission with aripiprazole augmentation: symptomatic scores on sleep disturbance and nonsymptomatic scores on apparent sadness and inability to feel. The 2‐way and 3‐way interaction terms of these MADRS items were not significant predictors of remission; therefore, the models' ability to predict remission was not improved by combining the significant MADRS items. Conclusions The identification of specific depressive symptoms, which can be clinically assessed, can be used to inform treatment decisions. Older adults with treatment resistant depression that present with sleep disturbances, lack of apparent sadness, or lack of inability to feel should be considered for aripiprazole augmentation.
    October 03, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4813   open full text
  • Relationship between speaking English as a second language and agitation in people with dementia living in care homes: Results from the MARQUE (Managing Agitation and Raising Quality of life) English national care home survey.
    C. Cooper, P. Rapaport, S. Robertson, L. Marston, J. Barber, M. Manela, G. Livingston.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 03, 2017
    Objective As not speaking English as a first language may lead to increased difficulties in communication with staff and other residents, we (1) tested our primary hypotheses that care home residents with dementia speaking English as a second language experience more agitation and overall neuropsychiatric symptoms, and (2) explored qualitatively how staff consider that residents' language, ethnicity, and culture might impact on how they manage agitation. Methods We interviewed staff, residents with dementia, and their family carers from 86 care homes (2014–2015) about resident's neuropsychiatric symptoms, agitation, life quality, and dementia severity. We qualitatively interviewed 25 staff. Results Seventy‐one out of 1420 (5%) of care home residents with dementia interviewed spoke English as a second language. After controlling for dementia severity, age, and sex, and accounting for care home and staff proxy clustering, speaking English as a second language compared with as a first language was associated with significantly higher Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory (adjusted difference in means 8.3, 95% confidence interval 4.1 to 12.5) and Neuropsychiatric inventory scores (4.1, 0.65 to 7.5). Staff narratives described how linguistic and culturally isolating being in a care home where no residents or staff share your culture or language could be for people with dementia, and how this sometimes caused or worsened agitation. Conclusions Considering a person with dementia's need to be understood when selecting a care home and developing technology resources to enable dementia‐friendly translation services could be important strategies for reducing distress of people with dementia from minority ethnic groups who live in care homes.
    October 03, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4786   open full text
  • Outcome of day treatment for older adults with affective disorders: An observational pre‐post design of two transdiagnostic approaches.
    S.D.M. Dijk, R. Bouman, J.C.A.E. Lam, R. Held, S.P.J. Alphen, R.C. Oude Voshaar.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 02, 2017
    Objective First, to evaluate the outcome of 2 transdiagnostic day treatment programs. A 20‐week psychotherapeutic day treatment (PDT) and an activating day treatment (ADT) program delivered in blocks of 4 weeks with a maximum of 24 weeks with respect to depression, anxiety, and hypochondriasis. Second, to explore the impact of cognitive impairment and personality pathology on treatment outcome. Methods The course of depression (Inventory of Depressive Symptoms), anxiety (Geriatric Anxiety Inventory), and hypochondriasis (Whitley Index) were evaluated by linear mixed models adjusted for age, sex, level of education, and alcohol usage among 49 patients (mean age 65 years, 67% females) receiving PDT and among 61 patients (mean age 67.1, 61% females) receiving ADT. Pre‐post effect‐sizes were expressed as Cohen's d. Subsequently, cognitive impairment (no, suspected, established) and personality pathology (DSM‐IV criteria as well as the Big Five personality traits) were examined as potential moderators of treatment outcome. Results Among patients receiving PDT, large improvements were found for depression (d = 1.1) and anxiety (d = 1.2) but not for hypochondriasis (d = 0.0). Patients receiving ADT showed moderate treatment effects for depression (d = 0.6), anxiety (d = 0.6), as well as hypochondriasis (d = 0.6). Personality pathology moderates treatment outcome of neither PDT nor ADT. Cognitive impairment negatively interfered with the course of depressive symptoms among patients receiving PDT. Conclusions Transdiagnostic day treatment is promising for older adults with affective disorders with high feasibility.
    October 02, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4791   open full text
  • Age and sex‐related differences in risk factors for elderly suicide: Differentiating between suicide ideation and attempts.
    Hyuk Lee, Ki Ho Seol, Jun Won Kim.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 02, 2017
    Objective The purpose of this study was to analyze the age and sex‐related differences in socio‐demographic factors that influence suicide ideation and attempts in the elderly. Methods The total number of subjects was 93 151, of whom 8441 belonged to the high suicide‐risk group (2064 male; 6377 female). Following this identification, we investigated their socio‐demographic information, health status, and depressive symptoms, which might have influenced their suicide ideation and attempts. Results Residence in an urban area was identified as a risk factor for both male and female elderly in their 60s and 70s and female elderly in their 80s. Marital status showed a different influence on suicide ideation depending on age and sex. A negative perception of one's own health status was a significant risk factor that increased the likelihood of suicide ideation in all ages, except the female elderly in their 60s. No factor was identified that significantly influenced suicide attempts in the male elderly. However, in the female elderly, residence in an urban area and a negative perception of one's own health status were identified as significant risk factors. Conclusions This study revealed that factors known to influence suicide ideation in the elderly from previous studies, such as residence area, separation from a spouse, education level, religion, and drinking, show changed influence as the elderly reach their 70s and 80s. However, a negative perception of one's own health status was a risk factor that encompassed most ages and sexes.
    October 02, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4794   open full text
  • Association between anxious symptoms and sleeping medication use among US older adults.
    Daniel Harris, Lynn McNicoll, Gary Epstein‐Lubow, Kali S. Thomas.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 29, 2017
    Objective To investigate the relationship between anxiety symptoms and sleeping medication use among a nationally representative sample of US older adults. Design Cross‐sectional design using data from the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study to examine the relationship between anxiety symptoms as rated by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐2 and self‐reported sleeping medication use. Survey weights were applied to account for complex survey design. Logistic regression was used to measure the association between anxiety symptoms and sleeping medication use after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, physical health, and other sleep‐related issues. Results In 2011, 13.1% of respondents experienced high anxiety symptoms and 29.0% reported taking a sleeping medication at least once a week during the last 30 days. Results estimate that approximately 4 million US older adults have clinically significant anxiety symptoms and approximately 10 million US older adults used a sleeping medication in the last 30 days. Adjusted results revealed that high anxiety symptoms are significantly associated with sleeping medication use compared to low anxiety symptoms (AOR = 1.57; 95% CI, 1.29‐1.91). Depression symptoms were also associated with sleeping medication (AOR = 1.29; 95% CI, 1.08‐1.55). Conclusions Results demonstrated that anxiety symptoms are significantly associated with sleeping medication use among US older adults. We also found that depressive symptoms, chronic conditions, and worse self‐rated health are associated with sleeping medication use. As sleeping medications are associated with adverse health events, these results have clinical implications for treating anxiety symptoms among older patients.
    September 29, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4795   open full text
  • A systematic review of non‐pharmacological treatments for apathy in dementia.
    Christos Theleritis, Kostas Siarkos, Anastasios A. Politis, Everina Katirtzoglou, Antonios Politis.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 29, 2017
    Objective Apathy is one of the most frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms encountered in dementia. Early diagnosis and timely treatment of apathy in dementia are crucial because apathy has been associated with poor disease outcome, reduced daily functioning, and caregiver distress. Design Extensive electronic search from the databases included in the National Library of Medicine as well as PsychInfo and Google Scholar for studies which have investigated the effect of non‐pharmacological treatments of apathy in dementia. Quality of the studies was appraised. Results A total of 1303 records were identified and 120 full‐texts assessed. Forty‐three unique studies were reviewed. A variety of interventions were found to be effective in reducing apathy in demented patients, particularly when provided in a multidisciplinary manner. However, quantification of the effect was limited by the marked methodological heterogeneity of the studies and the small number of studies where apathy was the primary outcome measure. Conclusions Treatment of apathy in dementia is a complex and underexplored field. Certain studies suggest promise for a variety of non‐pharmacological interventions. Standardized and systematic efforts primarily focusing on apathy may establish a benefit from individualized treatments for specific disease groups. Key points Apathy is one of the most frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms encountered in dementia. A variety of nonpharmacological interventions, when provided in a multidisciplinary manner, were found to be effective in reducing apathy in demented patients. Standardized and systematic efforts primarily focusing on apathy may establish a benefit from individualized treatments for specific disease groups.
    September 29, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4783   open full text
  • Online assessment of risk factors for dementia and cognitive function in healthy adults.
    J. Huntley, A. Corbett, K. Wesnes, H. Brooker, R. Stenton, A. Hampshire, C. Ballard.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 27, 2017
    Objective Several potentially modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia have been identified, including low educational attainment, smoking, diabetes, physical inactivity, hypertension, midlife obesity, depression, and perceived social isolation. Managing these risk factors in late midlife and older age may help reduce the risk of dementia; however, it is unclear whether these factors also relate to cognitive performance in older individuals without dementia. Method Data from 14 201 non‐demented individuals aged >50 years who enrolled in the online PROTECT study were used to examine the relationship between cognitive function and known modifiable risk factors for dementia. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted on 4 cognitive outcomes assessing verbal and spatial working memory, visual episodic memory, and verbal reasoning. Results Increasing age was associated with reduced performance across all tasks. Higher educational achievement, the presence of a close confiding relationship, and moderate alcohol intake were associated with benefits across all 4 cognitive tasks, and exercise was associated with better performance on verbal reasoning and verbal working memory tasks. A diagnosis of depression was negatively associated with performance on visual episodic memory and working memory tasks, whereas being underweight negatively affected performance on all tasks apart from verbal working memory. A history of stroke was negatively associated with verbal reasoning and working memory performance. Conclusion Known modifiable risk factors for dementia are associated with cognitive performance in non‐demented individuals in late midlife and older age. This provides further support for public health interventions that seek to manage these risk factors across the lifespan.
    September 27, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4790   open full text
  • The association between cognitive fluctuations and activities of daily living and quality of life among institutionalized patients with dementia.
    Meng Sun, Brian J. Mainland, Tisha J. Ornstein, Sasha Mallya, Alexandra J. Fiocco, Gwen Li Sin, Kenneth I. Shulman, Nathan Herrmann.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 22, 2017
    Objective Cognitive fluctuations (CFs) occur commonly in dementia of all types. While it is generally accepted that CFs can affect the clinical rating of dementia severity and neuropsychological performance, little is known about their impact on patients' activities of daily living (ADLs) and quality of life (QOL). Our study aims to explore the impact of CFs on ADLs and QOL among institutionalized patients with dementia. Methods The present study examined the nature and frequency of CFs in 55 institutionalized dementia patients. We used the Dementia Cognitive Fluctuation Scale (DCFS) to assess the presence and severity of CFs. The Alzheimer's Disease Functional Assessment of Change Scale (ADFACS) was used to assess patients' ADLs, and the Quality of Life in Late Stage Dementia scale (QUALID) was used to assess QOL. Linear regression models were used to assess the relationships between CFs, ADLs, and QOL. Results The mean age of the patients was 90.41 years (SD = 2.84). Their mean Aggressive Behavior Scale score was 1.13 (SD = 1.59), mean Severe Impairment Battery total score was 86.65 (SD = 13.77), and mean DCFS score was 10.07 (SD = 3.04). The mean ADFACS‐ADL score was 10.88 (SD = 6.37), mean ADFACS‐IADL score was 16.61 (SD = 9.54), and mean QUALID total score was 18.25 (SD = 5.70). DCFS significantly predicted ADFACS‐ADL score (R2 = 0.39, β = 0.30, P = .011) although the relationship between ADFACS‐IADL score and DCFS score was not significant (R2 = 0.16, P = .111). DCFS significantly predicted QUALID score (R2 = 0.08, β = 0.29, P = .033). Conclusion More severe CFs in patients with dementia were significantly associated with impaired ability to engage in ADLs and poorer QOL.
    September 22, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4788   open full text
  • Association of gout and depression: A systematic review and meta‐analysis.
    Song Lin, Huaqi Zhang, Aiguo Ma.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 18, 2017
    Objective Several studies have shown that gout is associated with depression symptoms. In this study, a systematic review and meta‐analysis was performed to explore the relationship between gout and depression. Methods Published articles were identified through a comprehensive review of PUBMED and EMBASE. Data from studies reporting relative risks, odds ratios, or hazard ratios comparing the risk of depression among participants who had gout versus those without gout were analyzed. A random‐effect model was used to calculate pooled odds ratios and 95% confident intervals (CI). Results Seven studies, which included 411 745 participants, aligned with our inclusion criteria and were included in the meta‐analysis. Pooled analysis showed an association between gout and depression, with an odds ratio of 1.19 (95%CI, 1.11, 1.29; I2 = 60.2%). Subgroup‐analysis adjusted (or not) by study type or study quality showed a statistically significant association of gout and depression in all subgroups. Sensitivity analysis by 1‐study removed analysis, excluding articles of self‐reported gout assessment or male‐only, confirmed the robustness of our results. Conclusion Our meta‐analysis demonstrates a positive association between gout and depression. Further large‐scale prospective cohort studies are needed to investigate the causality between gout and depression.
    September 18, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4789   open full text
  • The association between insulin resistance, metabolic variables, and depressive symptoms in Mexican‐American elderly: A population‐based study.
    Breno S. Diniz, Susan Fisher‐Hoch, Joseph McCormick.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 18, 2017
    Objective Depressive symptoms are common among older adults with obesity and diabetes. Nonetheless, the mechanisms for this association are not clear but may involve changes in the insulin cascade signaling. We aimed to investigate the association, and potential mediators, between obesity, insulin resistance, and depressive symptoms among older adults from a homogenous cohort of Mexican‐Americans. Methods We included a total of 500 Mexican‐American older adults assessed in the Cameron County Health Study. We evaluated depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiologic Survey Depression Scale (CES‐D). Central obesity was defined by waist circumference. Insulin resistance was evaluated by the HOMA‐IR index. We estimated the association between obesity, insulin resistance, and depressive symptoms by carrying out univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Results In unadjusted regression analysis, HOMA‐IR (unstandardized β = 0.31 ± 0.12, P = 0.007), waist circumference (unstandardized β = 0.066 ± 0.0.028, P = 0.017), and Hb1Ac levels (unstandardized β = 0.52 ± 0.24, P = 0.03) were significantly associated with CES‐D scores. The association of HOMA‐IR and CES‐D remained statistically significant after controlling for socio‐demographic and clinical variables in multivariate analysis (unstandardized β = 0.28 ± 0.11, P = 0.01). Conclusion Our results suggest that depressive symptoms are associated with insulin resistance in older Mexican‐American adults. In addition, poorer glucose control and obesity are important mediators of this relationship. Additional studies are needed to evaluate whether interventions that increase insulin sensitivity can also reduce depressive symptoms in this population. Key points Depression is very common among older Mexican‐American population. Cardiometabolic disorders are common comorbidities in depression, and these conditions may share common pathophysiological mechanisms. Our findings provide further support to the role of insulin resistance as a mechanism linking depression and cardiometabolic disorders in the elderly.
    September 18, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4792   open full text
  • The Brief Memory and Executive Test (BMET): A cognitive screening tool to detect and differentiate vascular cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.
    Matthew J. Hollocks, Rebecca L. Brookes, Robin G. Morris, Hugh S. Markus.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 07, 2017
    Objective While there are several cognitive screening tests available for the detection of cortical dementias such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), these are rarely designed to be sensitive to vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). The Brief Memory and Executive Test (BMET) is a screening measure designed to be sensitive to the cognitive profile of both VCI and AD. This study investigated the ability of the BMET to detect AD, and to differentiate between VCI and AD. Methods This study included 150 patients, with either SVD, both with (n = 48) and without VCI (n = 51), or AD (N = 51) and 51 healthy controls. Participants were aged between 40 and 90 years of age and completed both the BMET and the MMSE. Results Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed as before the BMET is a good predictor SVD. Additionally, the BMET was a good predictor of AD (AUC = 0.96) and performed at least as well as the MMSE (AUC = 0.92) when differentiating AD patients from healthy controls. The BMET had a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 100% for detecting AD patients from control subjects. Using the difference in cognitive profile between the AD and VCI group, we developed an index score which correctly classified 76% of patients as either having VCI or AD. Conclusion The BMET is a brief and sensitive tool for the detection of cognitive impairment due to both SVD and AD and can be used to aid in the differentiation of the 2 diseases.
    September 07, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4787   open full text
  • Self‐reported personality traits are prospectively associated with proxy‐reported behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia at the end of life.
    Angelina R. Sutin, Yannick Stephan, Martina Luchetti, Antonio Terracciano.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 04, 2017
    Objective Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are among the most challenging aspects of Alzheimer disease for patients and their families. Previous studies have found associations between informant‐reported retrospective personality and BPSD; we test whether prospective, self‐reported personality predicts who will experience these symptoms. Methods Deceased participants from the Health and Retirement Study who had evidence of cognitive impairment at the end of life (N = 1988) were selected to examine whether self‐reported five‐factor model personality traits, measured up to 8 years before death, were associated with proxy‐reported BPSD. Results Neuroticism was associated with increased risk of the 7 BPSD: got lost in familiar places, wandered off, were not able to be left alone, experienced hallucinations, suffered from depression, had periodic confusion, and an uncontrolled temper. These associations were not moderated by age, gender, race, or education. Conscientiousness was associated with fewer symptoms overall and especially with lower risk of getting lost in familiar places and not being able to be left alone. Conclusions The present research indicates that self‐reported personality, particularly Neuroticism, is associated prospectively with risk for a wide range of behavioral symptoms for individuals who had cognitive impairment at the end of life. The use of self‐reported personality traits can help aid in identifying who is most at risk for behavioral symptoms. Such information may be useful for nonpharmacological interventions tailored to the individual's personality to reduce the prevalence and burden of these BPSD.
    September 04, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4782   open full text
  • Psychosocial behaviour management programme for home‐dwelling people with dementia: A cluster‐randomized controlled trial.
    Miharu Nakanishi, Kaori Endo, Kayo Hirooka, Eva Granvik, Lennart Minthon, Katarina Nägga, Atsushi Nishida.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 31, 2017
    Little is known about the effectiveness of a psychosocial behaviour management programme on home‐dwelling people with dementia. We developed a Behaviour Analytics & Support Enhancement (BASE) programme for care managers and professional caregivers of home care services in Japan. We investigated the effects of BASE on challenging behaviour of home‐dwelling people with dementia. Methods A cluster‐randomized controlled trial was conducted with home care providers from 3 different districts in Tokyo. Each provider recruited persons with dementia aged 65 years or older to receive home care in the BASE programme in August 2016. An online monitoring and assessment system was introduced to the intervention group for repeated measures of challenging behaviour with a total score of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Care professionals in both the intervention and control groups evaluated challenging behaviour of persons with dementia at baseline (September 2016) and follow‐up (February 2017). Results A majority of persons with dementia had Alzheimer disease (59.3%). One‐hundred and forty‐one persons with dementia were included in the intervention group and 142 in the control group. Multilevel modelling revealed a significant reduction in challenging behaviour in the intervention group after 6 months (mean score, 18.3 to 11.2) compared with that of the control group (11.6 to 10.8; P < .05). Conclusion The implementation of the BASE programme resulted in a reduction of challenging behaviour of home‐dwelling people with dementia. Future research should examine the long‐term effects of behaviour management programmes on behaviour, nursing home placement, and hospital admission of home‐dwelling people with dementia.
    August 31, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4784   open full text
  • Physical aggression among patients with dementia, neuropathologically confirmed post‐mortem.
    Madeleine Liljegren, Maria Landqvist Waldö, Elisabet Englund.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 31, 2017
    Objective To investigate the prevalence of physical aggression among patients with dementia of different types and to analyze potential differences in clinical traits, in terms of singular or repetitive behavior and occurrence in early or late stage of the disease. We also aimed at examining against whom the physical aggression was exerted. Methods We included 281 cases with a neuropathological dementia diagnosis from the brain bank at the Department of Pathology, Lund University, for this retrospective medical records review. The study covers cases with a post‐mortem examination performed between 1967 and 2013. Results Of the 281 patients studied, 97 (35%) patients had a history of exerting physical aggression during the course of their disease. The patients with frontotemporal dementia exerted physical aggression earlier in the course of their disease than Alzheimer's disease patients. The most frequent victims of the patients' physical aggression were health staff and other patients. The aggression also affected family members as well as (to the demented patient) unknown people. The frequency of the physical aggression differed among the different diagnostic groups; frontotemporal dementia patients exhibiting a higher physical aggression frequency score than did Alzheimer's disease patients. Conclusions The patterns of manifested physical aggression thus differ between the frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease patient groups in this study. Knowledge about such differences may be of value in decision making in patient care.
    August 31, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4777   open full text
  • Reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the IDEAL Schedule for assessing care needs in dementia: Cross‐sectional, multicenter study.
    Raúl López‐Antón, Juan Ramón Barrada, Javier Santabárbara, Mar Posadas‐de Miguel, Luís Agüera, Carmen Burillo, Manuel Franco, Jorge López‐Álvarez, Pilar Mesa, Roberto Petidier, Miguel Ángel Quintanilla, Bernabé Robles‐del Olmo, Tirso Ventura, Maya Semrau, Norman Sartorius, Antonio Lobo,.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 31, 2017
    Objective The IDEAL Schedule was developed for staging “care needs” in patients with dementia. We here aim to validate the Spanish version, further test its psychometric properties and explore a latent construct for “care needs”. Methods A multicenter study was done in 8 dementia care facilities across Spain. Patients referred with a reliable ICD‐10 diagnosis of dementia (n = 151) were assessed with the IDEAL Schedule by pairs of raters. Inter‐rater reliability (intra‐class correlation [ICC] coefficients), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), and factor analysis were calculated. Convergent validity for individual items was tested against validated Spanish versions of international instruments. Results Pilot testing with numerical scales supported the feasibility, face, and content validity of the schedule. The psychometric coefficients were good/clinically acceptable: inter‐rater reliability (mean ICC = 0.861; 85% of the ICCs > 0.8), internal consistency (global alpha coefficient = 0.74 in 5 nuclear items), and concurrent validity (global score against the Clinical Dementia Rating schedule, r = 0.63; coefficients for individual items ranging from 0.40 to 0.84, all statistically significant, p < 0.05). Internal consistency was low for the “nonprofessional care” and “social support” dimensions. Factor analysis supported a unidimensional solution, suggesting a latent “care needs” construct. Conclusion The Spanish version of the IDEAL Schedule confirms the main psychometric properties of the original version and documents for the first time the convergent validity of individual items. Factor analysis identified a latent construct consistent with the concept “care needs” although 2 dimensions need further psychometric research.
    August 31, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4781   open full text
  • Preventive effects of an intergenerational program on age‐related hippocampal atrophy in older adults: The REPRINTS study.
    Ryota Sakurai, Kenji Ishii, Naoko Sakuma, Masashi Yasunaga, Hiroyuki Suzuki, Yoh Murayama, Mariko Nishi, Hayato Uchida, Shoji Shinkai, Yoshinori Fujiwara.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 31, 2017
    Objectives A growing body of literature indicates that social engagements, such as intergenerational programs, are effective strategies to improve a range of cognitive abilities. The present study examined whether the intergenerational program—REPRINTS—prevents age‐related hippocampal atrophy. Methods After comprehensive baseline assessment, participants were allowed to decide whether to participate in the REPRINTS intervention or in the control group, which required only completion of assessments. REPRINTS participants engaged in group activities that involved reading picture books to children at kindergarten and elementary schools, once every 1 to 2 weeks. A follow‐up assessment was conducted after 6 years. Two MRI scans were performed, one immediately after baseline assessment and the other after 6 years. Volumes of the hippocampus, thalamus, and caudate nucleus were derived from automated segmentation. The analysis included 17 REPRINTS and 42 control‐group participants. Results There was no significant difference in any variable of participants' characteristics at baseline between the REPRINTS and control groups. Hippocampal volume significantly declined in the control group but was maintained in the REPRINTS group. No significant differences between groups in thalamus or caudate nucleus volume were observed. Although cognitive function was unaffected by the program, greater decreases in hippocampal volume were significantly correlated with greater decreases in cognitive performance scores. Conclusions Our results suggest that the REPRINTS intergenerational program has protective effects on age‐related hippocampal atrophy in older adults. These changes precede improvements in cognitive performance, suggesting the validity of the concept of brain plasticity in later life following social engagement.
    August 31, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4785   open full text
  • The relationship of bilingualism to cognitive decline: The Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing.
    Naaheed Mukadam, Fatima Jichi, David Green, Gill Livingston.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 31, 2017
    Objectives We wished to clarify the link between bilingualism and cognitive decline, and examine whether improved executive function due to bilingualism may be a factor in preventing cognitive decline. Methods We used the Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing which collected data on 2087 participants aged over 65 over 20 years. We compared baseline demographics, health, and social characteristics between bilingual and non‐bilingual participants. We used linear mixed models analysis to explore the effect of bilingualism on MMSE score over time and linear regression to explore the effect of bilingualism on baseline MMSE scores, controlling for pre‐specified potential confounders. Results Bilingual participants had lower baseline MMSE scores than the non‐bilingual population (mean difference = −2.3 points; 95% confidence intervals = 1.56–2.90). This was fully explained by education and National Adult Reading Test scores (17.4; standard deviation [SD] =7.7 versus 28.1; SD = 8.2) which also partly explained baseline executive function test scores differences. Bilingual and non‐bilingual participants did not differ in MMSE decline over time (−0.33 points, P = 0.31) nor on baseline tests of executive function (−0.26, P = 0.051). Conclusions In this cohort, education rather than bilingualism was a predictor of MMSE score, and being bilingual did not protect from cognitive decline. We conclude that bilingualism is complex, and when it is not the result of greater educational attainment, it does not always protect from cognitive decline. Neuroprotective effects of bilingualism over time may be attributable to the precise patterns of language use but not to bilingualism per se.
    August 31, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4778   open full text
  • Behavioral protective factors of increased depressive symptoms in community‐dwelling older adults: A prospective cohort study.
    Kazuki Uemura, Hyuma Makizako, Sangyoon Lee, Takehiko Doi, Songchul Lee, Kota Tsutsumimoto, Hiroyuki Shimada.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 25, 2017
    Background It remains unclear what kinds of behavior prevent the development of geriatric depression. This study aimed to elucidate behavioral predictors of increased depressive symptoms in older adults focusing on gender differences. Methods A total of 3106 community‐dwelling older people aged older than or equal to 65 years without depressive symptoms at baseline participated. The 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale was used to assess depressive symptoms with a score of 6 or more at baseline and 15 month follow‐up. Behavioral status was investigated by using dichotomous questions about the aspects of physical, cognitive, and social activities. Each category included 3 specific items. Demographic data and other potential confounding factors were also assessed. Results In the 15 month follow‐up survey, 239 participants (7.7%) reported increased depressive symptoms. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that engagement in light physical exercise (odds ratio = 0.74, 95%, CI = 0.56‐0.98), taking enrichment lessons (0.62, 0.46‐0.85), using a personal computer (0.68, 0.48‐0.97), participation in events at the community center (0.54, 0.40‐0.72), and attending a community meeting (0.69, 0.52‐0.92) were independently associated with lower risk of increased depressive symptoms. In a separate analysis for each gender, significant odds ratios of using a personal computer were observed in men, whereas significant odds ratios of light physical exercise, participation in events at the community center, and attending a community meeting were observed in women. Conclusions Light physical exercise, taking lessons, usage of a computer, and participation in community events showed protective effects against depressive symptoms. However, the significance of each behavioral factor may vary according to gender.
    August 25, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4776   open full text
  • Do low‐serum vitamin E levels increase the risk of Alzheimer disease in older people? Evidence from a meta‐analysis of case‐control studies.
    Yonghai Dong, Xiaodan Chen, Yun Liu, Yan Shu, Ting Chen, Lei Xu, Meng Li, Xihong Guan.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 23, 2017
    Objective Whether low‐serum vitamin E increases the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD) in older people remains inconclusive. This meta‐analysis aims to synthesize evidence‐based case‐control studies to evaluate the association between serum vitamin E and the risk of AD. Methods Potentially relevant studies were selected through PubMed, Embase, Wanfang, Chongqing VIP, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases by using the core terms Vitamin E/alpha‐tocopherol and Alzheime's disease/senile dementia/AD in the titles, abstracts, and keywords of the articles. The association between serum vitamin E levels and AD was estimated by using the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval by adopting a random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed by using Cochran Q test and I2 statistic. Forest plot was used to present the results graphically from meta‐analysis. Publication bias was evaluated by using funnel plots and Egger test. Results We identified 17 studies that met the eligibility criteria. The studies included 2057 subjects with 904 AD patients and 1153 controls. The results indicated that AD patients had a lower concentration of serum vitamin E compared with healthy controls among older people (WMD = −6.811 μmol/L, 95% confidence interval −8.998 to −4.625; Z = −6.105, P < .001). Publication bias was not detected and sensitivity analysis performed by omitting each study, and calculating the pooled WMD again for the remaining studies indicated the results stable. Conclusions Alzheimer disease is associated with a low concentration of serum vitamin E in older people. However, necessary prospective cohort studies should be conducted to determine the risk of serum vitamin E for AD in the future.
    August 23, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4780   open full text
  • The relation between insulin‐like growth factor 1 levels and risk of depression in ischemic stroke.
    Wei Zhang, Wo Wang, Li Kuang.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 23, 2017
    Background The aim of this study is to evaluate whether lower serum levels of insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) in the acute phase of ischemic stroke are associated with higher risk of post‐stroke depression (PSD) over a 1‐year period. Methods The subjects were first‐ever acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients who were hospitalized from July 1, 2014 to August 31, 2015. The study also included 120 age‐matched and sex‐matched healthy controls from the same geographical area. Fasting blood samples were collected within 24 hours of admission for IGF‐I measurement. Neurological and neuropsychological evaluations were conducted at a 1‐year follow‐up. Results Two‐hundred twenty‐five patients were observed for a 1‐year follow‐up, and 74 of these patients (32.9%, 95%CI: 26.8%‐39.0%) were diagnosed with PSD. The depression distribution across the IGF‐1 quartiles ranged between 61.4% (first quartile) and 8.9% (fourth quartile). In a multivariate model using the first quartiles of the IGF‐1 versus quartiles 2 through 4, together with the significant clinical variables, the marker displayed prognostic information, and the odds ratio (OR) for first quartile was 3.35 [95% CI, 1.88‐6.79; P = 0.001]. Conclusion The data showed that low serum IGF‐1 levels at admission are associated with a high risk of developing PSD, suggesting that these alterations might be involved in the pathophysiology of depression symptoms in stroke patients.
    August 23, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4774   open full text
  • Community mental health teams for older people in England: Variations in ways of working.
    Hilde Verbeek, Angela Worden, Mark Wilberforce, Christian Brand, Sue Tucker, Michele Abendstern, David Challis.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 23, 2017
    Objective Integrated community mental health teams (CMHTs) are a key component of specialist old age psychiatry services internationally. However, in England, significant shifts in policy, including a focus on dementia and age inclusive services, have influenced provision. This study portrays teams in 2009 against which subsequent service provision may be compared. Methods A bespoke national postal survey of CMHT managers collected data on teams' structure, composition, organisation, working practices, case management, and liaison activities. Results A total of 376 CMHTs (88%) responded. Teams comprised a widespread of disciplines. However, just 28% contained the full complement of professionals recommended by government policy. Over 93% of teams had a single point of access, but some GPs bypassed this, and 40% of teams did not accept direct referrals from care homes. Initial assessments were undertaken by multiple disciplines, and 71% of teams used common assessment documentation. Nevertheless, many social workers maintained both NHS and local authority records. In 92% of teams, nominated care coordinators oversaw the support provided by other team members. However, inter‐agency care coordination was less prevalent. Few teams offered the range of outreach/liaison activities anticipated in the national dementia strategy. Conclusions Compared with previous studies, teams had grown and changed, with a clear increase in non‐medical practitioners, particularly support workers. Measures to facilitate integrated care within CMHTs (eg, common access and documentation) were widespread, but integration across health and social care/primary and secondary services was less developed. Consideration of barriers to further integration, and the impact of current reforms is potentially fruitful.
    August 23, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4775   open full text
  • Increased N200 and P300 latencies in cognitively impaired elderly carrying ApoE ε‐4 allele.
    Marco Túlio Gualberto Cintra, Rafaela Teixeira Ávila, Thayana Oliveira Soares, Luciana Cristina Matos Cunha, Katia Daniela Silveira, Edgar Nunes Moraes, Kaique Roger Simas, Renato Bragança Fernandes, Denise Utsch Gonçalves, Nilton Alves Rezende, Maria Aparecida Camargos Bicalho.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 22, 2017
    Objective To compare the results of neuropsychological tests, evoked potentials N200 and P300 and polymorphisms of ApoE and BDNF rs6265 between patients with normal cognition and those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Methods This is a cross‐sectional study of elderly individuals with normal cognition and those with MCI and AD, who were submitted to evoked potential tests (N200 and P300) by means of hearing stimuli based on the auditory oddball paradigm. Genotyping was obtained by using the real‐time PCR technique. Results Sixty‐five patients were evaluated as follows: 14 controls, 34 with MCI and 17 with AD. N200 latency and P300 latency and amplitude were not associated with MCI and AD diagnosis. Patients with cognitive impairment (MCI or AD) showed increase in the latencies of P300 and N200. BNDF gene was not associated with cognitive impairment. Conclusion Latencies of N200 and P300 increased in cognitively impaired patients with the presence of ApoE ε‐4 allele.
    August 22, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4773   open full text
  • The association of antidepressant treatment with COPD maintenance medication use and adherence in a comorbid Medicare population: A longitudinal cohort study.
    Yu‐Jung Wei, Linda Simoni‐Wastila, Jennifer S. Albrecht, Ting‐Ying Huang, Patience Moyo, Bilal Khokhar, Ilene Harris, Patricia Langenberg, Giora Netzer, Susan W. Lehmann.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 22, 2017
    The effect of treating comorbid depression to achieve optimal management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has not yet empirically tested. We examined the association between antidepressant treatment and use of and adherence to COPD maintenance medications among patients with new‐onset COPD and comorbid depression. Methods Using 2006‐2012 Medicare data, this retrospective cohort study identified patients with newly diagnosed COPD and new‐onset major depression. Two exposures—antidepressant use (versus non‐use) and adherence measured by proportion of days covered (PDC) (PDC ≥0.8 versus <0.8)—were assessed quarterly. We used marginal structural models to estimate the effects of prior antidepressant use and adherence on subsequent COPD maintenance inhaler use and adherence outcomes, accounting for time‐varying confounders. Results A total of 25 458 COPD‐depression patients, 82% with antidepressant treatment, were followed for a median of 2.5 years. Nearly half (48%) used at least 1 COPD maintenance inhaler in any given quarter; among users, 3 in 5 (61%) had a PDC of <0.8. Compared to patients with no antidepressant treatment, those with antidepressant use were more likely to use (relative ratio [RR] = 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12‐ 1.17) and adhere to (RR = 1.08, 95% = 1.03‐1.14) their COPD maintenance inhalers. Patients who adhered to antidepressant treatment were more likely to use and adhere to COPD maintenance inhalers. Conclusion Regularly treated depression may increase use of and adherence to necessary maintenance medications for COPD. Antidepressant treatment may be a key determinant to improving medication‐taking behaviors among COPD patients comorbid with depression.
    August 22, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4772   open full text
  • Measurement tools of resource use and quality of life in clinical trials for dementia or cognitive impairment interventions: A systematically conducted narrative review.
    Fan Yang, Piers Dawes, Iracema Leroi, Brenda Gannon.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 10, 2017
    Objective Knowledge is limited about the standardised instruments used to collect resource use and quality of life data alongside trials of dementia interventions. This review aimed to identify the trials using such instruments in order to guide the design of future trial‐based cost‐effectiveness studies. Methods In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses Statement, this review examined all original, peer‐reviewed research in major databases and general searches published until June 2017, including randomised clinical trials, pilot studies, or feasibility studies about interventions for older adults with dementia or cognitive impairment. Results Forty‐one studies were identified. Only 8 collected the resource use data using adapted Client Service Receipt Inventory (CSRI), Resource Use Inventory (RUI), cost diary, or study‐specific questionnaire. Quality of life was assessed using a wide range of instruments. The most frequently used dementia‐specific instrument was Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QOL‐AD) and Dementia Quality of Life questionnaire (DEMQOL). Among the generic measures, EuroQol 5‐dimentison (EQ‐5D) was mostly used to collect health utility data, and Short Form surveys (SF‐36 or SF‐12) were widely to measure general health. Conclusions Several useful resource use and quality of life measurement instruments have been identified by this review. For resource use, CSRI was mostly used, but no studies have used Resource Utilisation in Dementia (RUD); for quality of life, we recommend the inclusion of dementia‐specific DEMQOL, generic SF‐12, and health utility EQ‐5D‐5L, based on both self‐report and proxy‐report.
    August 10, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4771   open full text
  • The impact of dementia, depression and awareness on activities of daily living in a sample from a middle‐income country.
    Daniel C. Mograbi, Robin G. Morris, Helenice Charchat Fichman, Camila Assis Faria, Maria Angélica Sanchez, Pricila C. C. Ribeiro, Roberto Alves Lourenço.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 08, 2017
    Objective Previous studies have indicated that dementia and depression have a considerable impact on the functional capacity of older adults, also influencing awareness about ability. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the impact of dementia, depression and awareness on activities of daily living (ADL) in a sample from a middle‐income country. Methods The current study explored impairments in basic, instrumental and advanced ADL using a factorial design comparing four groups: people with dementia and depression, people with dementia without depression, older adults with depression but no dementia and healthy older adults. For each type of ADL, self‐report and informant report was contrasted in order to investigate the issue of lack of awareness in relation to ADL. Results Results indicate that dementia is associated with impairments in all types of ADL. Advanced ADL were also reduced in depressed participants. In addition, in the case of instrumental and basic ADL, informant report indicated less preserved abilities than participant self‐report, particularly in people with dementia. Conclusions The findings highlight the importance of developing interventions and compensatory strategies to prevent loss of ADL in dementia, also suggesting that early intervention in older adults with depression should focus on advanced ADL to prevent social isolation and withdrawal. Finally, the findings indicate that self‐information about ADL may be compromised in dementia, so clinicians exploring disability should consider fully different aspects of ADL in this group. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 08, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4765   open full text
  • Aspirin and incident depressive symptoms: A longitudinal cohort study over 8 years.
    Nicola Veronese, Ai Koyanagi, Brendon Stubbs, Marco Solmi, Michele Fornaro, Brisa S. Fernandes, Christoph Muller, Trevor Thompson, André F. Carvalho, Stefania Maggi.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 06, 2017
    Objective Aspirin exhibits anti‐atherosclerotic and anti‐inflammatory properties—two potential risk factors for depression. The relationship between aspirin use and depression, however, remains unclear. We investigated whether the aspirin use is associated with a decreased incidence of depressive symptoms in a large North American cohort. Methods Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative dataset, a multicenter, longitudinal study on community‐dwelling adults was analyzed. Aspirin use was defined through self‐report in the past 30 days and confirmed by a trained interviewer. Incident depressive symptoms were defined as a score of ≥16 in the 20‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression scale. Results A total of 137 participants (mean age 65 y, 55.5% female) were using aspirin at baseline. Compared with 4003 participants not taking aspirin, no differences in Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression at baseline were evident (P = .65). After a median follow‐up time of 8 years, the incidence of depressive symptoms was similar in those taking aspirin at baseline (43; 95% CI, 3‐60) and in aspirin nonusers (38; 95% CI, 36‐41) per 1000 y; log‐rank test = 0.63). Based on Cox's regression analysis adjusted for 11 potential confounders, aspirin use was not significantly associated with the development of depressive symptoms (hazard ratio = 1.12; 95% CI, 0.78‐1.62; P = .54). Adjustment for propensity scores or the use of propensity score matching did not alter the results. Conclusion Our study found that prescription of aspirin offered no significant protection against incident depressive symptoms. Whether aspirin is beneficial in a subgroup of depression with high levels of inflammation remains to be investigated in future studies.
    August 06, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4767   open full text
  • Utility of functioning measures in the prediction of independent living status in older adults with serious mental illness.
    Karen L. Fortuna, Matthew C. Lohman, Martha L. Bruce, Stephen J. Bartels.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 04, 2017
    Objective The objective of the study was to compare the predictive utility of three commonly used functioning measures for people with serious mental illness in the prediction of independent living status. Methods We conducted a secondary data analysis from the Helping Older People Experience Success study with adults aged 50 years and older with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, or major depressive disorder (N = 183). Results Total scores for the Independent Living Skills Survey, Multnomah Community Ability Scale, and UCSD Performance‐Based Skills Assessment were modestly inter‐correlated. For the overall sample, greater independent living status at baseline and 1‐year follow‐up was predicted by higher baseline functioning scores on both the self‐reported Independent Living Skills Survey and the UCSD Performance‐Based Skills Assessment. However, by diagnostic subgroup, independent living status at 1‐year follow‐up was only predicted by the Independent Living Skills Survey for affective disorders and by the UCSD Performance‐Based Skills Assessment for schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders. For the total sample, the Independent Living Skills Survey was associated with self‐efficacy and employment status. Neither the Independent Living Skills Survey nor UCSD Performance‐Based Skills Assessment was associated with medical or psychiatric hospitalizations or with subjective physical or mental health status. Conclusions These commonly used functioning measures for people with serious mental illness examine different aspects of functioning. The choice of functional measurement should be based on the population under study and intervention goals. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 04, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4764   open full text
  • Does baseline depression increase the risk of unexplained and accidental falls in a cohort of community‐dwelling older people? Data from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA).
    Robert Briggs, Sean P. Kennelly, Rose Anne Kenny.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 02, 2017
    Background Depression independently increases the risk of falls in older people, but the mechanism for this relationship, as well as the specific falls type involved, remains unclear. Accidental falls (AFs) are due to slips or trips, while the cause of unexplained falls (UFs) is not immediately apparent and can include unrecognised syncope. Method This longitudinal study examines the relationship between baseline depression and subsequent falls, both accidental and unexplained, at 2‐year follow‐up in a cohort of community dwelling adults aged ≥50 years. Baseline depression was defined as a score ≥16 on The Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. At follow‐up, participants were assessed regarding falls since last interview. Results One‐third (228/647) of the depressed group had fallen at follow‐up, compared with 22% (1388/6243) of the nondepressed group (P < .001). Multiple logistic regression models demonstrated that depression was associated with an odds ratio of 1.58 (1.31‐1.89) P < .001; 1.24 (1.00‐1.52), P = .046; and 1.89 (1.45‐2.46), P < .001 for total falls, AFs and UFs, respectively, after controlling for relevant covariates. Participants with depression who fell were more likely to have prior falls, functional impairment and slower gait when compared with depressed participants who did not fall. Discussion The risk of falls associated with depression in older adults is more marked for UFs, with the association for AFs approaching borderline significance only. This finding is important because UFs require focused clinical assessment with attention to potential causes such as cardiac arrhythmia or orthostatic hypotension.
    August 02, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4770   open full text
  • Evaluation of a carers' information programme culturally adapted for South Asian families.
    Sahdia Parveen, Heather Blakey, Jan R. Oyebode.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 02, 2017
    Objectives The Alzheimer's Society has culturally adapted an Information Programme for South Asian families (IPSAF) who support an individual living with dementia. The objectives of this evaluation were to establish whether IPSAF had an immediate and medium‐term impact on those who attended and how it impacted on the wider family and the person with dementia. Methods An inclusive, pluralistic approach was adopted. Seven focus groups were conducted with 42 participants, and 37 participated in a pre‐post knowledge quiz. Seven family interviews were conducted with 17 participants, and 3 families were followed up after 6 months. Thematic analysis was conducted on the data. Findings The IPSAF was found to improve participants' knowledge of dementia leading to increased understanding of the person with dementia. Participants became more aware of available services and accessed services to make use of practical support. IPSAF was reported to have an impact for people living with dementia, with carers' newfound understanding resulting in some changes in care practice that promoted empowerment and independence for people living with dementia. There was also some evidence to suggest that IPSAF had an impact on the wider family, with participants sharing information about dementia with family members who had not attended the programme. Families were continuing to make changes to improve the lives of people living with dementia 6 months later, suggesting IPSAF had a sustained impact. Conclusion This culturally adapted programme was found to have a significant impact on carers, the person with dementia, and the wider family.
    August 02, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4768   open full text
  • Debate article: Antipsychotic medications are clinically useful for the treatment of delirium.
    David Meagher, Meera R. Agar, Andrew Teodorczuk.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 30, 2017
    Prescribing of antipsychotic medications for patients with delirium remains controversial. Concerns exist that these vulnerable and frail patients may be prescribed antipsychotics inappropriately as a substitute for non‐pharmacological approaches when identifiable causes are not found or they challenge ward processes. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that antipsychotics may cause more harm than good in the palliative care patient group with delirium. On the other hand, guidelines in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands support prescribing of antipsychotics in certain circumstances, and a large European survey has revealed that antipsychotics tend to be prescribed first line for hyperactive delirium. Never before, therefore, is there a greater need to examine whether indeed these medications are clinically useful for the treatment of delirium. With this in mind, evidence‐based arguments for and against prescribing antipsychotics for the treatment of delirium are presented in this debate article. The paper concludes with a moderation piece to help guide clinical practice. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 30, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4759   open full text
  • The relationship between vision impairment and well‐being among centenarians: findings from the Georgia Centenarian Study.
    Aya Toyoshima, Peter Martin, Shinichi Sato, Leonard W. Poon.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 25, 2017
    Objective The current study evaluated the visual function among centenarians and assessed the relationship between vision, social support, and well‐being. Methods This study used the data set of the Georgia Centenarian Study including 106 centenarians (18 men and 88 women). We used scores of the Snellen chart for objective vision and self‐reports for subjective vision. Social support, depression, and loneliness were also assessed. Results Approximately 75% of the centenarians showed some level of objective visual impairment, and 56% of them reported that they had visual impairment. Objective vision impairment was significantly related to depression. Multiple regression analysis revealed that both variables of visual function were significantly associated with depression, but not loneliness. In the model including depression, a significant interaction was obtained for social support and objective vision. Centenarians reported lower level of depression when they had social support. However, centenarians who had low level of visual function tended to report higher depression even if they had social support. Implications These results indicated that vision function was related to centenarians' well‐being, especially depression. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 25, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4763   open full text
  • Reduced parahippocampal volume and psychosis symptoms in Alzheimer's disease.
    Emma McLachlan, Jennifer Bousfield, Robert Howard, Suzanne Reeves.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 25, 2017
    Objective Establishing structural imaging correlates of psychosis symptoms in Alzheimer's disease (AD) could localise pathology and target symptomatic treatment. This study investigated whether psychosis symptoms are associated with visuoperceptual or frontal networks, and whether regional brain volume differences could be linked with the paranoid (persecutory delusions) or misidentification (misidentification phenomena and/or hallucinations) subtypes. Methods A total of 104 patients with probable AD (AddNeuroMed; 47 psychotic, 57 non‐psychotic), followed up for at least one year with structural MRI at baseline. Presence and subtype of psychosis symptoms were established using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Volume and cortical thickness measures in visuoperceptual and frontal networks were explored using multivariate analyses to compare with both a global (psychotic versus not) and subtype‐specific approach, adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results There was a significant main effect of psychosis subtypes on the ventral visual stream region of interest (F30,264 = 1.65, p = 0.021, np2 = 0.16). This was explained by reduced left parahippocampal gyrus volume (F1,97 = 11.1, p = 0.001, np2 = 0.10). When comparisons were made across psychosis subtypes, left parahippocampal volume reduction remained significant (F7,95 = 3.94, p = 0.011, np2 = 0.11) and was greatest for the misidentification and mixed subtypes compared to paranoid and non‐psychotic groups. Conclusions These findings implicate the ventral visual stream in psychosis in AD, consistent with integrative theories regarding origins of psychosis, and provide further evidence for a role in the misidentification subtype. Specifically, reduced volume in the parahippocampal gyrus is implicated in misidentification delusion formation, which we hypothesise is due to its role in context attribution. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 25, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4757   open full text
  • Trajectories of depressive and anxiety symptoms in older adults: a 6‐year prospective cohort study.
    Sophie E. Holmes, Irina Esterlis, Carolyn M. Mazure, Yen Ying Lim, David Ames, Stephanie Rainey‐Smith, Chris Fowler, Kathryn Ellis, Ralph N. Martins, Olivier Salvado, Vincent Doré, Victor L. Villemagne, Christopher C. Rowe, Simon M. Laws, Colin L. Masters, Robert H. Pietrzak, Paul Maruff,.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 24, 2017
    Objective Depressive and anxiety symptoms are common in older adults, significantly affect quality of life, and are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. We sought to identify the determinants of predominant trajectories of depressive and anxiety symptoms in cognitively normal older adults. Method Four hundred twenty‐three older adults recruited from the general community underwent Aβ positron emission tomography imaging, apolipoprotein and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor genotyping, and cognitive testing at baseline and had follow‐up assessments. All participants were cognitively normal and free of clinical depression at baseline. Latent growth mixture modeling was used to identify predominant trajectories of subthreshold depressive and anxiety symptoms over 6 years. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify baseline predictors of symptomatic depressive and anxiety trajectories. Results Latent growth mixture modeling revealed two predominant trajectories of depressive and anxiety symptoms: a chronically elevated trajectory and a low, stable symptom trajectory, with almost one in five participants falling into the elevated trajectory groups. Male sex (relative risk ratio (RRR) = 3.23), lower attentional function (RRR = 1.90), and carriage of the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met allele in women (RRR = 2.70) were associated with increased risk for chronically elevated depressive symptom trajectory. Carriage of the apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele (RRR = 1.92) and lower executive function in women (RRR = 1.74) were associated with chronically elevated anxiety symptom trajectory. Conclusion Our results indicate distinct and sex‐specific risk factors linked to depressive and anxiety trajectories, which may help inform risk stratification and management of these symptoms in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 24, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4761   open full text
  • A re‐examination of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) cutoff scores.
    Nicole Carson, Larry Leach, Kelly J. Murphy.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 21, 2017
    Objective The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA; Nasreddine et al., 2005) is a cognitive screening tool that aims to differentiate healthy cognitive aging from Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Several validation studies have been conducted on the MoCA, in a variety of clinical populations. Some studies have indicated that the originally suggested cutoff score of 26/30 leads to an inflated rate of false positives, particularly for those of older age and/or lower education. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the literature to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the MoCA for differentiating healthy cognitive aging from possible MCI. Methods Of the 304 studies identified, nine met inclusion criteria for the meta‐analysis. These studies were assessed across a range of cutoff scores to determine the respective sensitivities, specificities, positive and negative predictive accuracies, likelihood ratios for positive and negative results, classification accuracies, and Youden indices. Results Meta‐analysis revealed a cutoff score of 23/30 yielded the best diagnostic accuracy across a range of parameters. Conclusions A MoCA cutoff score of 23, rather than the initially recommended score of 26, lowers the false positive rate and shows overall better diagnostic accuracy. We recommend the use of this cutoff score going forward. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 21, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4756   open full text
  • The individual experience of ageing prisoners: systematic review and meta‐synthesis through a Good Lives Model framework.
    Claudio Di Lorito, Birgit Völlm, Tom Dening.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 13, 2017
    Objective The existing literature on ageing prisoners tends to focus on such aspects as diagnosis and physical ill‐health. In contrast, the experience of imprisonment from the perspective of ageing prisoners has received less attention. Grounded in a Good Lives Model theoretical framework, we reviewed and meta‐synthesised literature around their experience of life in prison, its impact on their wellbeing and how prison services are currently addressing their complex needs. We further identify potential areas of improvement. Methods 1. Systematic search on Assia, PsycInfo, MedLine, Embase, Web of Science, Google and Gov.uk. 2. Extraction and categorisation of data on NVivo. 3. Development of themes through thematic analysis and meta‐synthesis. 4. Identification of potential areas of improvement. Results We selected 25 studies for our review, of which 13 were from the USA, seven from the UK, two from Australia and one each from Ireland, Switzerland and Israel. We identified three themes: The hardship of imprisonment, addressing health and social care needs, and the route out of prison. Conclusions Ageing prisoners have unique and complex health and social care needs which, to varying degree across different countries, are mostly unmet. Promising initiatives to address their needs are emerging, but, at present time, the overall experience of incarceration for the ageing prisoner is quite poor, given the inconsistent physical, emotional and social care support offered from prison intake to release and beyond. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 13, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4762   open full text
  • Vascular risk factors in older patients with depression: outcome of electroconvulsive therapy versus medication.
    Harm‐Pieter Spaans, Rob M. Kok, Filip Bouckaert, Julia F. Van Den Berg, Orlaith C. Tunney, Pascal Sienaert, Esmée Verwijk, King H. Kho, Max L. Stek.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 28, 2017
    Objective Research suggests that in depression, vascular burden predicts a lower efficacy for medication (MED) and a more favourable outcome for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Therefore, we investigated the influence of the following vascular risk factors (VRF): hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and cerebral vascular accident/transient ischemic attack, on remission from major depression after ECT versus MED. Methods The study sample consisted of 81 inpatients with a DSM‐IV unipolar major depression diagnosis (mean age 72.2 years, SD = 7.6, mean Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score 32.9, SD = 6.2) participating in a randomized controlled trial comparing nortriptyline versus venlafaxine and 43 inpatients (mean age 73.7 years, SD = 7.5, mean Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score 30.6, SD = 7.1) from an randomized controlled trial comparing brief pulse versus ultrabrief pulse ECT. The presence of VRF was established from the medical records. The remission rate of patients with VRF was compared with those of patients without VRF. Results The remission rate was 58% (19/33) in the ECT group with ≥1 VRF and 32% (23/73) in the MED group with ≥1 VRF (χ2 = 6.456, p = 0.011). Comparing patients with no VRF versus ≥1 VRF, the remission rate decreased from 80 to 58% (χ2 = 1.652, p = 0.276) in ECT patients and from 38 to 32% (χ2 = 0.119, p = 0.707) in MED patients. Applying different cut‐offs for the number of VRFs yielded the same trends. Logistic regression revealed no interaction between VRF and treatment condition. Conclusion The superior efficacy of ECT over pharmacotherapy in major depression in older age was independent of the presence of VRF. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 28, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4754   open full text
  • Investigating the separate and interactive associations of trauma and depression on brain structure: implications for cognition and aging.
    Aimee J. Karstens, Olusola Ajilore, Leah H. Rubin, Shaolin Yang, Aifeng Zhang, Alex Leow, Anand Kumar, Melissa Lamar.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 23, 2017
    Objective Trauma and depression are associated with brain structural alterations; their combined effects on these outcomes are unclear. We previously reported a negative effect of trauma, independent of depression, on verbal learning and memory; less is known about underlying structural associates. We investigated separate and interactive associations of trauma and depression on brain structure. Methods Adults aged 30–89 (N = 203) evaluated for depression (D+) and trauma history (T+) using structured clinical interviews were divided into 53 D+T+, 42 D+T−, 50 D−T+, and 58 D−T−. Multivariable linear regressions examined the separate and interactive associations of depression and trauma with prefrontal and temporal lobe cortical thickness composites and hippocampal volumes adjusting for age, sex, predicted verbal IQ, comorbid anxiety, and vascular risk. Significant results informed analyses of tract‐based structural connectomic measures of efficiency and centrality. Results Trauma, independent of depression, was associated with greater left prefrontal cortex (PFC) thickness, in particular the medial orbitofrontal cortex and pars orbitalis. A trauma × depression interaction was observed for the right PFC in age‐stratified analyses: Older D + T+ had reduced PFC thickness compared with older D − T+ individuals. Regardless of age, trauma was associated with more left medial orbitofrontal cortex efficiency and less pars orbitalis centrality. In the T+ group, left pars orbitalis cortical thickness and centrality negatively correlated with verbal learning. Conclusions Trauma, independent of depression, associated with altered PFC characteristics, morphologically and in terms of structural network communication and influence. Additionally, findings suggest that there may be a combined effect of trauma and depression in older adults. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 23, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4755   open full text
  • Therapeutic D2/3 receptor occupancies and response with low amisulpride blood concentrations in very late‐onset schizophrenia‐like psychosis (VLOSLP).
    Suzanne Reeves, Kate Eggleston, Elizabeth Cort, Emma McLachlan, Stuart Brownings, Akshay Nair, Suki Greaves, Alan Smith, Joel Dunn, Paul Marsden, Robert Kessler, David Taylor, Julie Bertrand, Robert Howard.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 23, 2017
    Objective Antipsychotic drug sensitivity in very late‐onset schizophrenia‐like psychosis (VLOSLP) is well documented, but poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate blood drug concentration, D2/3 receptor occupancy and outcome in VLOSLP during open amisulpride prescribing, and compare this with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Blood drug concentration, prolactin, symptoms and extrapyramidal side‐effects (EPS) were serially assessed during dose titration. [18F]fallypride imaging was used to quantify D2/3 receptor occupancy. Average steady‐state amisulpride concentration (Caverage, ng/ml) was estimated by incorporating pharmacokinetic (PK) data into an existing population PK model (25 AD participants, 20 healthy older people). Results Eight patients (target 20) were recruited (six women; 76 + − 6 years; six treatment compliant; five serially sampled; three with paired imaging data). Mean + − SD symptom reduction was 74 ± 12% (50–100 mg/day; 92.5 + −39.4 ng/ml). Mild EPS emerged at 96 ng/ml (in AD, severe EPS, 50 mg/day, 60 ng/ml). In three participants, imaged during optimal treatment (50 mg/day; 41–70 ng/ml), caudate occupancy was 44–59% (58–74% in AD across a comparable Caverage). Conclusions Despite the small sample size, our findings are highly relevant as they suggest that, as in AD, 50 mg/day amisulpride is associated with >40% occupancy and clinically relevant responses in VLOSLP. It was not possible to fully characterise concentration–occupancy relationships in VLOSLP, and it is thus unclear whether the greater susceptibility of those with AD to emergent EPS was accounted for by increased central drug access. Further investigation of age‐ and diagnosis‐specific threshold sensitivities is warranted, to guide amisulpride prescribing in older people, and therapeutic drug monitoring studies offer a potentially informative future approach. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 23, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4758   open full text
  • Exploring perspectives of young onset dementia caregivers with high versus low unmet needs.
    Joany K. Millenaar, Christian Bakker, Deliane Vliet, Raymond T.C.M. Koopmans, Alexander Kurz, Frans R.J. Verhey, Marjolein E. Vugt.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 23, 2017
    Background This study is part of the Research to Assess Policies and Strategies for Dementia in the Young project. Information about specific needs in young onset dementia (YOD) will provide the basis for the development of an e‐health intervention to assist caregivers in coping with YOD in several European countries. Objective The aim was to investigate the issues caregivers of people with YOD face. Methods A qualitative content analysis method was used to analyse interviews with YOD caregivers. Quantitative data of the Needs in Young Onset Dementia study were used to select caregivers based on a ranking of unmet needs, to capture differences and similarities between caregivers that experienced high levels of unmet needs versus those with low levels of unmet needs. Needs were assessed with the Camberwell Assessment of Needs in the Elderly. Results Findings revealed the following themes: (i) acceptance; (ii) perception of the relationship; (iii) role adaptation; (iv) Availability of appropriate services; (v) social support; and (vi) awareness in the person with dementia and acceptance of help. Several factors seemed more apparent in the caregivers who experienced few unmet needs opposed to the caregivers who experienced more unmet needs. Conclusion The current study provides an in‐depth perspective on the caregiver's experiences and emphasizes specific themes that could be addressed in future interventions. This might contribute to a caring situation in which the caregiver experiences less unmet needs. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 23, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4749   open full text
  • Provision and perceived quality of mental health services for older care home residents in England: a national survey.
    Karen Stewart, Claire Hargreaves, Rowan Jasper, David Challis, Sue Tucker, Mark Wilberforce.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 22, 2017
    Objective This study examined the nature, extent and perceived quality of the support provided by community mental health teams for older people (CMHTsOP) to care home residents. Methods A postal survey was sent to all CMHTsOP in England. Information was collected about teams' staffing and their involvement in case finding, assessment, medication reviews, care planning and training as well as team managers' rating of the perceived quality of the service they provided for care home residents. Data were analysed using chi‐squared tests of association and ordinal regression. Results Responses were received from 225 (54%) CMHTsOP. Only 18 per cent of these teams contained staff with allocated time for care home work. Services for care home residents varied considerably between teams. Two‐fifths of teams provided formal training to care home staff. Team managers were more likely to perceive the quality of their service to care homes as good if they had a systematic process in place for reviewing antipsychotic drugs or routine mental health reviews, including contact with a GP. Conclusion The findings suggested that more evidence is needed on the best approach for supporting care home residents with mental health needs. Areas to consider are the potential benefits of training to care home staff and regular mental health reviews, utilising links between GPs and CMHTsOP. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 22, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4753   open full text
  • Longitudinal changes in global and domain specific cognitive function in the very‐old: findings from the Newcastle 85+ Study.
    Blossom C. M. Stephan, Graciela Muniz‐Terrera, Antoneta Granic, Joanna Collerton, Karen Davies, Brian K. Saxby, Keith A. Wesnes, Thomas B.L. Kirkwood, Carol Jagger.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 22, 2017
    Objective Ageing is associated with changes in cognition in some, but not all domains. In young–old adults, defined as persons aged 65–84 years, baseline cognitive function has been shown to impact on cognitive trajectories. Whether similar patterns occur in the very‐old, defined as persons aged 85 years and over, is not known. Methods Longitudinal changes (5 years' follow‐up) in global and domain specific cognitive function including memory, attention and speed were investigated in participants from the Newcastle 85+ Study (n = 845). At baseline, participants were grouped using Mini‐Mental State Examination cut‐off scores and dementia status into the following: not impaired, mildly impaired or severely impaired/dementia groups. Results Only a limited number of cognitive measures showed significant decline in performance over time. Where observed, change generally occurred only in the severely impaired group. In the severely impaired group, small differences in baseline age were associated with poorer performance over time on most measures. Education was not protective against cognitive decline in any group. Conclusions There are individuals who maintain a high level of cognitive function or only show mild impairments even into their ninth decade of life. This group of successful cognitive agers may provide insight for identifying predictors of cognitive integrity in later life. In individuals with severe impairment, cognitive performance shows significant decline over time, especially in measures of attention and speed. Further work to identify those individuals at highest risk of cognitive decline is necessary to implement early support and intervention strategies in this rapidly expanding age group. © 2017 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
    June 22, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4743   open full text
  • The effect of childcare activities on cognitive status and depression in older adults: gender differences in a 4.4‐year longitudinal study.
    Caterina Trevisan, Maria Valentina Pamio, Chiara Curreri, Stefania Maggi, Giovannella Baggio, Sabina Zambon, Leonardo Sartori, Egle Perissinotto, Gaetano Crepaldi, Enzo Manzato, Giuseppe Sergi.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 22, 2017
    Objectives Although involvement in childcare activities seems to promote better physical and mental health in older adults, its impact on cognitive status and depression has not yet been fully elucidated. We aimed to analyze the association between engagement in childcare activities and cognitive and psychological status over a 4.4‐year period in community‐dwelling older adults. Methods Two thousand one hundred four subjects older than 65 years without severe cognitive impairment at baseline were categorized according to the frequency of their involvement in childcare activities (everyday, occasionally, never). The participants' cognitive status and depressive symptoms were evaluated at baseline and after 4.4 years. Results During the follow‐up, 269 (12.8%) new cases of cognitive impairment and 229 (10.9%) new cases of depression were registered. Men engaged in childcare showed an almost 20% lower risk of cognitive impairment and cognitive decline. Women demonstrated similar results, except for those occasionally involved in childcare, who had a higher risk of cognitive decline compared with women who never engaged in it. The risk of developing depression was reduced in men involved daily (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.30–0.62, p < 0.0001) and occasionally in childcare, who also demonstrated a lower risk of exacerbating depressive symptoms compared with subjects who never involved in it. The onset of depression was reduced in women occasionally engaged in childcare (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.56–0.82, p < 0.0001), but not significantly in those daily involved in it. Conclusions Involvement of older adults in childcare activities seems to lower the risk of cognitive impairment in both genders and to prevent onset or worsening of depression particularly in older men. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 22, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4750   open full text
  • Plasma cytokine IL‐6 levels and subjective cognitive decline: preliminary findings.
    Andrew P. Keegan, Daniel Paris, Cheryl A. Luis, Laila Abdullah, Ghania Ait‐Ghezala, David Beaulieu‐Abdelahad, Makenzie Pryor, Jillian Chaykin, Gogce Crynen, Fiona Crawford, Michael Mullan.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 22, 2017
    Objective Detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) prior to clinical inception will be paramount for introducing disease modifying treatments. We have begun collecting baseline characteristics of a community cohort for longitudinal assessment and testing of antecedent blood‐based biomarkers. We describe the baseline visit from the first 131 subjects in relationship to a commonly described cytokine, interleukin 6 (IL‐6). Methods Subjects from the community presented for a free memory screening with varying degrees of memory concern. We quantified the baseline plasma levels of the cytokine IL‐6 and assessed cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA) and mood (Geriatric Depression Scale, GDS) in relationship to their memory concern. Results Baseline MoCA scores were inversely related to age, and this association was influenced by an AD risk factor, Apolipoprotein E (APOE4) carrier status. The degree of subjective cognitive decline correlated with GDS and was inversely related to MoCA scores. Interleukin 6 levels were related to age, body mass index, and years of education. Conclusions It will be important to assess how these baseline IL‐6 levels and forthcoming novel biomarkers relate to future cognitive decline. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 22, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4752   open full text
  • The frontal assessment battery in clinical practice: a systematic review.
    Miriam Hurtado‐Pomares, M. Carmen Terol‐Cantero, Alicia Sánchez‐Pérez, Paula Peral‐Gómez, Desirée Valera‐Gran, Eva María Navarrete‐Muñoz.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 19, 2017
    Background The frontal assessment battery (FAB) is a brief tool designed to evaluate executive function. Some studies have particularly focused on assessing its applicability addressing two issues: first, on detecting the brain regions responsible for the FAB performance, and second, on determining its capability for differential diagnosis. Our aim was to summarize and analyze critically the studies that assessed the neuroanatomical correspondence and the differential diagnostic value of the FAB in several study populations suffering from different pathologies. Methods We completed a literature search in MEDLINE (via PubMed) database by using the term “frontal assessment battery” and the combination of this term with “applicability” or “use” or “usefulness”. The search was limited to articles in English or Spanish languages, published between 1 September 2000 and 30 September 2016, human studies, and journal articles. Results A total of 32 studies met inclusion criteria. Seventeen studies were aimed at identifying the brain regions or the neural substrates involved in executive functions measured by the FAB and 15 studies at verifying that the FAB was an appropriate tool for the differential diagnosis in neurological diseases. Conclusion Our study showed that the FAB may be an adequate assessment tool for executive function and may provide useful information for differential diagnosis in several diseases. Given that the FAB takes short time and is easy to administer, its usage may be of great interest as part of a full neuropsychological assessment in clinical settings. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 19, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4751   open full text
  • Apolipoprotein E genotype impact on memory and attention in older persons: the moderating role of personality phenotype.
    Benjamin P. Chapman, Ralph H.B. Benedict, Feng Lin, Shumita Roy, Antoine Porteinsson, Kinga Szigeti, Howard Federoff, Mark Mapstone.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 14, 2017
    Objectives To determine if phenotypic personality traits modify the association of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes with different domains of cognitive function. Design Cross‐sectional. Methods 172 non‐demented older adults were administered the NEO‐Five Factor Inventory (NEO‐FFI), a battery of neuropsychological tests assessing memory, attention, executive function, language, and visuospatial ability, and underwent APOE genotyping. Multivariate (multiple‐dependent variable) regression models predicting cognitive domains tested APOE interactions with personality traits, adjusting for age, sex, and education. Results The APOE ε4 allele showed small to modest main effects on memory and executive function (1/3 SD deficits for carriers, p < .05), with ε2 status evidencing minimal and non‐significant benefit. Neuroticism interacted with both ε2 and ε4 alleles in associations with attention scores (p = .001), with ε2 benefits and ε4 deficits being marked at high Neuroticism (Mean [M] covariate‐adjusted Z‐score = .39 for ε2, −.47 for ε4). The association of ε4 with memory was moderated by Conscientiousness (p < .001), such that ε4 memory deficits were apparent at low Conscientiousness (M = −.56), but absent at high levels of Conscientiousness. Weaker patterns (p < .05) also suggested ε4‐related detriments in executive function only at lower Conscientiousness, and ε2 memory benefits only at higher Openness. Conclusions Conscientiousness and Neuroticism moderate APOE associations with memory and executive function. As such, they may be useful phenotypic markers in refining the prognostic significance of this polymorphism. Effect‐modifying personality traits also provide clues about behavioral and psychological factors that influence the cognitive impact of APOE. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 14, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4748   open full text
  • The relationship between moderate alcohol consumption, depressive symptomatology, and C‐reactive protein: the Health and Retirement Study.
    Daniel Paulson, Mona Shah, Danielle Herring, Rosanna Scott, Manuel Herrera, David Brush, Rachel Bassett.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 14, 2017
    Objective Moderate alcohol use has been broadly associated with health benefits among older adults, including improved mood. Aims of this study were to evaluate the relationship of moderate alcohol use and depressive symptomatology over a period of eight years, and to examine inflammation, indicated by C‐reactive protein (CRP), as one mechanism by which this relationship functions. Methods The study included 3177 community‐dwelling participants over the age of 65 in 2008 drawn from the Health and Retirement Study. Data from the 2006, 2008, 2012, and 2014 waves were used. Alcohol use was measured via self‐report and was dichotomized as abstinent (0 drinks per week) and moderate (1–14 drinks per week). Inflammation was measured using CRP, which was collected using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and provided in units of μg/mL. Control variables included gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and medical burden. Results A latent growth curve model with full information maximum likelihood was used, with results revealing that moderate drinkers endorsed fewer depressive symptoms at baseline and a steeper rate of change over time. Abstinent respondents' depressive symptomatology was characterized by a more linear change rate. Further, moderate drinkers had lower CRP levels suggesting that inflammation partially mediates the relationship between moderate alcohol use and depressive symptomatology. Conclusions Moderate alcohol use predicts fewer depressive symptoms among older adults. This relationship is partially moderated by CRP and is eroded by the passage of time. Future research should identify additional mechanisms relating alcohol to positive health outcomes and less depressive symptomatology. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 14, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4746   open full text
  • The cost‐effectiveness implications of suboptimal treatment for different severities of Alzheimer's disease in the UK.
    Darshan Zala, Dennis Chan, Paul McCrone.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 14, 2017
    Objective This study aims to evaluate the impact of suboptimal treatment, defined in terms of lower population coverage (percentage of total patient population receiving optimal treatment) and delay to treatment on the cost‐effectiveness of pharmacological therapies approved for the treatment of different severities of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the UK. Methods A 5‐year Markov model was used to simulate transition to full‐time care, as delay and coverage were varied for AD patients with mild‐to‐moderate and moderate‐to‐severe dementia. The time‐varying predictive equations, resource use, utilities, treatment effects and mortality were derived using published sources. Results For the cohort with moderate‐to‐severe dementia, cost‐effectiveness was optimised when delay was minimised and coverage maximised. For mild‐to‐moderate dementia, results were similar but varied widely depending on the inputted cost of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Conclusions The average cost‐effectiveness of pharmacological treatments for AD is sensitive to delays to treatment and population coverage. The results of this study can inform future healthcare policy in order to maximise cost‐effectiveness of pharmacological therapies for AD. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 14, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4745   open full text
  • CSF biomarkers in delirium: a systematic review.
    Roanna J. Hall, Leiv Otto Watne, Emma Cunningham, Henrik Zetterberg, Susan D. Shenkin, Torgeir Bruun Wyller, Alasdair M.J. MacLullich.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 06, 2017
    Objective In recent years, there has been a blossoming of studies examining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a method of studying the pathophysiology of delirium. We systematically reviewed the literature for CSF studies in delirium and provide here a summary of the implications for our understanding of delirium pathophysiology. We also summarise the methods used for CSF analysis and discuss challenges and implications for future studies. Methods In this systematic review, we screened MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed and the Cochrane Library for articles on CSF biomarkers in delirium, published on 3 September 2016. Studies were required to use Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or International Classification of Diseases criteria for delirium or a validated tool. We excluded case reports. There were no other restrictions on study type. Results We identified 3280 articles from our initial search, and 22 articles were included in this review. All studies were prospective, including over 400 patients with delirium and 700 controls. More than 70 different biomarkers were studied. Studies could not be compared with each other for meta‐analysis because of their heterogeneity and varied widely in their risk of bias and quality assessments. Conclusions The 22 studies identified in this review reveal a small but growing literature, in which many of the important hypotheses in delirium pathogenesis have been examined, but from which few firm conclusions can currently be drawn. Nevertheless, the overall interpretation of the literature supports the vulnerable brain concept, that is, that biomarker evidence of, for example, Alzheimer's disease pathology and/or neuroinflammation, is associated with delirium. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 06, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4720   open full text
  • The Abrams geriatric self‐neglect scale: introduction, validation and psychometric properties.
    Robert C. Abrams, M. Carrington Reid, Cynthia Lien, Maria Pavlou, Anthony Rosen, Nancy Needell, Joseph Eimicke, Jeanne Teresi.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 06, 2017
    Objective Self‐neglect is an imprecisely defined entity with multiple clinical expressions and adverse health consequences, especially in the elderly. However, research has been limited by the absence of a measurement instrument that is both inclusive and specific. Our goal was to establish the psychometric properties of a quantitative instrument, the Abrams Geriatric Self‐Neglect Scale (AGSS). Methods We analyzed data from a 2007 case–control study of 71 cognitively intact community‐dwelling older self‐neglectors that had used the AGSS. The AGSS was validated against two “gold standards”: a categorical definition of self‐neglect developed by expert consensus; and the clinical judgment of a geriatric psychiatrist using chart review. Frequencies were examined for the six scale domains by source (Subject, Observer, and Overall Impression). Internal consistency was estimated for each source, and associations among the sources were evaluated. Results Internal consistency estimates for the AGSS were rated as “good,” with the Subject responses having the lowest alpha and omega (0.681 and 0.692) and the Observer responses the highest (0.758 and 0.765). Subject and Observer scores had the lowest association (0.578, p < 0.001). Using expert consensus criteria as the primary “gold standard,” the Observer and Overall Impression subscales were “good” at classifying self‐neglect, while the Subject subscale was “fair.” Conclusions The AGSS correctly classified and quantified self‐neglect against two “gold standards.” Sufficient correlations among multiple sources of information allow investigators and clinicians to choose flexibly from Subject, Observer, or Overall Impression. The lower internal consistency estimates for Subject responses are consistent with self‐neglectors' propensity to disavow symptoms. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 06, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4718   open full text
  • “Let him speak:” a descriptive qualitative study of the roles and behaviors of family companions in primary care visits among older adults with cognitive impairment.
    Judith B. Vick, Halima Amjad, Katherine C. Smith, Cynthia M. Boyd, Laura N. Gitlin, David L. Roth, Debra L. Roter, Jennifer L. Wolff.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 06, 2017
    Objective Cognitive impairment poses communication challenges in primary care. Although family “companions” commonly attend primary care visits of older adults with cognitive impairment, little is known about how their involvement affects communication. Therefore, we sought to understand how companion involvement affects the quality of primary care visit communication for older adults with cognitive impairment. Methods Cross‐sectional, descriptive qualitative study participants were as follows: (1) English‐speaking adults age 65 or older with mild, moderate, or severe cognitive impairment; (2) family members or other unpaid companions who accompany older adults to primary care visits; and (3) primary care clinicians. Twenty semi‐structured and in‐depth qualitative interviews of older adults and their companions (N = 20 dyads) and two focus groups (N = 10 primary care clinicians) were conducted. Interviews and focus groups were transcribed and analyzed thematically. Results Family companions commonly facilitate communication by advocating for patients, ensuring the accuracy of information exchange and understanding, and preserving rapport. Significant communication challenges were also identified, including patient and companion role ambiguity, competing visit agendas, and primary care clinician confusion regarding the most accurate source of information. Patients, companions, and clinicians each identified strategies to improve communication, chief among them being to identify, differentiate, and respect both patient and companion priorities and perspectives. Conclusions Family companions actively participate in primary care visits of older adults with cognitive impairment in ways that promote and inhibit effective communication. Findings suggest the need for strategies that more effectively and purposefully involve family in the care of primary care patients with cognitive impairment. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 06, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4732   open full text
  • A systematic review of neuroimaging in delirium: predictors, correlates and consequences.
    Anita Nitchingham, Varun Kumar, Susan Shenkin, Karen J. Ferguson, Gideon A. Caplan.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 02, 2017
    Objective Neuroimaging advances our understanding of delirium pathophysiology and its consequences. A previous systematic review identified 12 studies (total participants N = 764, delirium cases N = 194; years 1989–2007) and found associations with white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and cerebral atrophy. Our objectives were to perform an updated systematic review of neuroimaging studies in delirium published since January 2006 and summarise the available literature on predictors, correlates or outcomes. Methods Studies were identified by keyword and MeSH‐based electronic searches of EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO combining terms for neuroimaging, brain structure and delirium. We included neuroimaging studies of delirium in adults using validated delirium assessment methods. Results Thirty‐two studies (total N = 3187, delirium N = 1086) met the inclusion criteria. Imaging included magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; N = 9), computed tomography (N = 4), diffusion tensor imaging (N = 3), transcranial Doppler (N = 5), near infrared spectroscopy (N = 5), functional‐MRI (N = 2), single photon emission computed tomography (N = 1), proton MRI spectroscopy (N = 1), arterial spin‐labelling MRI (N = 1) and 2‐13fluoro‐2‐deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (N = 1). Despite heterogeneity in study design, delirium was associated with WMH, lower brain volume, atrophy, dysconnectivity, impaired cerebral autoregulation, reduced blood flow and cerebral oxygenation and glucose hypometabolism. There was evidence of long‐term brain changes following intensive care unit delirium. Conclusions Neuroimaging is now used more widely in delirium research due to advances in technology. However, imaging delirious patients presents challenges leading to methodological limitations and restricted generalisability. The findings that atrophy and WMH burden predict delirium replicates findings from the original review, while advanced techniques have identified other substrates and mechanisms that warrant further investigation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 02, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4724   open full text
  • Decreasing hazards of Alzheimer's disease with the use of antidepressants: mitigating the risk of depression and apolipoprotein E.
    Shanna L. Burke, Peter Maramaldi, Tamara Cadet, Walter Kukull.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 31, 2017
    Objective Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease, manifesting in clinically observable deficits in memory, thinking, and behavior that disproportionately affects older adults. Susceptibility genes, such as apolipoprotein ε4, have long been associated with an increased risk of AD diagnosis. Studies have shown associations between depression and increased risk of AD development. Furthermore, findings from previous investigations suggest mixed effects in the use of psychotropic medication in older adults. The hypothesis for this study is that antidepressant use modifies the increased hazard of depression or such that a non‐significant hazard will result with respect to eventual AD development. Methods Utilizing data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, we examined evaluations of 11,443 cognitively intact participants. Survival analysis was used to explore relationships between depression, apolipoprotein E, AD diagnosis, and antidepressant use. Results An analytical sample of 8732 participants with normal cognition was examined. Among users of antidepressant medication, the hazard, in most cases, was no longer statistically significant. One generic medication showed protective benefits for users (p < 0.001). In addition, there was a statistically significant relationship between recent depression (n = 2083; p < 0.001), lifetime depression (n = 2068; p < 0.05), and ε4 carrier status (n = 2470; p < 0.001) and AD development. Conclusions The findings suggest that a mechanism related to antidepressant use may reduce the hazard of eventual AD. Furthermore, the findings reinforce the association between depression, apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4, and AD diagnosis. This study contributes to the emerging literature exploring interventions aimed at decreasing the risk of AD by targeting potentially modifiable psychosocial risk factors such as depression. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 31, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4709   open full text
  • Psychometric evaluation of the Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory in an acute general hospital setting.
    Nuriye Kupeli, Victoria Vickerstaff, Nicola White, Kathryn Lord, Sharon Scott, Louise Jones, Elizabeth L. Sampson.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 31, 2017
    Objectives The Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI; (Cohen‐Mansfield and Kerin, 1986)) is a well‐known tool for assessing agitated behaviours in people with dementia who reside in long‐term care. No studies have evaluated the psychometric qualities and factor structure of the CMAI in acute general hospitals, a setting where people with demand may become agitated. Method Longitudinal study investigating pain, agitation and behavioural problems in 230 people with dementia admitted to acute general hospitals in 2011–2012. Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory was completed as part of a battery of assessments including PAINAD to measure pain. Results A nine‐item two‐factor model of aggressive and nonaggressive behaviours proved to be the best‐fitting measurement model in this sample, (χ2 = 96.3, df = 26, p<0.001; BIC [Bayesian Information Criterion] = 4593.06, CFI [Comparative Fit Index] = 0.884, TLI [Tucker Lewis Index] = 0.839, RMSEA [Root Mean Square Error of the Approximation] = 0.108). Although similar to the original factor structure, the new model resulted in the elimination of item 13 (screaming). Validity was confirmed with the shortened CMAI showing similar associations with pain as the original version of the CMAI, in particular the link between aggressive behaviours and pain. Conclusion The factor structure of the CMAI was broadly consistent with the original solution although a large number of items were removed. Scales reflecting physical and verbal aggression were combined to form an Aggressive factor, and physical and verbal nonaggressive behaviours were combined to form the Nonaggressive factor. A shorter, more concise version of the CMAI was developed for use in acute general hospital settings. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 31, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4741   open full text
  • Symptoms associated with Lewy body disease in mild cognitive impairment.
    Paul C. Donaghy, Nicola Barnett, Kirsty Olsen, John‐Paul Taylor, Ian G. McKeith, John T. O'Brien, Alan J. Thomas.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 29, 2017
    Objective Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is associated with a range of cognitive and non‐cognitive symptoms. We aimed to identify if some of these symptoms might aid early diagnosis of Lewy body disease in cases of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods Lewy body MCI (MCI‐LB; n = 36), Alzheimer's disease MCI (MCI‐AD; n = 21), DLB (n = 36), AD (n = 21) and control (n = 20) participants were recruited. An interview‐based questionnaire about the presence of symptoms thought to be associated with Lewy body disease was completed by participants with, where possible, their carer/relative. The prevalence of each symptom was compared between MCI‐LB and MCI‐AD and between established DLB and AD, and a symptom scale based on these findings was devised. Results Fluctuating concentration/attention; episodes of confusion; muscle rigidity; changes in hand‐writing, gait and posture; falls; drooling; weak voice; symptoms of REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) and misjudging objects were more common in MCI‐LB compared with MCI‐AD, and also in DLB compared with AD. Hyposmia, tremor, slowness and autonomic symptoms were not specific to Lewy body disease. REM sleep behaviour disorder and hyposmia were reported to develop several years prior to the onset of cognitive symptoms in Lewy body disease. A 10‐point symptom scale differentiated between MCI‐LB and MCI‐AD with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 100%. Conclusions Drooling, misjudging objects and symptoms related to parkinsonism, fluctuating cognition and RBD may be the most characteristic symptoms of MCI‐LB. Slowness, tremor, autonomic symptoms and hyposmia are all common in MCI‐LB but are not specific to the disease. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 29, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4742   open full text
  • Total cerebral small vessel disease score and cognitive performance in community‐dwelling older adults. Results from the Atahualpa Project.
    Victor J. Del Brutto, Jorge G. Ortiz, Oscar H. Del Brutto, Robertino M. Mera, Mauricio Zambrano, José Biller.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 26, 2017
    Objective Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is inversely associated with cognitive performance. However, whether the total SVD score is a better predictor of poor cognitive performance than individual signatures of SVD is inconclusive. We aimed to estimate the combined and independent predictive power of these MRI findings. Methods Atahualpa residents aged ≥60 years underwent brain MRI. Cognitive performance was measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The presence of moderate‐to‐severe white matter hyperintensities, deep cerebral microbleeds, lacunar infarcts, and >10 enlarged perivascular spaces was added for estimating the total SVD score ranging from 0 to 4 points. Montreal Cognitive Assessment predictive models were fitted to assess how well the total SVD score or each of its components predicts cognitive performance. Results Of 351 eligible candidates, 331 (94%) were included. The total SVD score was 0 points in 202 individuals (61%), 1 point in 67 (20%), 2 points in 40 (12%), 3 points in 15 (5%), and 4 points in seven (2%). A generalized lineal model showed an inverse relationship between the total SVD score and the MoCA (p = 0.015). The proportion of variance in the MoCA score explained by the SVD score was 32.8% (R2 = 0.328). This predictive power was similar for white matter hyperintensities (R2 = 0.306), microbleeds (R2 = 0.313), lacunar infarcts (R2 = 0.323), and perivascular spaces (R2 = 0.313). Conclusions This study shows a significant association between the SVD score and worse cognitive performance. The SVD score is a predictor of poor cognitive performance. This predictive power is not better than that of isolated neuroimaging signatures of SVD. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 26, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4747   open full text
  • Current practice and challenges in night‐time care for people with dementia living in care homes: a qualitative study.
    Kayleigh Marie Nunez, Zunera Khan, Ingelin Testad, Vanessa Lawrence, Byron Creese, Anne Corbett.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 26, 2017
    Objective To explore the current practices and challenges in night‐time care for people with dementia living in care homes in the UK. Methods Focus group discussions (FGD) were held with care staff and family carers from five care homes in South London. To supplement the FGD data, an online survey was circulated to family carers (n = 16), and informal interviews were conducted with night‐time care staff and nurses (n = 19). The questions for the online survey were designed to specifically explore the themes that emerged from the FGD. Results Thematic analysis revealed eight key themes in the management of sleep disturbance in people with dementia living in care homes: current night‐time care practices, dissonance in perceived causes of sleep disturbances, inconsistencies in treatment options, insufficient staffing levels, working relationships between shifts, nurse burden and responsibility, communication as a critical challenge, connecting with residents and one overarching theme of balance. Conclusions The findings of this study highlight the need for an evidence‐based sleep disturbance management programme designed for use in care homes and informed by stakeholders. The key themes identified represent the major barriers to good quality care and areas which future programmes will need to address to improve the quality of night‐time care in care homes. There are clearly opportunities for future examination of non‐pharmacological night‐time care management programmes for use in the population. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 26, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4737   open full text
  • The test of time: a history of clock drawing.
    Elias Hazan, Frances Frankenburg, Megan Brenkel, Kenneth Shulman.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 26, 2017
    Objective The clock drawing test (CDT) has become one of the most widely used cognitive screening instruments in clinical and research settings. Its effectiveness, acceptability, and quick and easy administration have made it a staple for cognitive screening in dementia and a wide range of brain disorders. Despite a spike in popularity since the 1990s, its origins are relatively unknown. The goal of this review is to chronicle its saga and chart its usage over time. Methods PsycInfo, Medline, and PubMed literature searches were performed from earliest record to June 2016, in addition to manual cross‐referencing of bibliographies, with a focus before 1990. Summary of relevant articles and books up until 1989 is included, as well as clinical applications and surveys that track CDT usage over time. Results While MacDonald Critchley's well‐known textbook from 1953, The Parietal Lobes, is often cited as the first mention of the CDT, its recorded use actually stretches back more than a century to 1915. A review of the literature shows that the CDT began as a test for aphasia‐related disorders and constructional apraxia until its entry into contemporary cognitive screening in the 1980s when it primarily became a cognitive screen. Its usage took off in 1989 with over 2000 publications since. Conclusions Despite a fairly obscure existence for decades, the CDT has emerged as an effective and ideal cognitive screening instrument for a wide range of conditions. Its use continues to increase, and it has been incorporated into several widely used cognitive screening batteries. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 26, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4731   open full text
  • Depression and cognitive impairment among newly admitted nursing home residents in the USA.
    Christine M. Ulbricht, Anthony J. Rothschild, Jacob N. Hunnicutt, Kate L. Lapane.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 23, 2017
    Objective The objective of this study is to describe the prevalence of depression and cognitive impairment among newly admitted nursing home residents in the USA and to describe the treatment of depression by level of cognitive impairment. Methods We identified 1,088,619 newly admitted older residents between 2011 and 2013 with an active diagnosis of depression documented on the Minimum Data Set 3.0. The prevalence of receiving psychiatric treatment was estimated by cognitive impairment status and depression symptoms. Binary logistic regression using generalized estimating equations provided adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between level of cognitive impairment and receipt of psychiatric treatment, adjusted for clustering of residents within nursing homes and resident characteristics. Results Twenty‐six percent of newly admitted residents had depression; 47% of these residents also had cognitive impairment. Of those who had staff assessments of depression, anhedonia, impaired concentration, psychomotor disturbances, and irritability were more commonly experienced by residents with cognitive impairment than residents without cognitive impairment. Forty‐eight percent of all residents with depression did not receive any psychiatric treatment. Approximately one‐fifth of residents received a combination of treatment. Residents with severe cognitive impairment were less likely than those with intact cognition to receive psychiatric treatment (adjusted odds ratio = 0.95; 95% confidence interval: 0.93–0.98). Conclusions Many newly admitted residents with an active diagnosis of depression are untreated, potentially missing an important window to improve symptoms. The extent of comorbid cognitive impairment and depression and lack of treatment suggest opportunities for improved quality of care in this increasingly important healthcare setting. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 23, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4723   open full text
  • Joint hypermobility is also associated with anxiety disorders in the elderly population.
    Andrea Bulbena‐Cabré, Conxita Rojo, Guillem Pailhez, Emma Buron Maso, Luis Miguel Martín‐Lopez, Antonio Bulbena.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 23, 2017
    Background Anxiety disorders (AD) are very prevalent in the elderly, tend to compromise quality of life, and generate substantial costs. Considering that the prevention and early detection of anxiety may be relevant to increase health gains in older adults, it would be of great interest to identify whether the joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) is also related to anxiety disorders in this age range. Methods Cross‐sectional data was collected in a sample of 108 subjects in a rural town in Spain. Instruments included Spielberger STAI, a modified Wolpe Fear Survey Schedule, General health Questionnaire (GHQ)‐28, and the anxiety and mood disorders section of the SCID, to assess past year prevalence of anxiety disorders. JHS was evaluated by trained examiners using the “Hospital del Mar criteria”. Results Among the 108 subjects (55% women, 45% men) over 60 years old, 21.3% meet criteria for JHS. These subjects scored significantly higher in both State (F = 5.53; p = 0.02) and Trait (F = 4.68; p = 0.03) anxiety and the GHQ 28 (F = 6.29; p = 0.01). Compared with non JHS subjects, they had more AD (34.8% vs. 11.8%; x2 = 6.90; p = 0.02) and mood disorders (30.4% vs. 10.6%; x2 = 5.65; p = 0.041) in the past year prevalence. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that both JHS (β = 0.196; p = 0.04) and fears (β = 0.34; p = 0.001) are predictors of AD (r2 = 188; p = 0.001) in this population. Conclusions Joint hypermobility syndrome is associated with anxiety in the elderly population, and it may be used as a physical marker for AD among subjects within this age range. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 23, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4733   open full text
  • Assessing bipolar disorder in the older adult: the GERI‐BD toolbox.
    Patricia Marino, Herbert C. Schulberg, Ariel G. Gildengers, Benoit H. Mulsant, Martha Sajatovic, Laszlo Gyulai, Rayan K. Aljurdi, Laurie Davan Evans, Samprit Banerjee, Ruben C. Gur, Robert C. Young,.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 22, 2017
    Introduction The evidence base regarding characteristics of older adults with bipolar disorder (BD) remains limited. The NIH‐funded multicenter study Acute Pharmacotherapy of Late‐Life Mania (GERI‐BD) assessed various clinical domains before and during mood stabilizer treatment in older adults participating in a 9‐week, double‐blind randomized controlled trial. We describe the rationale for selecting these instruments. Methods Domains and instruments were selected on the basis of the study design and the participants. The investigators' experience in clinical trials involving young adults with BD or older adults with major depressive disorder, along with open studies of older adults with BD, contributed to the selection process. Results We identified domains and selected instruments that could be used to assess the participants given their diagnostic, treatment history, and medical and mood state characteristics. They were also intended to measure tolerability and efficacy and permit examination of potential moderating and mediating factors. Conclusions Decisions regarding the assessment domains to be included in the clinical trial highlight the challenges facing researchers studying drug treatments for older adults with BD, or more generally, mood disorders. We suggest that the domains and instruments selected by GERI‐BD investigators constitute a “toolbox” that can be customized for other investigators. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 22, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4738   open full text
  • The influence of vascular risk factors on cognitive function in early Parkinson's disease.
    Maxime Doiron, Mélanie Langlois, Nicolas Dupré, Martine Simard.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 16, 2017
    Objectives Hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and obesity are well‐established risk factors for cognitive impairment and dementia in older adults. In contrast, previous studies that have assessed the impact of vascular risk factors (VRFs) on cognition in Parkinson's disease (PD) have had methodological limitations and reported conflicting findings. We address this question in a large well‐characterized cohort of de novo PD patients. Methods A total of 367 untreated and non‐demented patients aged 50 years and older with early PD (H&Y = 1.0–2.0) underwent a comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological assessment at baseline and 24 months later. A series of linear mixed models were used to determine the effects of VRFs on cognition while controlling for patient and disease characteristics. The outcomes included norm‐referenced Z‐scores of global cognition, visuospatial skills, verbal episodic memory, semantic verbal fluency, attention, and working memory tests. Results A longer history of hypertension and a higher pulse pressure were significant predictors of lower Z‐scores on immediate and delayed free recall, recognition, and verbal fluency tests. On average, every 10 mmHg increase in pulse pressure was associated with a 0.08 reduction on the cognitive Z‐scores. The effects were independent of age, education, disease duration, motor impairment, medication, and depressive symptoms. Other VRFs were not associated with cognitive outcomes. Conclusions Our results are consistent with previous studies suggesting that hypertension exerts a detrimental effect on memory and verbal fluency in early PD. Management of blood pressure and cardiovascular health may be important to reduce risk of cognitive decline in PD. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 16, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4735   open full text
  • Domain‐specific cognitive impairment in non‐demented Parkinson's disease psychosis.
    Jared T. Hinkle, Kate Perepezko, Catherine C. Bakker, Ted M. Dawson, Vanessa Johnson, Zoltan Mari, Cherie L. Marvel, Kelly A. Mills, Alexander Pantelyat, Olga Pletnikova, Liana S. Rosenthal, Melissa D. Shepard, Daniel A. Stevens, Juan C. Troncoso, Jiangxia Wang, Gregory M. Pontone.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 16, 2017
    Introduction In Parkinson's disease (PD), psychosis is associated with cognitive impairment that may be more profound in particular cognitive domains. Our goal was to determine whether psychosis in non‐demented PD participants is associated with domain‐specific cognitive impairment on the Mini‐Mental State Exam (MMSE). Methods The Morris K. Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence Longitudinal Study at Johns Hopkins is a prospective study that was initiated in 1998. Clinical assessments are conducted at two‐year intervals at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. We analyzed data from 137 enrolled participants with idiopathic PD. Psychosis diagnoses were established by psychiatrist interview per DSM‐IV criteria. An incident dementia diagnosis resulted in exclusion from analysis for that evaluation and any future evaluations in that participant. We used logistic regression with generalized estimated equations (GEE) to model the time‐varying relationship between MMSE subscale scores and psychosis, adjusting for potential confounding variables identified through univariable analysis. Results Thirty‐one unique psychosis cases were recorded among non‐demented participants. Fifty total evaluations with psychosis present were analyzed. In multivariable regressions, psychosis was associated with lower scores on the orientation (relative odds ratio, rOR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.58–0.93; p = 0.011), language (rOR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.48–0.86; p = 0.003), and intersecting pentagon (rOR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.20–0.92 p = 0.030) subscales of the MMSE. Conclusions In PD, executive dysfunction, disorientation, and impaired language comprehension may be associated with psychosis. Our findings suggest that the corresponding MMSE subscales may be useful in identifying participants with a higher likelihood of developing psychosis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 16, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4736   open full text
  • Measuring change in perceived well‐being of family caregivers: validation of the Spanish version of the Perceived Change Index (PCI‐S) in Chilean dementia caregivers.
    José M. Aravena, Cecilia Albala, Laura N. Gitlin.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 16, 2017
    Objective Few instruments evaluate family caregiver perceptions of challenges caring for persons with dementia and improvement or worsening in these areas. To address this measurement gap, we examine psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the 13‐item Perceived Change Index (PCI‐S), originally validated with English‐speaking caregivers. Methods Cross‐sectional study with 94 caregivers of persons with mild to moderate dementia in Chile. Interviews included caregiver demographics, burden, health perception, distress with behaviours, dementia severity, behavioural symptoms and functionality. Results Caregiver mean age was 55.9 (SD ± 14.14) years and mean years caregiving was 3 (SD ± 2.60). The scale had strong internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.94), and inter‐observer consistency (CCI = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.95–0.99). Two factors were identified: Management skills (α = 0.89), and somatic well‐being and affects (α = 0.92), explaining 63% of scale variance. Significant associations supporting convergent validity were observed for PCI‐S and subscales with caregiver burden (p < 0.01), health perceptions (p < 0.01), depressive symptoms (p < 0.01) and distress with behaviours (p < 0.01); and in persons with dementia, functionality (p < 0.05), dementia severity (p < 0.05) and behavioural symptoms (p < 0.01) in expected directions. In logistic regression models, perceived worsening (PCI‐S and subscale scores) was associated with more behavioural symptoms (OR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.03–1.15) and caregiver burden (OR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.18–1.86); whereas perceived improvement was associated with higher physical functioning (OR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.91–0.99) in persons with dementia. PCI‐S scores were not associated with socio‐demographic characteristics reflecting divergent validity. Conclusions Spanish version of the 13‐item Perceived Change Index and its two‐factor solution is a valid and reliable measure with clinical utility to detect improvement or worsening in caregivers concerning daily care challenges. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 16, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4734   open full text
  • Amyloid is essential but insufficient for Alzheimer causation: addition of subcellular cofactors is required for dementia.
    Jeffrey Fessel.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 16, 2017
    Objective The aim of this study is to examine the hypotheses stating the importance of amyloid or of its oligomers in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Published studies were examined. Results The importance of amyloid in the pathogenesis of AD is well established, yet accepting it as the main cause for AD is problematic, because amyloid‐centric treatments have provided no clinical benefit and about one‐third of cognitively normal, older persons have cerebral amyloid plaques. Also problematic is the alternative hypothesis that, instead of amyloid plaques, it is oligomers of amyloid precursor protein that cause AD.Evidence is presented suggesting amyloid/oligomers as necessary but insufficient causes of the dementia and that, for dementia to develop, requires the addition of cofactors known to be associated with AD. Those cofactors include several subcellular processes: mitochondrial impairments; the Wnt signaling system; the unfolded protein response; the ubiquitin proteasome system; the Notch signaling system; and tau, calcium, and oxidative damage. Conclusions A modified amyloid/oligomer hypothesis for the pathogenesis of AD is that activation of one or more of the aforementioned cofactors creates a burden of functional impairments that, in conjunction with amyloid/oligomers, now crosses a threshold of dysfunction that results in clinical dementia. Of considerable importance, several treatments that might reverse the activation of some of the subcellular processes are available, for example, lithium, pioglitazone, erythropoietin, and prazosin; they should be given in combination in a clinical trial to test their safety and efficacy. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 16, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4730   open full text
  • Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on improvement of cognition in elderly patients with cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.
    Calvin Pak Wing Cheng, Corine Sau Man Wong, Kelsey Kimyin Lee, Alfred Pui Kam Chan, Jerry Wing Fai Yeung, Wai Chi Chan.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 11, 2017
    Objective This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to examine the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on cognitive function in older patients with cognitive impairment. Methods A literature search was performed for articles published in English using the 10 databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, INSPEC, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature Plus, AMED, Biological Sciences, ClinicalTrials.gov, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) from their inception to May 2016. The primary outcome was cognitive function as measured by the Mini‐Mental State Examination or the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale‐cognitive subscale. Results Seven RCTs were included in the meta‐analysis, with a sample of 107 active and 87 sham rTMS. Active rTMS was found to be more effective in improving cognition (Hedges' g = 0.48; 95% confidence interval 0.12 to 0.84). Conclusions High‐frequency rTMS showed a benefit on cognition amongst older patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. rTMS was shown to have great potential as a safe and well‐tolerated alternative intervention for cognition. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 11, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4726   open full text
  • Feasibility of a staff training and support programme to improve pain assessment and management in people with dementia living in care homes.
    Anya Petyaeva, Martine Kajander, Vanessa Lawrence, Lei Clifton, Alan J. Thomas, Clive Ballard, Iracema Leroi, Michelle Briggs, Jose Closs, Tom Dening, Kayleigh‐Marie Nunez, Ingelin Testad, Renee Romeo, Anne Corbett.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 05, 2017
    Objectives The objective of this study was to establish the feasibility and initial effectiveness of training and support intervention for care staff to improve pain management in people with dementia living in care homes (PAIN‐Dem). Methods PAIN‐Dem training was delivered to care staff from three care homes in South London, followed by intervention support and resources to encourage improved pain management by staff over 4 weeks. Feasibility was assessed through fidelity to intervention materials and qualitative approaches. Focus group discussions with staff explored the use of the PAIN‐Dem intervention, and interviews were held with six residents and family carers. Pain was assessed in all residents at baseline, 3 and 4 weeks, and goal attainment scaling was assessed at 4 weeks. Results Delivery of training was a key driver for success and feasibility of the PAIN‐Dem intervention. Improvements in pain management behaviour and staff confidence were seen in homes where training was delivered in a care home setting across the care team with good manager buy‐in. Family involvement in pain management was highlighted as an area for improvement. Goal attainment in residents was significantly improved across the cohort, although no significant change in pain was seen. Conclusions This study shows good initial feasibility of the PAIN‐Dem intervention and provides valuable insight into training and support paradigms that deliver successful learning and behaviour change. There is a need for a larger trial of PAIN‐Dem to establish its impact on resident pain and quantifiable staff behaviour measures. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 05, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4727   open full text
  • Subcortical hyperintensities in the cholinergic system are associated with improvements in executive function in older adults with coronary artery disease undergoing cardiac rehabilitation.
    Calvin Santiago, Nathan Herrmann, Walter Swardfager, Mahwesh Saleem, Paul I. Oh, Sandra E. Black, Janelle Bradley, Krista L. Lanctôt.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 05, 2017
    Objective Coronary artery disease (CAD) is frequently accompanied by white matter hyperintensities and executive dysfunction. Because acetylcholine is important in executive function, these symptoms may be exacerbated by subcortical hyperintensities (SH) located in cholinergic (CH) tracts. This study investigated the effects of SH on cognitive changes in CAD patients undergoing a 48‐week cardiac rehabilitation program. Methods Fifty patients (age 66.5 ± 7.1 years, 84% male) underwent the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke – Canadian Stroke Network neurocognitive battery at baseline and 48 weeks. Patients underwent a 48‐week cardiac program and completed neuroimaging at baseline. Subcortical hyperintensities in CH tracts were measured using Lesion Explorer. Repeated measures general linear models were used to examine interactions between SH and longitudinal cognitive outcomes, controlling for age, education, and max VO2 change as a measure of fitness. Results In patients with SH in CH tracts, there was a significant interaction with the Trail Making Test (TMT) part A and part B over time. Patients without SH improved on average 16.6 and 15.0% on the TMT‐A and TMT‐B, respectively. Patients with SH on average showed no improvements in either TMT‐A or TMT‐B over time. There were no significant differences in other cognitive measures. Conclusion These results suggest that CAD patients with SH in CH tracts improve less than those without SH in CH tracts, over 48 weeks of cardiac rehabilitation. Thus, SH in CH tracts may contribute to longitudinal cognitive decline following a cardiac event and may represent a vascular risk factor of cognitive decline. © 2017 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
    May 05, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4729   open full text
  • Initiating activities of daily living contributes to well‐being in people with dementia and their carers.
    Clarissa M. Giebel, Caroline Sutcliffe.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 03, 2017
    Objective Problems with everyday functioning are linked to reduced well‐being in people with dementia (PwD) and their carers. However, previous research has almost solely investigated the performance of everyday activities, and global functioning without analysing individual activities. This study explored how deficits in initiating and performing individual activities were associated with carer burden and poorer quality of life of carers and PwD. Methods Carers of people with mild dementia were recruited via 10 National Health Service Trusts, as well as through attending six carer support groups. Carers were asked to complete the revised Interview for Deteriorations in Daily Living Activities in Dementia 2 (R‐IDDD2), and measures on carer burden, well‐being, and person with dementia well‐being. Data were analysed using correlation analysis. Results Two hundred and seventy‐two carers completed the R‐IDDD2. Carers were grouped into those with low or high ratings of well‐being based on the mean scores. All but three activities on the initiative and/or performance scale were significantly associated with carer burden and carer and PwD quality of life. Engaging in hobbies and maintaining an active social life were most strongly associated with carer and PwD well‐being. Initiating computer use, driving, and medication management were not related to carer burden. Conclusions Findings from this study can have direct implications for improving care management early in the disease. Post‐diagnostic support needs to provide more opportunities for PwD, and their carers, to engage in social groups, whilst interventions targeted at living well with dementia need to particularly improve the initiative of engaging in individual hobbies. © 2017 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
    May 03, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4728   open full text
  • Olfactory training with older people.
    Wegener Birte‐Antina, Croy Ilona, Hähner Antje, Hummel Thomas.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 21, 2017
    Background/objectives Loss of olfactory function is largely found with aging. Such a reduction in olfactory function affects quality of life and enhances likelihood of depressive symptoms. Furthermore, it has been shown that reduction in olfactory function is associated with cognitive impairment and several diseases such as major depression. Because several studies suggest that discontinuous exposure to odors may improve general olfactory function, the primary aim of this study was to investigate whether such “olfactory training” has positive effects on subjective well‐being and cognitive function. Design We performed a controlled, unblinded, longitudinal study Setting The study took place at an outpatients' clinic of a Department of Otorhinolaryngology at a Medical University. Participants A total of 91 participants (age 50 to 84 years) completed testing. They were randomly assigned to an olfactory training (OT) group (N = 60) and a control group (N = 31). The study included two appointments at the Smell and Taste Clinic. Measurements Olfactory and cognitive function as well as subjective well‐being was tested using standardized tests. Intervention During the 5‐month interval between sessions, the OT group completed daily olfactory exposure. During the same time, the control group completed daily Sudoku problems. Results Analyses show a significant improvement of olfactory function for participants in the OT group and improved verbal function and subjective well‐being. In addition, results indicated a decrease of depressive symptoms. Conclusion Based on the present results, OT may constitute an inexpensive, simple way to improve quality of life in older people. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 21, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4725   open full text
  • Daily crying prevalence and associated factors in older adult persons living in nursing homes: findings from a regional study.
    Alvisa Palese, Arianna Simeoni, Antonio Ranieri Zuttion, Barbara Ferrario, Sandra Ponta, Elisa Ambrosi.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 21, 2017
    Objectives The study aims to evaluate the prevalence of nursing home (NH) resident crying and associated factors at the individual and NH levels. Design A regional retrospective study design has been used. Participants and setting A total of 8875 residents, living in 105 NHs, were included. Measurements The occurrence of an episode of crying on at least a daily basis in the last month was the dependent variable; independent variables were set at individual and at the NH levels as reported in the Val.Graf regional database. Results A total of 1,443 (16.3%) residents reported daily episodes of crying over the last month. Several individual variables were significantly associated with crying; female gender (odds ratio [OR] 2.535, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.069–3.107); sad, pained or worried facial expressions (OR 1.885, 95% CI 1.785–2.021); negative thoughts (OR 1.650, 95% CI 1.508–1.804); unrealistic fears (OR 1.410, 95% CI 1.295–1.534); anger with self or others (OR 1.141, 95% CI 1.043–1.248); repetitive anxious complaints/concerns (OR 1.136, 95% CI 1.045–1.235); clinical instability (OR 1.186, 95% CI 1.018–1.381); pain (OR 1.183, 95% CI 1.058–1.323); night restlessness (OR 1.180, 95% CI 1.100–1.267); communication problems (OR 1.169, 95% CI 1.051–1.300); and cognitive impairment (OR 1.086, 95% CI 1.019–1.156); all increased the likelihood of crying. Conversely, sociability (OR 0.866, 95% CI 0.805–0.932) and being involved in social based activities (OR 0.882, 95% CI 0.811–0.960) were protective against crying. However, the previously mentioned variables have explained only 35.9% of variance in daily crying. Conclusions Around one out of six residents living in NH cries on a daily basis, and the reasons are also at the individual level. Residents seem to cry for attachment and clinical needs and to express stress and unhappiness; more research is needed, aiming at discovering other factors associated with resident's daily crying. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 21, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4722   open full text
  • Older adults' attitudes toward depression screening in primary care settings and exploring a brief educational pamphlet.
    Avani Shah, Forrest Scogin, Christina M. Pierpaoli, Amit Shah.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 21, 2017
    Objectives This study aimed to assess older adults' (OAs') attitudes toward depression screening in primary care settings with a survey and explore the impact of an educational pamphlet on these attitudes. Methods Older adults above age 55 (N = 140) were randomly stratified by sex to an intervention or control group. The study included a baseline assessment, posttest, the Geriatric Depression Scale‐Short Form, a two‐page pamphlet on health and mood, and a 10‐question quiz. Results On the basis of survey responses, most participants (93.6%) were willing to complete a depression screen at their doctor's office, and 92.1% perceived depression screening as valuable to their health care. Participants rated the Geriatric Depression Scale‐Short Form positively. The survey also provided information on how screening could be conducted in primary care settings to maximize OAs' comfort. Participants preferred screening in the waiting room or examination room instead of the nurse's station. Those receiving the pamphlet became significantly more willing to be screened for depression than those who did not, F(1, 134) = 4.47, p = 0.04. Conclusion Most OAs appear receptive to completing a depression screen in primary care settings. Educating OAs about the value of depression screening and tailoring recognition systems to account for preferences may be an initial step in improving recognition rates. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 21, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4713   open full text
  • The influence of hippocampal atrophy on the cognitive phenotype of dementia with Lewy bodies.
    Greg J. Elder, Karen Mactier, Sean J. Colloby, Rosie Watson, Andrew M. Blamire, John T. O'Brien, John‐Paul Taylor.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 20, 2017
    Objective The level of hippocampal atrophy in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is typically less than that observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is not known how the cognitive phenotype of DLB is influenced by hippocampal atrophy or the atrophy of adjacent medial temporal lobe structures. Methods Dementia with Lewy bodies (n = 65), AD (n = 76) and control (n = 63) participants underwent 3T magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive Cambridge Cognitive Examination and Mini‐Mental State Examination (CAMCOG and MMSE) assessments. Hippocampal volume, and parahippocampal, entorhinal and temporal pole cortical thickness, was compared between groups. Regression models were used to investigate whether hippocampal volume and cortical thickness associated with global cognition and cognitive subdomains. Results Dementia with Lewy bodies, AD and control participants showed significantly different hippocampal, parahippocampal and entorhinal cortical thinning, where atrophy was greatest in AD and intermediate in DLB. Temporal pole thickness was reduced in DLB and AD compared with control participants. In DLB, but not AD, hippocampal volume associated with total CAMCOG, CAMCOG memory and MMSE scores. In DLB, parahippocampal, entorhinal and temporal pole thickness associated with total CAMCOG and CAMCOG memory scores, parahippocampal thickness associated with MMSE scores, and entorhinal thickness associated with CAMCOG executive function scores. Conclusions In this large sample, these results are in agreement with other studies indicating that hippocampal atrophy is less severe in DLB than AD. Hippocampal atrophy and medial temporal lobe cortical thickness were associated with the severity of cognitive symptoms, suggesting that atrophy in these structures, as a potential proxy of AD pathology, may partly mediate specific DLB cognitive symptoms. © 2017 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
    April 20, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4719   open full text
  • Loneliness and cardiovascular disease and the role of late‐life depression.
    Annette Hegeman, Natasja Schutter, Hannie Comijs, Tjalling Holwerda, Jack Dekker, Max Stek, Roos Mast.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 18, 2017
    Objective Loneliness and depression have a strong reciprocal influence, and both predict adverse health outcomes at old age. Therefore, this study examines whether loneliness is associated with the presence of cardiovascular diseases taking into account the role of late‐life depression. Methods Cross‐sectional data of 477 older adults in the Netherlands Study of Depressed Older Persons were used. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the relation between loneliness and cardiovascular disease. Depression was added to the regression model to examine whether depression is an explanatory factor in the association between loneliness and cardiovascular disease. Interaction terms between loneliness and depression and between loneliness and sex were introduced in the regression model to investigate whether depressed and non‐depressed participants, and men and women differed in their association between loneliness and cardiovascular disease. Results Of the overall group, 61% were lonely, 28% had a history of cardiovascular disease and 74% were depressed. Loneliness and cardiovascular disease were not associated in the overall group after adjustment for confounders (continuous: odds ratio [OR] = 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.98–1.10), p = 0.25; dichotomous: OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 0.80–2.03, p = 0.32). For women, there was an association between loneliness and cardiovascular diseases (continuous: OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.06–1.21, p < 0.001; dichotomous: OR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.50–4.65, p = 0.001), but this association was not present in men (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.88–1.05, p = 0.38). This association remained significant after adjustment for confounders, but it lost significance after adding depression to the model. Conclusion For women only, there was an association between loneliness and cardiovascular disease. However, this association was explained by depression, indicating that loneliness in its own right seems not related with cardiovascular disease. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 18, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4716   open full text
  • Valuation of Life as outcome and mediator of a depression intervention for older African Americans: the Get Busy Get Better Trial.
    Laura N. Gitlin, Jeanine M. Parisi, Jin Huang, Laraine Winter, David L. Roth.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 12, 2017
    Objective Previously, we showed that Get Busy Get Better (GBGB), a 10‐session multicomponent home‐based, behavioral intervention, reduced depressive symptom severity in older African Americans. As appraising the value of life is associated with depressive symptoms, this study examined whether GBGB enhanced positive appraisals of life and if, in turn, this mediated treatment effects on depressive symptoms. Methods Data were from a single‐blind parallel randomized trial involving 208 African Americans (≥55 years old) with depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ‐9 ≥5). GBGB involved five components: care management, referral/linkage, stress reduction, depression education, and behavioral activation. A 13‐item Valuation of Life (VOL) scale with two subfactors (optimism and engagement) was examined as an outcome and as mediating GBGB effects on PHQ‐9 scores at 4 months. Results Of 208 enrolled African Americans, 180 completed the 4‐month interview (87 = GBGB; 93 = control). At 4 months, compared with wait‐list control group participants, the GBGB group had improved VOL (difference in mean changes from baseline = 4.67, 95% confidence interval 2.53, 6.80). Structural equation models indicated that enhanced VOL mediated a significant proportion of GBGB's impact on depressive symptoms, explaining 71% of its total effect, and its subfactors (optimism, explaining 67%; engagement, 52%). Conclusion Valuation of Life appears malleable through an intervention providing resources and activation skills. GBGB's impact on depressive symptoms is attributed in large part to participants' enhanced attachment to life. Attention to VOL as mediator and outcome and the reciprocal relationship between mood and attachment to life is warranted. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 12, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4710   open full text
  • Assessing a cognitive music training for older participants: a randomised controlled trial.
    Michele Biasutti, Anthony Mangiacotti.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 12, 2017
    Objectives In a randomised controlled trial, we investigated whether a cognitive training based on rhythm–music and music improvisation exercises had positive effects on executive functions in older participants. Methods Thirty‐five residents in a guest home with mild–moderate cognitive impairment and healthy ageing were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 18) featuring cognitive music training composed of 12 bi‐weekly 70‐min sessions, and a control group (n = 17) attended 12 bi‐weekly 45‐min sessions of gymnastic activities offered by the institute. A neuropsychological test battery was administered at baseline and at the end of treatment, including the Mini‐Mental State Examination, verbal fluency test, Trail Making Test A, attentional matrices test and clock‐drawing test. Results Pre‐test and post‐test comparison showed a significant improvement for the experimental group reflected in the Mini‐Mental State Examination (F(1,33) = 13.906; p < 0.001; pη2 = 0.296), verbal fluency test (VFL) (F(1,33) = 6.816; p < 0.013; pη2 = 0.171), and clock‐drawing test (F(1,29) = 16.744; p < 0.001; pη2 = 0.366), while the control group did not show any significant improvements. In addition, there was a tendency towards significance for the Trail Making Test A (F(1,20) = 3.268; p < 0.086; pη2 = 0.140). Regarding the attentional matrices test, no significant differences were found for the experimental group (F(1,29) = 2.833; p < 0.103; pη2 = 0.089), while the control group had a significant performance reduction (F(1,29) = 3.947; p < 0.050; pη2 = 0.120). Conclusion The use of a cognitive protocol based on music‐rhythmic exercises and music improvisation exercises is associated with improved cognitive functions in older people with mild–moderate cognitive impairment regardless of the individual's degree of cognitive reserve. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 12, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4721   open full text
  • The neuropsychology of delirium: advancing the science of delirium assessment.
    Zoë Tieges, Jonathan J. Evans, Karin J. Neufeld, Alasdair M.J. MacLullich.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 09, 2017
    Objective The diagnosis of delirium depends on eliciting its features through mental status examination and informant history. However, there is marked heterogeneity in how these features are assessed, from binary subjective clinical judgement to more comprehensive methods supported by cognitive testing. The aim of this article is to review the neuropsychological research in delirium and suggest future directions in research and clinical practice. Methods We reviewed the neuropsychological literature on formal assessment and quantification of the different domains in delirium, focusing on the core feature of inattention. Results Few studies have characterised and quantified the features of delirium using objective methods commonly employed in neuropsychological research. The existing evidence confirms that patients with delirium usually show impairments on objective tests of attention compared with cognitively intact controls and, in most cases, compared with patients with dementia. Further, abnormal level of arousal appears to be a specific indicator of delirium. The neuropsychological evidence base for impairments in other cognitive domains in delirium, including visual perception, language and thought processes, is small. Conclusions Delirium diagnosis requires accurate testing for its features, but there is little neuropsychological research examining the nature of these features, or evaluating the reliability, validity and discriminatory power of existing assessment processes. More research using the neuropsychological approach has enormous potential to improve and standardise delirium assessment methods of the individual features of delirium, such as inattention, and in developing more robust reference standards to enable greater comparability between studies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 09, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4711   open full text
  • The occurrence and persistence of thoughts of suicide, self‐harm and death in family caregivers of people with dementia: a longitudinal data analysis over 2 years.
    Karlijn J. Joling, Siobhan T. O'Dwyer, Cees M.P.M. Hertogh, Hein P.J. Hout.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 05, 2017
    Objective Family caregivers of people with dementia often report high levels of stress and depression, but little is known about those who contemplate suicide or self‐harm. This study explores thoughts of suicide, self‐harm and death in dementia caregivers and investigates the characteristics that distinguish them from those without such thoughts. Methods Data were collected every 3 months, for 24 months, from 192 family caregivers of people with dementia living in the Netherlands. Caregivers did not have a clinical depression or anxiety disorder at baseline. Suicide‐related thoughts were measured with an item from the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, a diagnostic instrument for DSM‐IV mental disorders. Fisher exact, analysis of variance or Kruskal–Wallis tests compared the characteristics of caregivers who had contemplated suicide with two comparison groups. Results Within 24 months, 76 caregivers reported symptoms of a potential depression and were further assessed for suicidal thoughts. Nine carers (11.8%, 4.7% of the total sample) reported suicidal thoughts with three of those at multiple points. Caregivers with suicidal thoughts had more severe depressive and anxious symptoms, had a lower sense of competence and mastery, felt less happy and experienced more health problems, less family support and more feelings of loneliness than caregivers who had not. Conclusion Suicidal thoughts are present in dementia caregivers and can persist across the care trajectory. Various psychological and social characteristics significantly distinguish caregivers with suicidal thoughts from those without. More research is needed to enable the identification of high‐risk caregivers and provide an evidence base for the development of preventive strategies and interventions. © 2017 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
    April 05, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4708   open full text
  • Thriving in relation to cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Swedish nursing home residents.
    Sabine Björk, Hugo Lövheim, Marie Lindkvist, Anders Wimo, David Edvardsson.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 03, 2017
    Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore relations among thriving, cognitive function, and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in nursing home residents. Methods A national, cross‐sectional, randomized study of Swedish nursing home residents (N = 4831) was conducted between November 2013 and September 2014. Activities of daily life functioning, cognitive functioning, NPS, and thriving were assessed with the Katz activities of daily living, Gottfries' Cognitive Scale, Nursing Home version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, and Thriving of Older People Scale, respectively. Individual NPS were explored in relation to cognitive function. Simple linear and multiple regression models were used to explore thriving in relation to resident characteristics. Results Aggression and depressive symptoms were identified as negatively associated with thriving regardless of resident cognitive functioning. At higher levels of cognitive functioning, several factors showed associations with thriving; however, at lower levels of cognitive functioning, only the degree of cognitive impairment and the NPS was associated with thriving. Most of the individual NPS formed nonlinear relationships with cognitive functioning with higher symptom scores in the middle stages of cognitive functioning. Exceptions were elation/euphoria and apathy, which increased linearly with severity of cognitive impairment. Conclusions The lower the cognitive functioning was, the fewer factors were associated with thriving. Aggression and depressive symptoms may indicate lower levels of thriving; thus, targeting these symptoms should be a priority in nursing homes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 03, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4714   open full text
  • Young‐onset Alzheimer dementia: a comparison of Brazilian and Norwegian carers' experiences and needs for assistance.
    M.C.N. Dourado, J. Laks, N.R. Kimura, M.A.T. Baptista, M.L. Barca, K. Engedal, B. Tveit, A. Johannessen.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 31, 2017
    Objectives Although dementia typically occurs in older people, it can also emerge in people aged younger than 65 years in the form of young‐onset dementia, the most common type of which is Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, few studies have examined the needs of persons with young‐onset AD (YO‐AD) and their families, and cross‐cultural research on the topic is even scarcer. In response, we investigated the situations, experiences and needs for assistance of carers of persons with YO‐AD in Brazil and Norway. Methods As part of our qualitative study, we formed a convenience sample of Brazilian (n = 9; 7 women) and Norwegian carers (n = 11; 6 women) in 2014 and 2015, respectively, and analysed data in light of a modified version of grounded theory. Results Carers' narratives from both countries revealed five common themes in terms of how YO‐AD affected carers' psychological and emotional well‐being, physical well‐being, professional and financial well‐being, social lives and need for support services. Conclusions The infrequent differences between carers of persons with YO‐AD in Brazil and Norway indicate that carers' problems are highly similar regardless of cultural differences and public services provided. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 31, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4717   open full text
  • Definition of a Geriatric Depression Scale cutoff based upon quality of life: a population‐based study.
    Alice Laudisio, Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi, Antonella Gemma, Emanuele Marzetti, Gino Pozzi, Luca Padua, Roberto Bernabei, Giuseppe Zuccalà.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 31, 2017
    Objectives The cutoff scores for the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) commonly adopted in clinical and research settings are based upon other neuropsychological tests. However, any intervention for depression should aim at improving subjective quality of life (QoL). We searched for a GDS cutoff level that might identify a decrease in perceived QoL using a scale that also allows formal cost‐effectiveness calculations. Methods Quality of life was assessed by the Health Utilities Index, Mark 3 in all 344 residents of Tuscania (Italy) aged 75 years and above. Mood was assessed by both the 30‐item GDS and the derived 15‐item GDS. The association of GDS with low QoL was analyzed by multivariable logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was adopted to estimate the overall predictive value and the best GDS cutoff for poor QoL. Results The 30‐item GDS score was associated with increased probability of a worse QoL (odds ratio (OR) = 1.07, 95% confidence (CI) = 1.02–1.12, p = 0.003); also, it was a fair predictor of worse QoL (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.67–0.76). The best GDS score cutoff for identifying a poor QoL was above 9/30. Results were similar (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.02–1.12, p = 0.003, and AUC = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.67–0.76) for the short GDS form for a cutoff above 5/15. Conclusions Among older subjects, depressive symptoms are associated with reduced QoL; GDS scores above 9/30 or 5/15 best predict poor perceived health‐related QoL. These cutoff scores could therefore identify subjects in whom treatment is more likely to improve QoL and to yield a favorable cost‐effectiveness ratio. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 31, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4715   open full text
  • A core avenue for transcultural research on dementia: on the cross‐linguistic generalization of language‐related effects in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
    Noelia Calvo, Agustín Ibáñez, Edinson Muñoz, Adolfo M. García.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 28, 2017
    Objective Language is a key source of cross‐cultural variability, which may have both subtle and major effects on neurocognition. However, this issue has been largely overlooked in two flourishing lines of research assessing the relationship between language‐related neural systems and dementia. This paper assesses the limitations of the evidence on (i) the neuroprotective effects of bilingualism in Alzheimer's disease and (ii) specific language deficits as markers of Parkinson's disease. Design First, we outline the rationale behind each line of research. Second, we review available evidence and discuss the potential impact of cross‐linguistic factors. Third, we outline ideas to foster progress in both fields and, with it, in cross‐cultural neuroscience at large. Results On the one hand, studies on bilingualism suggest that sustained use of more than one language may protect against Alzheimer's disease symptoms. On the other hand, insights from the embodied cognition framework point to syntactic and action‐verb deficits as early (and even preclinical) markers of Parkinson's disease. However, both fields share a key limitation that lies at the heart of cultural neuroscience: the issue of cross‐linguistic generalizability. Conclusion Relevant evidence for both research trends comes from only a handful of (mostly Indo‐European) languages, which are far from capturing the full scope of structural and typological diversity of the linguistic landscape worldwide. This raises questions on the external validity of reported findings. Greater collaboration between linguistic typology and cognitive neuroscience seems crucial as a first step to assess the impact of transcultural differences on language‐related effects across neurodegenerative diseases. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 28, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4712   open full text
  • Dementia‐related restlessness: relationship to characteristics of persons with dementia and family caregivers.
    Natalie G. Regier, Laura N. Gitlin.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 23, 2017
    Objective Dementia‐related restlessness is commonly endorsed by caregivers but not well understood. This study examines differences in characteristics (demographics, cognitive status, physical function, pain, and mood) of persons with dementia whose caregivers endorse restlessness versus those who do not. We also examine the relationship of restlessness to caregiver well‐being including burden, upset with behaviors, mastery, and depressive symptomatology. Methods We combined baseline data from three caregiver intervention studies of community‐dwelling persons with dementia who exhibited neuropsychiatric symptoms (n = 569) as measured by the Agitated Behaviors in Dementia Scale. We conducted bivariate correlations and independent t‐tests by using the Agitated Behaviors in Dementia Scale restlessness item. Results Nearly 65% (n = 367) of dementia caregivers reported restlessness. There were no significant differences between those with and without (n = 202) reported restlessness concerning functional status (physical or cognitive). However, persons with restlessness had significantly higher pain scores (p < 0.01), were more likely to be on behavioral medications (p < 0.001), and had more neuropsychiatric symptoms as compared with persons without restlessness (M = 11.11, nonrestless; M = 6.61, restless) (p < 0.001). Caregivers of persons with dementia‐related restlessness reported greater burden (p < 0.001), behavioral upset (p < 0.001), depression (p < 0.001), and lower mastery providing care (p < 0.01) compared with caregivers of persons without dementia‐related restlessness. Conclusions Restlessness is a common neuropsychiatric symptom that appears to be associated with poorer functioning in persons with dementia and greater distress in their caregivers. Further research is needed to understand the unique contributions of restlessness to care burden and quality of life of persons with dementia, as well as ways to address this distressing symptom. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 23, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4705   open full text
  • Spanish version of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale‐2 for early detection of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment.
    Elina Boycheva, Israel Contador, Bernardino Fernández‐Calvo, Francisco Ramos‐Campos, Verónica Puertas‐Martín, Alberto Villarejo‐Galende, Félix Bermejo‐Pareja.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 23, 2017
    Objective We aimed to analyse the clinical utility of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS‐2) for early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a sample of Spanish older adults. Methods A total of 125 participants (age = 75.12 ± 6.83, years of education =7.08 ± 3.57) were classified in three diagnostic groups: 45 patients with mild AD, 37 with amnestic MCI—single and multiple domain and 43 cognitively healthy controls (HCs). Reliability, criterion validity and diagnostic accuracy of the MDRS‐2 (total and subscales) were analysed. The MDRS‐2 scores, adjusted by socio‐demographic characteristics, were calculated through hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Results The global scale had adequate reliability (α = 0.736) and good criterion validity (r = 0.760, p < .001) with the Mini‐Mental State Examination. The optimal cut‐off point between AD patients and HCs was 124 (sensitivity [Se] = 97% and specificity [Sp] = 95%), whereas 131 (Se = 89%, Sp = 81%) was the optimal cut‐off point between MCI and HCs. An optimal cut‐off point of 123 had good Se (0.97), but poor Sp (0.56) to differentiate AD and MCI groups. The Memory and Initiation/Perseveration subscales had the highest discriminative capacity between the groups. Conclusions The MDRS‐2 is a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of cognitive impairment in Spanish older adults. In particular, optimal capacity emerged for the detection of early AD and MCI. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 23, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4707   open full text
  • Development of a short form of the Attitudes to Ageing Questionnaire (AAQ).
    Ken Laidlaw, Naoko Kishita, Susan D. Shenkin, Michael J. Power.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 22, 2017
    Objectives The original 24‐item Attitudes to Aging Questionnaire (AAQ) is well established as a measure of attitudes to aging, comprising domains of psychosocial loss (PL), physical change (PC), and psychological growth (PG). This paper presents a new 12‐item short form Attitudes to Aging Questionnaire (AAQ‐SF). Methods The original field trial data used to develop the 24‐item AAQ (AAQ‐24) were used to compare 6‐item, 9‐item, and 12‐item versions of AAQ‐SF (sample 1, n = 2487) and to test the discriminative validity of the selected 12‐item AAQ‐SF (sample 2, n = 2488). Data from a separate study reporting on the AAQ‐24 (sample 3, n = 792) verified the analyses. Results The 12‐item AAQ‐SF reported adequate internal consistency in both sample 1 (PL α = .72, PC α = .72, and PG α = .62) and sample 3 (PL α = .68, PC α = .73, and PG α = .61). The AAQ‐SF functioned consistently with the profile of the AAQ‐24 in that subscales in both formats of this measure discriminate between respondents on key parameters such as depression, subjective health status, and overall quality of life in sample 2. Sample 3 also demonstrated the AAQ‐SF can detect the differences in attitudes toward aging between individuals experiencing anxiety and depression and those without psychological symptoms. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the structure of the AAQ‐SF mirrors that of the original 24‐item AAQ. Conclusions The AAQ‐SF is a robust measure of attitudes toward aging, which can reduce respondent burden when used within longer questionnaire batteries or longitudinal research. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 22, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4687   open full text
  • Serum phosphate and cognitive function in older men.
    Yelena Slinin, Tien Vo, Brent C. Taylor, Anne M. Murray, John Schousboe, Lisa Langsetmo, Kristine Ensrud,.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 22, 2017
    Objective Determine whether serum phosphate is associated with concurrent cognitive impairment and subsequent cognitive decline in older men independent of demographic covariates and atherosclerotic risk factors. Methods In a prospective study of 5529 men enrolled in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men study, we measured baseline serum phosphate, baseline cognitive function, and change in cognitive function between baseline and follow‐up exams an average of 4.6 years later using the Modified Mini‐Mental State (3MS) Examination and Trails B. Results There was no association between serum phosphate and odds of cognitive impairment as assessed by baseline 3MS score or risk of cognitive decline as assessed by longitudinal change in 3MS score. Higher baseline serum phosphate was associated with higher odds of poor executive function as assessed by Trails B with fully adjusted odds ratios 1.12 (95% confidence interval: 0.83–1.52), 1.31 (0.97–1.77), and 1.45 (1.08–1.94) for men in the second, third, and fourth versus the bottom quartile (referent group) of serum phosphate (p‐trend 0.007). However, higher phosphate level was not associated with risk of decline in executive function as assessed by longitudinal change in Trails B score with fully adjusted odds ratios 0.94 (95% confidence interval 0.69–1.28), 0.96 (0.70–1.32), and 1.21 (0.89–1.66) for men in the second, third, and fourth versus the bottom quartile (referent group) of serum phosphate (p‐trend 0.22). Conclusions Higher serum phosphate in older men was associated with a higher likelihood of poor executive function, but not with impaired global cognitive function or decline in executive or global cognition. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 22, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4699   open full text
  • The relationship of specific items on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory to caregiver burden in dementia: a systematic review.
    Toril Marie Terum, John Roger Andersen, Arvid Rongve, Dag Aarsland, Ellen J. Svendsboe, Ingelin Testad.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 20, 2017
    Objective Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) are common in dementia, and they have been identified as important care‐recipient variables in terms of their impact on caregiver burden. The aim of this review was to describe how individual NPSs in dementia, assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, are associated with caregiver burden. Methods We performed a systematic review of English language, peer‐reviewed articles retrieved from MEDLINE, PSYCINFO, and EMBASE. Results A total of 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. Four studies examined the association between individual NPSs and caregiver burden using the Spearman rank correlation test, while three used Pearson's correlation test. Of the remaining studies, five used multiple regression analyses and one the chi‐squared test. The majority of included studies did not differentiate between dementia subtypes in the analysis or mainly included only caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease. The Clinical Dementia Rating score and mean Mini‐Mental State Examination score indicate mild to moderate dementia. The majority of caregivers were women, most of whom were children (53.8%) or spouses (36%). The data indicated that irritability, followed by agitation, sleep disturbances, anxiety, apathy, and delusion seem to impact caregiver burden the most. Conclusion Our principal finding is that irritability, agitation, sleep disturbances, anxiety, apathy, and delusion seem to exert the most impact on caregiver burden. Heterogeneity in the measures and statistical analyses used, however, makes it difficult to make conclusive interpretations. Future research in this field would benefit from standardization of the scientific methodology in use. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 20, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4704   open full text
  • Functional neuroanatomical associations of working memory in early‐onset Alzheimer's disease.
    Christopher Kobylecki, Cathleen Haense, Jennifer M. Harris, Cheryl L. Stopford, Shailendra H. Segobin, Matthew Jones, Anna M.T. Richardson, Alexander Gerhard, José Anton‐Rodriguez, Jennifer C. Thompson, Karl Herholz, Julie S. Snowden.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 16, 2017
    Objective To characterize metabolic correlates of working memory impairment in clinically defined subtypes of early‐onset Alzheimer's disease. Background Established models of working memory suggest a key role for frontal lobe function, yet the association in Alzheimer's disease between working memory impairment and visuospatial and language symptoms suggests that temporoparietal neocortical dysfunction may be responsible. Methods Twenty‐four patients with predominantly early‐onset Alzheimer's disease were clinically classified into groups with predominantly amnestic, multidomain or visual deficits. Patients underwent neuropsychological evaluation focused on the domains of episodic and working memory, T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging and brain fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography data were analysed by using a region‐of‐interest approach. Results Patients with multidomain and visual presentations performed more poorly on tests of working memory compared with amnestic Alzheimer's disease. Working memory performance correlated with glucose metabolism in left‐sided temporoparietal, but not frontal neocortex. Carriers of the apolipoprotein E4 gene showed poorer episodic memory and better working memory performance compared with noncarriers. Conclusions Our findings support the hypothesis that working memory changes in early‐onset Alzheimer's disease are related to temporoparietal rather than frontal hypometabolism and show dissociation from episodic memory performance. They further support the concept of subtypes of Alzheimer's disease with distinct cognitive profiles due to prominent neocortical dysfunction early in the disease course. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 16, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4703   open full text
  • Gender difference in the association and presentation of visual hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies: a cross‐sectional study.
    Pai‐Yi Chiu, Po‐Ren Teng, Cheng‐Yu Wei, Chein‐Wei Wang, Chun‐Tang Tsai.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 13, 2017
    Objective Visual hallucinations (VHs) are among the most striking features of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We investigated gender differences in the association and presentation of VHs in DLB. Methods A cross‐sectional analysis of baseline data from a prospective, longitudinal study on dementia was performed. Cumulative frequency, 1‐month frequency, and phenomenology of VHs were summarized and compared between female and male patients with DLB. Gender differences in the factors associated with VHs were investigated in patients with and without hallucinations. Results A total of 152 patients including 65 (42.8%) women and 87 (57.2%) men were analyzed. The cumulative and 1‐month frequencies of VHs were 60% and 55.4%, respectively, in women and 44.8% and 41.4%, respectively, in men. Adjusting for age and disease severity resulted in the inclusion of more women in the VH group [odds ratio (OR) = 2.33, p = 0.028)] than in the non‐VH group. In female participants, older age (OR = 9.16, p = 0.003) and higher neuropsychiatric inventory score (OR = 4.89, p = 0.009) were associated with VHs, whereas in male participants, more severe dementia stage (clinical dementia rating 2–3 versus clinical dementia rating 0.5, OR = 6.22, p = 0.008) and higher rates of using antipsychotics (OR = 9.64, p = 0.047) were associated with VHs. Conclusion The frequencies of 1‐month and cumulative VHs were high in DLB, which indicated a high prevalence as well as a high persistency of VHs in DLB. The patterns of factors associated with VHs differed between female and male patients. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 13, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4706   open full text
  • Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for electroconvulsive therapy‐induced cognitive side effects: a systematic review.
    Marieke J. Henstra, Elise P. Jansma, Nathalie Velde, Eleonora L. Swart, Max L. Stek, Didi Rhebergen.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 10, 2017
    Objective Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for severe late‐life depression; however, ECT‐induced cognitive side effects frequently occur. The cholinergic system is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis. We systematically reviewed the evidence for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (Ache‐I) to prevent or reduce ECT‐induced cognitive side effects. Methods A systematic search was performed in Pubmed, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and the Cochrane database to identify clinical trials investigating the effect of Ache‐I on ECT‐induced cognitive side effects. Key search terms included all synonyms for ECT and Ache‐I. Risk of bias assessment was conducted by using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. Results Five clinical trials were eligible for inclusion. All studies focused on cognitive functioning as primary endpoint, but assessment of cognitive functioning varied widely in time point of assessment and in cognitive tests that were used. There was also great variety in study medication, route and time of administration and dosages, duration of drug administration, and ECT techniques. Finally, only two out of five studies were considered at low risk of bias. Despite the aforementioned shortcomings, without exception, all studies demonstrated significantly better cognitive performance in individuals treated with Ache‐I. Conclusions Despite large heterogeneity in studies, Ache‐I appear to have beneficial effects on ECT‐induced cognitive side effects, supporting an association with the cholinergic system in ECT‐induced cognitive impairment. Methodological sound studies controlling for putative confounders are warranted. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 10, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4702   open full text
  • Where next for delirium research?
    Rowan H. Harwood, Elizabeth Teale.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 08, 2017
    Clinicians who manage delirium must do so without key information required for evidence‐based practice, not least lack of any clearly effective treatment for established delirium. Both the nature of delirium and the methods used to research it contribute to difficulties. Delirium is heterogeneous, with respect to motor subtype, aetiology, setting and the co‐existence of dementia, and may be almost inevitable towards the end of life. Elements of assessment are subjective, so diagnosis can be uncertain or unreliable. Defining objectives of care and outcomes is sometimes unclear. Better identification and case definition, including seeking biomarkers, stratification by type, or aetiology, and application of more complex models of causation may help. This will likely require further observational epidemiology, imaging and laboratory‐based research before further rounds of large‐scale randomised controlled trials. Application of trial methodologies designed for drug treatments of better‐defined conditions may have failed to take account of the complexities both of diagnosis and complex intervention in delirium. Both drug and complex intervention trials need sufficient preliminary work to ensure that the right dose, duration or intensity of treatment is delivered and a range of ‘intermediate’ and ‘distal’ outcome measures assessed. Re‐purposing of established drugs may provide a source of investigational products. Greater use of alternative research methodologies (qualitative and realist), or adjuvants to trials (process evaluation), will help answer questions about focus, generalisability and why interventions succeed or fail. Delirium research will have to embrace both a ‘back to basics’ approach with increased breadth of methodologies to make progress. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 08, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4696   open full text
  • Associations between pro‐inflammatory cytokines, learning, and memory in late‐life depression and healthy aging.
    Rebecca A. Charlton, Melissa Lamar, Aifeng Zhang, Xinguo Ren, Olusola Ajilore, Ghanshyam N. Pandey, Anand Kumar.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 08, 2017
    Objectives Pro‐inflammatory cytokines may play a role in learning and memory difficulties and may be exacerbated in late‐life depression (LLD), where pro‐inflammatory markers are already elevated because of aging and age‐related vascular risk. Methods Learning and memory, and pro‐inflammatory cytokines‐Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were measured in 24 individuals with LLD and 34 healthy older adults (HOA). Hippocampal volumes were segmented using Freesurfer software. Results Pro‐inflammatory cytokines were higher in LLD compared with HOA. Regression analyses demonstrated that educational level and right hippocampal volume significantly contributed to explaining the variance in learning. For memory performance, educational level, right hippocampal volume and a group‐by‐IL‐6 interaction significantly contributed to the model. Conclusions High levels of IL‐6 impact cognition in LLD but not HOA. Results suggest that high levels of inflammation alone are not sufficient to account for cognitive difficulties, but may interact with other factors in at‐risk populations like LLD, to contribute to memory difficulties. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 08, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4686   open full text
  • Lifestyle for Brain Health (LIBRA): a new model for dementia prevention.
    Olga J. G. Schiepers, Sebastian Köhler, Kay Deckers, Kate Irving, Catherine A. O'Donnell, Marjan Akker, Frans R. J. Verhey, Stephanie J. B. Vos, Marjolein E. Vugt, Martin P. J. Boxtel.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 28, 2017
    Objective Modifiable risk factors for dementia were recently identified and compiled in a systematic review. The ‘Lifestyle for Brain Health’ (LIBRA) score, reflecting someone's potential for dementia prevention, was studied in a large longitudinal population‐based sample with respect to predicting cognitive change over an observation period of up to 16 years. Methods Lifestyle for Brain Health was calculated at baseline for 949 participants aged 50–81 years from the Maastricht Ageing Study. The predictive value of LIBRA for incident dementia and cognitive impairment was examined by using Cox proportional hazard models and by testing its relation with cognitive decline. Results Lifestyle for Brain Health predicted future risk of dementia, as well as risk of cognitive impairment. A one‐point increase in LIBRA score related to 19% higher risk for dementia and 9% higher risk for cognitive impairment. LIBRA predicted rate of decline in processing speed, but not memory or executive functioning. Conclusions Lifestyle for Brain Health (LIBRA) may help in identifying and monitoring risk status in dementia‐prevention programmes, by targeting modifiable, lifestyle‐related risk factors. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 28, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4700   open full text
  • Apathy dimensions in Parkinson's disease.
    Ratko Radakovic, Richard Davenport, John M. Starr, Sharon Abrahams.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 28, 2017
    Objective Apathy is a prominent and disabling symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is a multidimensional behaviour, but which dimensions are specifically affected is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this preliminary study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Dimensional Apathy Scale (DAS) and explore the multidimensional profile of apathy in PD patients. Methods Thirty‐four PD patients, with 30 of their informants/carers, and 34 healthy controls, with 30 of their informants, completed the DAS, Apathy Evaluation Scale and the Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form. Motor staging and independent living status were recorded. Results Comparative group analyses revealed that PD patients were significantly more apathetic on self‐rated executive (p = 0.01) and initiation (p = 0.03) dimensions than controls, where only executive apathy was significantly higher in ratings of patients' informants/carers compared with controls' informants (p = 0.02). A third of patients were impaired on at least one apathy dimension. Additionally, patients with apathy tended to have more impaired activities of daily living, while none of the apathy dimensions related to motor disability. Conclusion Our findings show the DAS is a valid and reliable multidimensional apathy tool for use in PD. PD is characterised by an executive apathy profile as determined by informants/carers, although patients described both executive and initiation apathy. This indicates a lack of motivation for planning, organisation and attention and lack of initiation of thoughts or behaviours. Further research is needed to determine the cognitive underpinnings of this emerging apathy profile and the clinical impact in PD. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 28, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4697   open full text
  • Neuropsychiatric symptoms in South‐East Asian patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: prevalence, subtypes, and risk factors.
    Chathuri Yatawara, Shaun Hiu, Laura Tan, Nagaendran Kandiah.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 27, 2017
    Background The subtypes and risk factors of neuropsychiatric symptoms remain largely unexplored in South‐East Asian populations. Objective We investigated the prevalence, subtypes, and risk factors, namely, demographic, medical morbidity, and cognitive impairment associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms in a South‐East Asian cohort of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Methods A clinical cohort of 38 MCI and 198 mild–moderate dementia patients were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory‐Questionnaire. Results Neuropsychiatric symptoms were equally prevalent among patients with MCI (74%) and mild–moderate dementia (85%). Three subtypes of symptoms were identified for each diagnostic group; for MCI, they included mood disturbances, anxiety/sleep problems, and psychosis, while for dementia, the subtypes included behavioral disturbances, psychosis/mood, and hyperactive behaviors. The largest risk for neuropsychiatric symptoms for both MCI and dementia patients was male gender. Among patients with MCI, burden of cerebrovascular disease and global cognitive impairment were small risks for neuropsychiatric symptoms, while for patients with dementia, an older age (>65 years) was a small risk and lower educational attainment was a moderate risk. Discussion These findings contribute to the worldwide epidemiology of neuropsychiatric symptoms in MCI and dementia and highlight that the profile of symptoms, subtypes, and risks is fairly homogenous across Western and Asian cultures. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 27, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4693   open full text
  • Coronary artery calcification and cognitive function: cross‐sectional results from the ELSA‐Brasil study.
    Claudia K. Suemoto, Marcio S. Bittencourt, Itamar S. Santos, Isabela M. Benseñor, Paulo A. Lotufo.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 27, 2017
    Objectives We examined the relationship between coronary artery calcification (CAC) score and performance in cognitive tests in a large Brazilian sample. Methods In this cross‐sectional study, 4104 participants (mean age = 50.9 ± 8.8 years old, 54% female) from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health had complete information for CAC and cognitive tests. We used linear regression models adjusted for sociodemographics, cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, and body mass index), depression, and thyroid function. To investigate potential different associations for middle‐aged and older adults, we stratified the analysis by age groups. Results Participants with CAC ≥ 100 Agatston score had poorer performance in the trail making test compared to those with CAC < 100 Agatston score (β = −0.101, 95% CI = −0.194; −0.010, p = 0.03). We did not find any other association between CAC and cognitive tests. When we investigated the effect modification between CAC and age on cognitive tests, only the effect modification on global cognition (p = 0.02) and trail making test was significant (p = 0.0003). Conclusions Higher CAC was weakly associated with poorer performance in an executive function test in a large sample from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 27, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4698   open full text
  • Different apathy clinical profile and neural correlates in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
    Marta Fernández‐Matarrubia, Jordi A. Matías‐Guiu, María Nieves Cabrera‐Martín, Teresa Moreno‐Ramos, María Valles‐Salgado, José Luis Carreras, Jorge Matías‐Guiu.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 27, 2017
    Objectives Apathy is one of the most common and disabling syndromes of dementia. Clinical apathy expression and neuroanatomical basis of apathy seem to differ between behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), although evidence is scarce and poorly understood. Our main purposes were to compare the clinical apathy profile from patients with bvFTD and AD and analyze the relationship between apathy and brain metabolism measured using positron emission tomography imaging with 18F fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG‐PET). Methods Forty‐two bvFTD, 42 AD, and 30 healthy volunteers without cognitive or behavioral complaints were included. Apathy was defined using Robert's 2009 diagnostic criteria, and specific apathy characteristics were assessed with the Lille Apathy Rating Scale. All participants underwent FDG‐PET brain scan to provide data for voxel‐based morphometric analysis. Results Multivariate analysis showed that subjects affected by bvFTD displayed greater impairment of emotional apathy and self‐awareness in comparison with AD sample. Additionally, FDG‐PET imaging analyses revealed that apathy was associated with different neuroanatomical substrates in each dementia group: left lateral prefrontal, medial frontal/anterior cingulate, lateral orbitofrontal and anterior insular cortices in bvFTD, and right anterior cingulate in AD. Conclusions These results support that apathy is a complex syndrome, with different clinical expressions across different pathological conditions. Those differences in qualitative aspects of apathy seem to be associated with differences in the damage sites, as shown by our FDG‐PET imaging analysis. Our findings provide a better knowledge about pathophysiology of apathy in dementia, which could have practical implications for therapeutic management. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 27, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4695   open full text
  • The impact of anxiety on the progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia in Chinese and English data bases: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.
    Xiao‐Xue Li, Zheng Li.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 27, 2017
    Objective It remains unclear whether or not anxiety increases the risk of dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to investigate the risk of dementia among people with MCI and anxiety compared with those with MCI and no anxiety. Methods The hazard ratio of conversion to dementia in people with anxiety and MCI was compared with those without anxiety and was calculated using a generic inverse variance method with fixed effect models. Results Eleven studies from the English and Chinese databases were included, seven of which were included in the meta‐analysis. The pooled hazard ratio of conversion to dementia was 1.18 95% CI [1.07, 1.31] (p = 0.002) in the group of MCI plus anxiety compared with those without anxiety. Conclusion The results suggest that anxiety increases the risk of progression to dementia in people with MCI. Future interventions targeting anxiety management in vulnerable people with MCI may reduce the risk of dementia. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 27, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4694   open full text
  • Complementary medicine for treatment of agitation and delirium in older persons: a systematic review and narrative synthesis.
    Ilana Levy, Samuel Attias, Eran Ben‐Arye, Boaz Bloch, Elad Schiff.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 26, 2017
    Background Agitation and delirium frequently occur in cognitively impaired older people. We conducted a systematic review with narrative synthesis of the literature aiming to assess effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) modalities to address these conditions. Methods Following preliminary search, we included 40 original researches on CAM treatment of delirium and agitation in older persons. Then, the quality of these studies was assessed using the Downs and Black Checklist and Quality Assessment Tool for Studies with Diverse Designs, and the effect sizes were calculated. We subsequently conducted a narrative synthesis of the main findings, including theory development, preliminary synthesis, exploration of relationships within and between studies, and assessment of synthesis robustness. Results Forty articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Sixteen of these were randomized controlled trials. One article specifically addressed CAM treatment of delirium in patients without dementia, and the remaining 39 articles described treatments of agitated older persons with dementia. Thirty‐five of the 40 included studies suggested that the investigated CAM therapies may ameliorate the severity of agitation and delirium. The physiological surrogates of agitation assessed in these studies included cortisol level, chromogranin A level, and heart rate variability. Very few of the studies systematically assessed safety issues, although no major adverse effects were reported. Conclusion Overall, the systematic review of the literature suggests that several CAM modalities are potentially beneficial in the treatment of agitation and delirium among older persons. We suggest that promising CAM modalities should be further explored through large‐scale randomized controlled trials in different clinical settings. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 26, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4685   open full text
  • A pilot randomized trial of two cognitive rehabilitation interventions for mild cognitive impairment: caregiver outcomes.
    Andrea V. Cuc, Dona E.C. Locke, Noah Duncan, Julie A. Fields, Charlene Hoffman Snyder, Sherrie Hanna, Angela Lunde, Glenn E. Smith, Melanie Chandler.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 24, 2017
    Objective This study aims to provide effect size estimates of the impact of two cognitive rehabilitation interventions provided to patients with mild cognitive impairment: computerized brain fitness exercise and memory support system on support partners' outcomes of depression, anxiety, quality of life, and partner burden. Methods A randomized controlled pilot trial was performed. Results At 6 months, the partners from both treatment groups showed stable to improved depression scores, while partners in an untreated control group showed worsening depression over 6 months. There were no statistically significant differences on anxiety, quality of life, or burden outcomes in this small pilot trial; however, effect sizes were moderate, suggesting that the sample sizes in this pilot study were not adequate to detect statistical significance. Conclusion Either form of cognitive rehabilitation may help partners' mood, compared with providing no treatment. However, effect size estimates related to other partner outcomes (i.e., burden, quality of life, and anxiety) suggest that follow‐up efficacy trials will need sample sizes of at least 30–100 people per group to accurately determine significance. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 24, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4689   open full text
  • Effects of mind–body interventions on depressive symptoms among older Chinese adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.
    Ai Bo, Weiyu Mao, Michael A. Lindsey.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 21, 2017
    Objective To determine the efficacy of mind–body interventions in depressive symptoms treatment among older Chinese adults (>60 years of age). Methods We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and Chongqing VIP for eligible studies until September 2016. We reviewed randomized controlled trials investigating the efficacy of mind–body interventions for depressive symptoms among Chinese older adults. Two authors independently conducted screening, and risk of bias assessment. Data were extracted by one author and crosschecked by the research team. Cohen's d standardized mean differences were calculated to represent intervention effects. Results A comprehensive search yielded 926 records; 14 articles met inclusion criteria. Relative to the control groups, mind–body interventions had large short‐term effects in reducing depressive symptoms in older Chinese adults (standardized mean differences = −1.41; 95% CI [−1.82, −0.99]). Most studies did not report the long‐term effects of mind–body interventions. Subgroup analyses by type of mind–body interventions, participants' age group, and control condition yielded different effect sizes; however, these differences did not all reach a statistically significant level. The interpretation of the subgroup analysis should be considered with caution given its observational nature and a small number of included studies. Conclusions This systematic review suggests that mind–body interventions had short‐term effects in alleviating depressive symptoms among older Chinese adults. Further research (randomized controlled trials with active controls and follow‐up tests) are needed to assess the effects of mind–body interventions on depressive symptoms among this population. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 21, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4688   open full text
  • The association of a heart attack or stroke with depressive symptoms stratified by the presence of a close social contact: findings from the National Health and Aging Trends Study Cohort.
    Adam Simning, Christopher L. Seplaki, Yeates Conwell.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 21, 2017
    Objective The objective of the study is to examine whether the risk of having clinically significant depressive symptoms following a heart attack or stroke varies by the presence of a close social contact. Methods The National Health and Aging Trends Study is a nationally representative longitudinal survey of US Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older initiated in 2011. A total of 5643 older adults had information on social contacts at baseline and depressive symptoms at the 1‐year follow‐up interview. The two‐item Patient Health Questionnaire identified clinically significant depressive symptoms. Interview questions examined social contacts and the presence of self‐reported heart attack or stroke during the year of follow‐up. Results A total of 297 older adults reported experiencing a heart attack and/or stroke between their baseline and follow‐up interviews. In regression analyses accounting for sociodemographics, baseline depressive symptoms, medical comorbidity, and activities of daily living impairment, older adults with no close social contacts had increased odds of depressive symptoms at follow‐up after experiencing a heart attack or stroke, while those with close social contacts had increased odds of depressive symptoms at follow‐up after experiencing a stroke, but not a heart attack. Conclusions Older adults have increased odds of having depressive symptoms following a self‐reported stroke, but only those with no close social contacts had increased odds of depressive symptoms following a heart attack. Social networks may play a role in the mechanisms underlying depression among older adults experiencing certain acute health events. Future work exploring the potential causal relationships suggested here, if confirmed, could inform interventions to alleviate or prevent depression among at risk older adults. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 21, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4684   open full text
  • The experiences of people with dementia and their carers participating in individual cognitive stimulation therapy.
    Phuong Leung, Lauren Yates, Vasiliki Orgeta, Fara Hamidi, Martin Orrell.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 20, 2017
    Background The carer‐delivered individual cognitive stimulation therapy (iCST) was developed to improve cognition and quality of life of people with dementia. This study aims to explore people with dementia and family carers' concepts of mental stimulation and experiences of participating in the iCST intervention. Methods A sub‐sample of 23 dyads of people with dementia and their family carers who completed the iCST intervention took part in semi‐structured in‐depth interviews. Data were analysed using framework analysis. Results Three main themes emerged, ‘Concepts of mental stimulation’, ‘Experiencing changes in everyday life as a result of participating in iCST’ and ‘Carer adherence to the intervention’ along with 10 sub‐themes. The overall experience of participating in iCST was described as having opportunities to engage in enjoyable mentally stimulating activities, motivation to stay active and bringing people with dementia and their carers ‘together’. Family carers mentioned that finding time to do the sessions and their relatives being reluctant to engage in the activities could hinder their participation in the intervention. Conclusions People with dementia and their family carers found iCST stimulating and enjoyable, but many had difficulty delivering all the sessions as planned. Family carers suggested that providing extra support by involving other people in delivering the intervention may help to improve adherence to the intervention. iCST may be a useful tool to encourage people with dementia and their carers to communicate. © 2017 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
    February 20, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4648   open full text
  • Housing First for older homeless adults with mental illness: a subgroup analysis of the At Home/Chez Soi randomized controlled trial.
    Timothy E. Chung, Agnes Gozdzik, Luis I. Palma Lazgare, Matthew J. To, Tim Aubry, James Frankish, Stephen W. Hwang, Vicky Stergiopoulos.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 16, 2017
    Objective This study compares the effect of Housing First on older (≥50 years old) and younger (18–49 years old) homeless adults with mental illness participating in At Home/Chez Soi, a 24‐month multisite randomized controlled trial of Housing First. Method At Home/Chez Soi, participants (n = 2148) were randomized to receive rent supplements with intensive case management or assertive community treatment, based on their need level for mental health services, or usual care in their respective communities. A subgroup analysis compared older (n = 470) and younger (n = 1678) homeless participants across baseline characteristics and 24‐month outcomes including housing stability (primary outcome), generic and condition‐specific quality of life, community functioning, physical and mental health status, mental health symptom severity, psychological community integration, recovery, and substance use (secondary outcomes). Results At 24 months, Housing First significantly improved the percentage of days stably housed among older (+43.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 38.4% to 49.5%) and younger homeless adults (+39.7%, 95% CI: 36.8% to 42.6%), compared with usual care, with no significant differences between age groups (difference of differences = +4.2%, 95% CI: −2.1% to 10.5%, p = 0.188). Improvements from baseline to 24 months in mental health and condition‐specific quality of life were significantly greater among older homeless adults than among younger homeless adults. Conclusion Housing First significantly improved housing stability among older and younger homeless adults with mental illness, resulting in superior mental health and quality of life outcomes in older homeless adults compared with younger homeless adults at 24 months. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 16, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4682   open full text
  • Muscle fatigability and depressive symptoms in later life.
    Patrick J. Brown, Dala Badreddine, Steven P. Roose, Bret Rutherford, Hilsa N. Ayonayon, Kristine Yaffe, Eleanor M. Simonsick, Bret Goodpaster,.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 15, 2017
    Objective Fatigability is the degree to which performance decreases during a specific activity of a given intensity and duration. Depression is known to heighten subjective fatigue, but whether its association with physical fatigability is unknown. Further, whether fatigability is a precursor or risk factor for the development of subsequent depressive symptoms is also unclear. Methods Data are from the Health Aging and Body Composition Study with fatigability assessed using isokinetic dynamometry of the knee extensors at year 3, and depressive symptoms ascertained longitudinally using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES‐D) scale. The relationship between fatigability and depressive symptoms was evaluated using linear and Cox regression models. Results There was a significant cross‐sectional association between fatigability and depressive symptomatology (β = −0.06, p = 0.02), after adjusting for demographic variables, medical comorbidities, cognition, gait speed, and physical activity levels. Greater fatigability was associated with greater adjusted scores on the 10‐item CES‐D (F2, 1695 = 38.65, p < 0.001), with individuals with greater fatigability on average reporting an adjusted CES‐D score 0.5 point greater than those individuals with higher levels of resistance to fatigability (mean of 70% or better; p < 0.001). Fatigability however was not associated with the development of depression at follow‐up (p = 0.828). Conclusions This study found an association between skeletal muscle fatigability and higher depressive symptoms in older adults, but no longitudinal association was identified. These findings suggest that age‐related changes in energy capacity may affect the phenomenology of late life depression. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 15, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4678   open full text
  • Detection and management of hyperactive and hypoactive delirium in older patients during hospitalization: a retrospective cohort study evaluating daily practice.
    Eveline L. Velthuijsen, Sandra M.G. Zwakhalen, Wubbo J. Mulder, Frans R.J. Verhey, Gertrudis I.J.M. Kempen.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 14, 2017
    Objectives The objectives of the study are to study daily hospital practice regarding detection and management and to study hyperactive and hypoactive delirium of older patients during their hospitalization. Methods A retrospective cohort study evaluating care as usual for older hospitalized patients with delirium at Maastricht University Medical Center+, a university hospital in the Netherlands, was performed. Inclusion criteria were older hospitalized patients (65+ years), diagnosed with delirium between 1 January and 31 December 2014. Data were retrieved from the patients' medical files. Delirium was categorized as hyperactive or hypoactive. Primary outcome measures were prevalence and management (pharmacological, reorientation, screening for delirium and delirium consultations, and physical restraints). Secondary outcomes were short‐term adverse outcomes. Results Prevalence of delirium was 5% (N = 401), of which 77% (n = 307) was hyperactive and 23% (n = 94) was hypoactive. Significantly, more patients with a hyperactive delirium received medication to manage the delirium than patients with a hypoactive delirium (89% vs. 77%, respectively, p = 0.004). No other significant differences between the subtypes were found. Conclusion There was probably a strong under‐recognition of delirium. Drugs were the main intervention of choice, especially for patients with hyperactive delirium. The two subtypes did not differ on non‐pharmacological management. The retrospective nature of this study sheds light on the status quo of recognition, management, and care as usual for the different delirium subtypes in daily hospital practice, which may help in forming new guidelines and protocols for the detection and treatment of delirium for older patients in hospitals. © 2017 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
    February 14, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4690   open full text
  • Frailty and incident depression in community‐dwelling older people: results from the ELSA study.
    Nicola Veronese, Marco Solmi, Stefania Maggi, Marianna Noale, Giuseppe Sergi, Enzo Manzato, A. Matthew Prina, Michele Fornaro, André F. Carvalho, Brendon Stubbs.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 14, 2017
    Objective Frailty and pre‐frailty are two common conditions in the older people, but whether these conditions could predict depression is still limited to a few longitudinal studies. In this paper, we aimed to investigate whether frailty and pre‐frailty are associated with an increased risk of depression in a prospective cohort of community‐dwelling older people. Methods Four thousand seventy‐seven community‐dwelling men and women over 60 years without depression at baseline were included from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Frailty status was defined according to modified Fried's criteria (weakness, weight loss, slow gait speed, low physical activity and exhaustion) and categorized as frailty (≥3 criteria), pre‐frailty (1–2 criteria) or robustness (0 criterion). Depression was diagnosed as ≥4 out of 8 points of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, after 2 years of follow‐up. Results Over a 2‐year follow‐up, 360 individuals developed depression. In a logistic regression analysis, adjusted for 18 potential baseline confounders, pre‐frailty (odds ratio (OR) = 0.89; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.54–1.46; p = 0.64) and frailty (OR = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.90–1.64; p = 0.21) did not predict the onset of depression at follow‐up. Among the criteria included in the frailty definition, only slow gait speed (OR = 1.82; 95% CI, 1.00–3.32; p = 0.05) appeared to predict a higher risk of depression. Conclusions Among older community dwellers, frailty and pre‐frailty did not predict the onset of depression during 2 years of follow‐up, when accounting for potential confounders, whilst slow gait speed considered alone may predict depression in the older people. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 14, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4673   open full text
  • The association between hope and mortality in homebound elders.
    Andrea Q. Zhu, Christine Kivork, Linh Vu, Meenakshi Chivukula, Joanna Piechniczek‐Buczek, Wei Qiao Qiu, Mkaya Mwamburi.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 10, 2017
    Objective Despite high rates of mortality and depression, there is limited knowledge of how depressive symptoms, especially feeling of hopefulness, affect mortality in the homebound elderly. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a community sample of 1034 adults, age 60 years and older. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale was used to evaluate the mood symptoms and feeling of hopefulness at baseline. The death data were collected within an 8‐year follow‐up period. Analysis of variance and Chi‐square were used to compare the clinical conditions among the groups of individuals who feel hopeful always, sometimes, and rarely. Logistic regression was used to explore the association between the hopefulness about the future and mortality as an outcome. Results In the 8‐year follow‐up period, frequency of feeling hopeful, but not other individual depressive symptoms, was associated with mortality rate. The mortality rate among those who always, sometimes, and rarely felt hopeful were 21.6%, 26.4%, and 35.7%, respectively (P = 0.002). Logistic regression also confirmed that individuals who rarely feel hopeful had higher odds of decease within the 8‐year follow‐up period than those who always felt hopeful (OR = 1.74, CI = 1.14–2.65) after adjusting for age and medical conditions. Conclusions Baseline hopefulness predicts mortality outcome among the homebound elderly in the community. Identifying individuals who are depressed with hopelessness in the elderly and providing early intervention may improve the mortality rate. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 10, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4676   open full text
  • Prospective relationship between objectively measured light physical activity and depressive symptoms in later life.
    Po‐Wen Ku, Andrew Steptoe, Yung Liao, Wen‐Jung Sun, Li‐Jung Chen.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 09, 2017
    Background The use of self‐report measures of physical activity is a serious methodological weakness in many studies of physical activity and depressive symptoms. It is still equivocal whether light physical activity protects older adults from depressive symptoms. Objective This study aimed to explore whether objectively measured light physical activity, independent of sedentary and moderate‐to‐vigorous activity, is associated with a reduced risk of subsequent depressive symptoms in older adults. Methods This was a 2‐year prospective cohort study. A total of 285 community‐dwelling older adults aged 65 years or older were interviewed in 2012. A second wave of assessment was carried out in 2014 involving 274 (96.1%) participants. Time spent in physical activity at different intensities was assessed using triaxial accelerometers. Depressive symptoms were measured using the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale. Negative binomial regression models with adjustment for baseline depressive symptoms, accelerometer wear time, socio‐demographic variables, lifestyle behaviors, and chronic disease conditions were conducted. Results Time spent in moderate‐to‐vigorous and light physical activities were both inversely related to depressive symptoms at follow‐up. Sedentary time was associated with an increased risk of subsequent depressive symptoms. When sedentary or moderate‐to‐vigorous activity were included in the multivariable‐adjusted regression models with light physical activity simultaneously, only light physical activity remained significant. Sensitivity analyses for assessing confounding and reverse causation provided further support for the stability of these findings. Conclusion Light physical activity, independent of sedentary and moderate‐to‐vigorous activity, is associated with a reduced risk of subsequent depressive symptoms in later life. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 09, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4672   open full text
  • Cerebrovascular burden and depressive symptomatology interrelate over 18 years: support for the vascular depression hypothesis.
    Rosanna Scott, Daniel Paulson.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 09, 2017
    Objective Potentially incongruent research literatures suggest three divergent hypotheses about depressive symptomatology: (1) symptoms are recurrent; (2) later‐life depression results from high cerebrovascular burden (CVB); and (3) depressive symptoms contribute to comorbidities causing vascular burden. Past vascular depression research assumes that later‐life depressive symptoms relate uniquely to high CVB and not to prior, recurrent depression. This study examines these divergent hypotheses. Methods Data include 5175 participants across 18 years from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (mean age at 1993 baseline was 53 years; follow‐ups in 2004 and 2011). Depressive symptomatology was measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression. CVB was operationalized as hypertension, high blood sugar, diabetes, and other heart problems. Hypotheses were examined via a cross‐lagged structural equation model and logistic regression. Results Model fit was acceptable (root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.047; comparative fit index = 0.963). Hypotheses 1 and 2 were supported. Depressive symptomatology at 2004 and 2011 follow‐ups was predicted by earlier depressive symptomatology and prior CVB. Hypothesis 3 was partially supported; depressive symptomatology in 2004 predicted subsequent CVB. Logistic regression results were that CVB predicted clinically significant depressive symptoms based on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression clinical cutoff. Conclusions Cerebrovascular burden in midlife predicts depressive symptomatology in later‐life, even after accounting for prior depressive symptomatology, supporting a fundamental assumption of the vascular depression hypothesis. Midlife depressive symptomatology also predicted escalation of CVB in later‐life. Results suggest a process model of later‐life depressive symptom development that interrelates CVB and depressive symptoms throughout the life span and have clinical implications for the interruption of this process through the integration of primary care and behavioral health specialists. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 09, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4674   open full text
  • A systematic review of intervention approaches for driving cessation in older adults.
    Mark J. Rapoport, Duncan H. Cameron, Sarah Sanford, Gary Naglie,.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 09, 2017
    Objective The aim of this project was to review the literature on interventions aimed at facilitating driving cessation in older adults, with and without dementia. Methods A literature search was performed using the databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, Embase, and PsycINFO, from 1994 to September 2014. Two independent raters screened articles for inclusion and extracted study data. We only included articles if they directly addressed the topic of intervention approaches to facilitate the process of driving cessation in older adults or to support the adaptation of older adults who have had to stop driving and included a control group. Results Of an initial 477 unique records identified, 111 pertained to driving cessation in older adults, and only three articles were controlled trials of intervention approaches related to driving cessation. One article described an intervention for retired drivers with dementia, while another was aimed at caregivers of drivers with dementia, and the third included retired and retiring drivers without dementia. Outcomes such as reduced depressive symptoms, increased trips out of home, and efficacy in dealing with the driving cessation process were positive, but the specific outcome measures and magnitude of effects varied across studies. Conclusions Although the results summarized in this review point toward potentially promising effects of interventions for facilitating driving cessation in older adults, these findings must be interpreted with caution given the significant methodological limitations of the studies, including small samples, participant attrition, lack of blinding, and non‐validated outcome measures. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 09, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4681   open full text
  • Consequences of clinical case management for caregivers: a systematic review.
    Aline Corvol, Adina Dreier, Joachim Prudhomm, Jochen René Thyrian, Wolfgang Hoffmann, Dominique Somme.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 09, 2017
    Objective Informal caregivers are deeply involved in the case management process. However, little is known about the consequences of such programs for informal caregivers. This systematic literature review, reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses statement, addressed the consequences of clinical case management programs, whether positive or negative, for caregivers of frail older persons or persons with dementia. Methods We systematically identified and analyzed published randomized trials and quasi‐experimental studies comparing case management programs to usual care, which discussed outcomes concerning caregivers. Results Sixteen studies were identified, and 12 were included after quality assessment. Seven identified at least one positive result for caregivers, and no negative effect of case management has been found. Characteristics associated with positive results for caregivers were a high intensity of case management and programs specifically addressed to dementia patients. Conclusions Despite the numerous methodological challenges in the assessment of such complex social interventions, our results show that case management programs can be beneficial for caregivers of dementia patients and that positive results for patients are achieved without increasing caregivers' burden. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 09, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4679   open full text
  • Social participation of people with cognitive problems and their caregivers: a feasibility evaluation of the Social Fitness Programme.
    H. W. Donkers, D. J. Veen, M. J. Vernooij‐Dassen, M. W. G. Nijhuis‐van der Sanden, M. J. L. Graff.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 07, 2017
    Objective We developed a tailor‐made intervention aimed at improving social participation of people with cognitive problems and their caregivers. This programme consists of an integration of healthcare and welfare interventions: occupational therapy, physiotherapy and guidance by a welfare professional. This article describes the feasibility evaluation of this Social Fitness Programme. Methods Feasibility in terms of acceptability, demand, implementation, practicability and limited efficacy was evaluated based on experiences from professionals (programme deliverers), people with cognitive problems and their caregivers (programme recipients). We used qualitative research methods (focus group discussions, interviews, collection of treatment records) and applied thematic analyses. Results The intervention was feasible according to stakeholders, and limited efficacy showed promising results. However, we found feasibility barriers. First, an acceptability barrier: discussing declined social participation was difficult, hindering recruitment. Second, a demand barrier: some people with cognitive problems lacked motivation to improve declined social participation, sometimes in contrast to their caregivers' wishes. Third, implementation and practicability barriers: shared decision‐making, focusing the intervention and interdisciplinary collaboration between healthcare and welfare professionals were suboptimal during implementation. Discussion Although this intervention builds upon scientific evidence, expert opinions and stakeholder needs, implementation was challenging. Healthcare and welfare professionals need to overcome obstacles in their collaboration and focus on integrated intervention delivery. Also, they need to find ways to (empower caregivers to) motivate people with cognitive problems to participate socially. After modifying the intervention and additional training of professionals, a consecutive pilot study to assess feasibility of the research design and outcome measures is justified. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 07, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4651   open full text
  • The effects on carer well‐being of carer involvement in cognition‐based interventions for people with dementia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.
    Phuong Leung, Vasiliki Orgeta, Martin Orrell.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 07, 2017
    Objectives To investigate the effects on carer well‐being of carer involvement in cognition‐based interventions (CBIs) for people with dementia. Methods A review and meta‐analysis were performed. We searched electronic databases for randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Two reviewers worked independently to select trials, extract data and assess the risk of bias. Results A total of 4737 studies was identified. Eight RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Only seven studies with 803 dyads of people with dementia and carers were included in the meta‐analysis. Evidence indicated that carer involvement in CBIs for people with dementia had a beneficial effect on carers' quality of life with effect size Hedges' g = 0.22; 95% confidence interval of 0.02 to 0.42, z = 2.19 and p = 0.03. Carers' depression levels were reduced in the intervention group with effect size Hedges' g = 0.17; 95% confidence interval of 0.02 to 0.32, z = 2.19 and p = 0.03. No significant differences were observed in levels of anxiety symptoms, caregiving relationship and carer burden in the intervention group compared to those in the control group. Conclusion Because CBIs are designed to deliver benefit for people with dementia, the collateral benefits for carers have potential implications for the importance of CBIs in service delivery and may contribute to cost effectiveness. However, there remains a lack of quality of research in this area. Particularly, in some outcomes, there was a lack of consistency of results, so the findings should be interpreted with caution. Future studies of the impact of CBIs on carers with larger samples and high‐quality RCTs are warranted. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 07, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4654   open full text
  • Validation of the Chinese version of Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III for diagnosing dementia.
    Bian‐Rong Wang, Zhou Ou, Xiao‐Hua Gu, Cun‐Sheng Wei, Jun Xu, Jian‐Quan Shi.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 07, 2017
    Objective The aim of this study was to validate the reliability of the Chinese version of Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III (ACE‐III) for detecting dementia. Furthermore, the present study compares the diagnostic accuracy of ACE‐III with that of mini‐mental state examination (MMSE). Methods One hundred seventy‐seven patients with dementia and 180 healthy controls were included in the study. Results The reliability of ACE‐III was very good (α‐coefficient = 0.888). There was a significant negative correlation between Clinical Dementia Rating Scale score and total ACE‐III score. Further, there was a positive correlation between MMSE score and total ACE‐III score. Age exerted a significant effect on total ACE‐III score, memory score, and language score. In the present study, the cutoff score of 83 showed a sensitivity of 91.1% and a specificity of 83.1%. Conclusions The present findings support that the Chinese version of ACE‐III is a reliable assessment tool for dementia. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 07, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4680   open full text
  • The effects of lifelong cognitive lifestyle on executive function in older people with Parkinson's disease.
    John V. Hindle, Pamela A. Martin‐Forbes, Anthony Martyr, Alexandra J.M. Bastable, Kirstie L. Pye, Virginia C. Mueller Gathercole, Enlli M. Thomas, Linda Clare.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 07, 2017
    Objective Active lifelong cognitive lifestyles increase cognitive reserve and have beneficial effects on global cognition, cognitive decline and dementia risk in Parkinson's disease (PD). Executive function is particularly impaired even in early PD, and this impacts on quality of life. The effects of lifelong cognitive lifestyle on executive function in PD have not been studied previously. This study examined the association between lifelong cognitive lifestyle, as a proxy measure of cognitive reserve, and executive function in people with PD. Methods Sixty‐nine people diagnosed with early PD without dementia were recruited as part of the Bilingualism as a protective factor in Age‐related Neurodegenerative Conditions study. Participants completed a battery of tests of executive function. The Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire was completed as a comprehensive assessment of lifelong cognitive lifestyle. Non‐parametric correlations compared clinical measures with executive function scores. Cross‐sectional analyses of covariance were performed comparing the performance of low and high cognitive reserve groups on executive function tests. Results Correlational analyses showed that better executive function scores were associated with younger age, higher levodopa dose and higher Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire scores. Higher cognitive reserve was associated with better motor function, but high and low cognitive reserve groups did not differ in executive function. Conclusions Cognitive reserve, although associated with global cognition, does not appear to be associated with executive function. This differential effect may reflect the specific cognitive profile of PD. The long‐term effects of cognitive reserve on executive function in PD require further exploration. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 07, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4677   open full text
  • Is the effectiveness of memory assessment services associated with their structural and process characteristics?
    Min Hae Park, Nick Black, Craig W. Ritchie, A.A. Jolijn Hendriks, Sarah C. Smith.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 07, 2017
    Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate whether structural and process characteristics of memory assessment services (MASs) are associated with outcomes (changes in patients' health‐related quality of life (HRQL), carers' HRQL and carers' burden) over the first 6 months following the first appointment. Methods Data from 785 patients referred to 69 MASs and 511 of their lay carers, collected at the first appointment and 6 months later. Data on MAS characteristics were collected using a questionnaire at baseline. We used multilevel linear regression models to explore the associations of patients' HRQL and carers' outcomes with structural and process characteristics of MASs. Analyses were conducted on the full sample of patients and carers, and separately on those patients diagnosed with dementia. Results None of the structural (skill mix, workload, volume, provision of clinical assessments and provision of psychosocial support) or process (waiting time, length and number of appointments, anti‐dementia drug use and psychosocial interventions use) characteristics included in the analyses were associated with patients' or carers' outcomes at 6 months, apart from the presence of allied health professionals (AHPs), which was associated with a DEMQOL score 2.7 points higher. When only those with a diagnosis of dementia were considered, the association with presence of AHPs was no longer observed. Conclusions Apart from involving AHPs, alterations to the way MASs are structured or function appear unlikely to improve their effectiveness in improving patients' and carers' HRQL. It is possible that the characteristics of MASs may influence patients' and carers' experience, but this was not studied. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 07, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4675   open full text
  • An adapted mindfulness intervention for people with dementia in care homes: feasibility pilot study.
    A. Churcher Clarke, J.M.Y. Chan, J. Stott, L. Royan, A. Spector.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 07, 2017
    Objective Depression and anxiety are common in dementia. There is a need to develop effective psychosocial interventions. This study sought to develop a group‐based adapted mindfulness programme for people with mild to moderate dementia in care homes and to determine its feasibility and potential benefits. Methods A manual for a 10‐session intervention was developed. Participants were randomly allocated to the intervention plus treatment as usual (n = 20) or treatment as usual (n = 11). Measures of mood, anxiety, quality of life, cognitive function, stress and mindfulness were administered at baseline and 1 week post‐intervention. Results There was a significant improvement in quality of life in the intervention group compared to controls (p = 0.05). There were no significant changes in other outcomes. Conclusions The intervention was feasible in terms of recruitment, retention, attrition and acceptability and was associated with significant positive changes in quality of life. A fully powered randomised controlled trial is required. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 07, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4669   open full text
  • Dementia and co‐occurring chronic conditions: a systematic literature review to identify what is known and where are the gaps in the evidence?
    Mark B. Snowden, Lesley E. Steinman, Lucinda L. Bryant, Monique M. Cherrier, Kurt J. Greenlund, Katherine H. Leith, Cari Levy, Rebecca G. Logsdon, Catherine Copeland, Mia Vogel, Lynda A. Anderson, David C. Atkins, Janice F. Bell, Annette L. Fitzpatrick.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 01, 2017
    Objective The challenges posed by people living with multiple chronic conditions are unique for people with dementia and other significant cognitive impairment. There have been recent calls to action to review the existing literature on co‐occurring chronic conditions and dementia in order to better understand the effect of cognitive impairment on disease management, mobility, and mortality. Methods This systematic literature review searched PubMed databases through 2011 (updated in 2016) using key constructs of older adults, moderate‐to‐severe cognitive impairment (both diagnosed and undiagnosed dementia), and chronic conditions. Reviewers assessed papers for eligibility and extracted key data from each included manuscript. An independent expert panel rated the strength and quality of evidence and prioritized gaps for future study. Results Four thousand thirty‐three articles were identified, of which 147 met criteria for review. We found that moderate‐to‐severe cognitive impairment increased risks of mortality, was associated with prolonged institutional stays, and decreased function in persons with multiple chronic conditions. There was no relationship between significant cognitive impairment and use of cardiovascular or hypertensive medications for persons with these comorbidities. Prioritized areas for future research include hospitalizations, disease‐specific outcomes, diabetes, chronic pain, cardiovascular disease, depression, falls, stroke, and multiple chronic conditions. Conclusions This review summarizes that living with significant cognitive impairment or dementia negatively impacts mortality, institutionalization, and functional outcomes for people living with multiple chronic conditions. Our findings suggest that chronic‐disease management interventions will need to address co‐occurring cognitive impairment. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 01, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4652   open full text
  • Utility, reliability, sensitivity and validity of an online test system designed to monitor changes in cognitive function in clinical trials.
    Keith A. Wesnes, Helen Brooker, Clive Ballard, Laura McCambridge, Robert Stenton, Anne Corbett.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 27, 2017
    Objective The advent of long‐term remotely conducted clinical trials requires assessments which can be administered online. This paper considers the utility, reliability, sensitivity and validity of an internet‐based system for measuring changes in cognitive function which is being used in one such trial. Methods The Platform for Research Online to investigate Genetics and Cognition in Ageing is a 10‐year longitudinal and entirely remote study launched in November 2015. The CogTrackTM System is being used to monitor changes in important aspects of cognitive function using tests of attention, information processing and episodic memory. On study entry, the participants performed CogTrackTM up to three times over seven days, and these data are evaluated in this paper. Results During the first six months of the study, 14 531 individuals aged 50 to 94 years enrolled and performed the CogTrackTM System, 8627 of whom completed three test sessions. On the first administration, 99.4% of the study tasks were successfully completed. Repeated testing showed training/familiarisation effects on four of the ten measures which had largely stabilised by the third test session. The factor structure of the various measures was found to be robust. Evaluation of the influence of age identified clinically relevant declines over the age range of the population on one or more measures from all tasks. Conclusions The results of these analyses identify CogTrackTM to be a practical and valid method to reliably, sensitively, remotely and repeatedly collect cognitive data from large samples of individuals aged 50 and over. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 27, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4659   open full text
  • The interventional relationship between frequent fish consumption and depression symptoms in aging adults: a randomized controlled trial.
    Payam Sharifan, Motahare‐Sadat Hosseini, Anoosheh Sharifan.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 26, 2017
    Objective The present investigation was intended to test the hypothesis that the elderly provided with the frequent consumption of fishes marinated in essential oil of Perilla frutescens (EOPF) or not would experience fewer depressive symptoms after 6 months. Methods A total of 180 participants were recruited from Sina Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, who were diagnosed with depression based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revision and Beck Depression Inventory. Participants (n = 180) were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to Groups A, B, and C. The last two were provided with an instruction to consume Caspian white fish marinated in the presence or absence of EOPF (434 g each week or four meals per week). Group A served as the control with the common diet. The outcome measures were performed using the Beck Depression Inventory and the General Health Questionnaire. Results There were no statistically significant differences in depressive symptom scores between groups with frequent fish consumption as compared with the control (p > 0.05). Yet adjustment for covariates showed that there was a significant reduction in depression among them (p < 0.05). Moreover, consumption of fish and EOPF was associated with more considerable improvements than Groups A and B (p < 0.05). Conclusions It could be concluded that high intakes of unsaturated fatty acids can afford to diminish likelihood of late‐life depression. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 26, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4668   open full text
  • Cognitive impairment and Charles Bonnet syndrome: a prospective study.
    Gregor Russell, Robert Harper, Harry Allen, Robert Baldwin, Alistair Burns.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 24, 2017
    Objectives Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a common cause of visual hallucinations in older people. The relationship between CBS and cognitive impairment is unclear, but anecdotal reports exist of dementia emerging in patients diagnosed with CBS. This work set out to determine if there is an increased incidence of dementia, and increased severity of cognitive impairment, in people with CBS compared to controls from the same clinical setting. Method People over 65 attending low‐vision and glaucoma clinics, and a cohort of age‐matched controls, underwent a psychiatric assessment. The cohorts were followed up after one year. Results Mild cognitive impairment was present in 2/12 CBS participants and 2/10 controls. Partial insight was seen in nine CBS participants. Two participants with CBS, and no controls, developed dementia at follow‐up. No significant differences in performance on the ACE‐R were found between the groups. Both participants who developed dementia had partial insight and hallucinations of familiar figures at diagnosis of CBS, and one had mild cognitive impairment. Conclusions Reassurance that CBS is universally benign may be misplaced. Some people given this diagnosis go on to develop dementia. Cognitive testing at the point of diagnosis was unable to identify those at risk of this outcome. Partial insight, the presence of Mild Cognitive Impairment, and hallucinations of familiar figures at diagnosis of CBS may confer an increased risk of subsequent dementia diagnosis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 24, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4665   open full text
  • Mutual effect of cerebral amyloid β and peripheral lymphocytes in cognitively normal older individuals.
    Fumihiko Yasuno, Hiroaki Kazui, Katsufumi Kajimoto, Masafumi Ihara, Naomi Morita, Akihiko Taguchi, Akihide Yamamoto, Kiwamu Matsuoka, Masato Takahashi, Jyoji Nakagawara, Masahito Tsuji, Hidehiro Iida, Toshifumi Kishimoto, Kazuyuki Nagatsuka.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 23, 2017
    Objective We hypothesized that cerebral amyloid accumulation is reflected in the periphery in the pre‐dementia stage and used flow cytometry to investigate the peripheral lymphocytes as an easily accessible biomarker to observe neuro‐inflammation. We aimed to determine whether peripheral lymphocytes are related to the cortical amyloid burden or vice versa in cognitively normal older subjects. Methods We applied [11C] Pittsburgh compound B (PiB)‐positron emission tomography to 36 cognitively normal older individuals, and Aβ deposition was quantified by cortical binding potential (PiB‐BPND). Blood samples were obtained, and lymphocyte subsets were evaluated. We examined differences between low and high PiB‐BPND groups in the percentage of B cells, T cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, and natural killer cells. Results Subjects with high PiB‐BPND showed significantly higher percentage of cytotoxic T cells (%CD3+). Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between the percentage of cytotoxic T cells and global cortical mean PiB‐BPND. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that cytotoxic T cells were significantly related to the value of global cortical mean PiB‐BPND and vice versa. Conclusions Our results indicated that a specific peripheral immune response, reflected in the increased ratio of cytotoxic T cells, could be regarded as a preclinical sign of AD and could be attributed to the Aβ neuropathological mechanism. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 23, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4660   open full text
  • Kinship and cohabitation in relation to caregiver burden in the context of Alzheimer's disease: a 24‐month longitudinal study.
    Vanesa Viñas‐Diez, Oriol Turró‐Garriga, Cristina Portellano‐Ortiz, Jordi Gascón‐Bayarri, Ramón Reñé‐Ramírez, Josep Garre‐Olmo, Josep Lluís Conde‐Sala.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 23, 2017
    Objectives The aims of the study were to identify the clinical characteristics of three groups of caregivers: spouses, live‐in adult–child or non‐live‐in adult–child, and their relation to the degree of perceived burden (Caregiver Burden Interview). Methods The sample comprised 275 Alzheimer's disease primary caregivers, with a follow‐up of 24 months. Cognitive, functional and behavioural characteristics were evaluated in persons with dementia, whilst sociodemographic data, use of socio‐medical resources, physical and mental health and self‐perceived burden were assessed in caregivers. Generalized estimating equations were used for longitudinal data analysis. Results Spouse caregivers were 45.0% men, sole caregivers (>80%), used few external resources and had worse physical health. The number of female adult–child caregivers was higher (>75%). The live‐in adult–child group, compared with the non‐live‐in adult–child group, was less likely to be married, had a lower level of education, was more commonly the sole caregiver and used fewer external resources. The greatest burden was observed in live‐in adult–child caregivers, and the lowest in the non‐live‐in adult–child group, with no significant variation in the follow‐up for both groups. Spouses had an intermediate level of perceived burden, which rose significantly during follow‐up (p < 0.001). Conclusions Kinship and cohabitation with the persons with dementia were associated with different scores and evolution of the burden, with an increase in the follow‐up of the spouses, and with more or less burden, depending on cohabitation, in the adult–child groups. Interventions to reduce the level of burden on caregivers should consider these differences. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 23, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4656   open full text
  • Is there an association between help‐seeking for early detection of Alzheimer's disease and illness representations of this disease among the lay public?
    Shiri Shinan‐Altman, Perla Werner.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 23, 2017
    Objective Help‐seeking (HS) for early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is clearly essential because therapeutic interventions are recognized as being most efficient in the early stages of the disease. Using the Self‐Regulation Model as its conceptual framework, the present study examined the relationship between HS for early detection of AD and lay persons' beliefs and emotional reactions towards AD. Methods A convenience sample of 236 community‐dwelling adults, aged 50 and above, completed HS measures related to early detection of AD, HS sources, cognitive and emotional representations, perceived threat, familiarity with AD, and socio‐demographic questionnaires. Results Participants expressed low HS levels for early detection of AD. However, participants expressed higher levels of HS willingness if checking for AD would be included in the routine medical examinations conducted by their GPs. Multiple regression analyses showed that AD consequences and perceived threat were the main predictors of HS for early detection of AD, explaining 9.2% of the variance. Conclusions Our findings stress the need to increase the lay public's knowledge about available treatment options and their efficacy, even in the advances stages of the disease when the consequences of the disease are much more severe. AD awareness programs should also pay attention to the potential fear which may exist in the case of HS for early detection of AD. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 23, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4661   open full text
  • Staff training and outreach support for Cognitive Stimulation Therapy and its implementation in practice: a cluster randomised trial.
    Amy Streater, Aimee Spector, Zoe Hoare, Elisa Aguirre, Ian Russell, Martin Orrell.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 23, 2017
    Objective There is evidence that Cognitive Stimulation Therapy and maintenance Cognitive Stimulation Therapy are effective in mild to moderate dementia. There is, however, little evidence available for its implementation in practice and the impact of outreach support on the sustainability of the programme. Methods Two hundred and forty‐one staff members were randomised from 63 dementia care settings between outreach support including an online forum, email, and telephone support, compared to usual Cognitive Stimulation Therapy control group. The primary outcome was average number of attendees to the Cognitive Stimulation Therapy and maintenance Cognitive Stimulation Therapy programmes. Results There was no difference in average number of attendees between the intervention and usual Cognitive Stimulation Therapy control groups for the Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (p = 0.82) or the maintenance Cognitive Stimulation Therapy programme (p = 0.97). Conclusions Outreach support does not affect the average number of people with dementia attending the Cognitive Stimulation Therapy or maintenance Cognitive Stimulation Therapy programme. Irrespective of outreach support, the programmes remain widely implemented and yield perceived benefits for people with dementia. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 23, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4653   open full text
  • Factors predicting incidence of post‐operative delirium in older people following hip fracture surgery: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.
    T. O. Smith, A. Cooper, G. Peryer, R. Griffiths, C. Fox, J. Cross.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 17, 2017
    Objective Delirium is one of the most common complications following hip fracture surgery in older people. This study identified pre‐ and peri‐operative factors associated with the development of post‐operative delirium following hip fracture surgery. Methods Published and unpublished literature were searched to identify all evidence reporting variables on patient characteristics, on‐admission, intra‐operative and post‐operative management assessing incident delirium in older people following hip fracture surgery. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and mean difference of those who experienced delirium compared to those who did not were calculated for each variable. Evidence was assessed using the Downs and Black appraisal tool and interpreted using the GRADE approach. Results A total of 6704 people (2090 people with post‐operative delirium) from 32 studies were analysed. There was moderate evidence of nearly a two‐times greater probability of post‐operative delirium for those aged 80 years and over (OR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.87), whether patients lived in a care institution pre‐admission (OR: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.79, 3.92), and a six‐times greater probability of developing post‐operative delirium with a pre‐admission diagnosis of dementia (OR: 6.07, 95% CI: 4.84, 7.62). There was no association with intra‐operative variables and probability of delirium. Conclusion Clinicians treating people with a hip fracture should be vigilant towards post‐operative delirium if their patients are older, have pre‐existing cognitive impairment and poorer overall general health. This is also the case for those who experience post‐operative complications such as pneumonia or a urinary tract infection. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 17, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4655   open full text
  • Effects of adding whole‐body vibration to routine day activity program on physical functioning in elderly with mild or moderate dementia: a randomized controlled trial.
    Freddy M. H. Lam, L. R. Liao, Timothy C. Y. Kwok, Marco Y. C. Pang.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 17, 2017
    Objective To evaluate the effects of whole‐body vibration (WBV) added to a routine activity program on lower limb strength, balance, and mobility among community‐dwelling individuals with mild or moderate dementia, compared with the routine program alone. Methods Fifty‐four older adults (40 women; mean (SD) age: 79.8 (6.1) years) with mild or moderate dementia were recruited from two daycare centers. The participants were randomly allocated to undergo a routine day activity program combined with WBV training (WBV at 30 Hz, 2‐mm peak‐to‐peak amplitude) or the routine program only without WBV for 9 weeks (18 sessions). The primary outcome was functional mobility, measured using the timed up‐and‐go test. The following secondary outcomes were evaluated: Berg Balance Scale, Tinetti balance assessment, time to complete 5 repetitions of sit‐to‐stand, Quality of Life in Alzheimer's disease questionnaire, and Activities‐specific Balance Confidence scale. The attendance rate and incidence of adverse events were also recorded. Results The attendance rate for the training was high (86.0%). The incidence of adverse events was low, with only two of the 27 participants in the WBV group reporting mild knee pain. While significant improvement in timed up‐and‐go, Berg Balance Scale, and Tinetti balance score was found in both groups, none of the outcomes demonstrated a significant group by time interaction. Conclusions WBV training is feasible and safe to use with people with mild or moderate dementia. However, it did not lead to further improvement in physical function and quality of life than the usual activity program provided at the daycare centers. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 17, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4662   open full text
  • Big Five personality characteristics are associated with depression subtypes and symptom dimensions of depression in older adults.
    A.M.L. Koorevaar, J.M. Hegeman, F. Lamers, A.D.F. Dhondt, R.C. Mast, M.L. Stek, H.C. Comijs.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 16, 2017
    Objective This study examined the associations of personality characteristics with both subtypes and symptom dimensions of depression in older adults. Methods Three hundred and seventy‐eight depressed older adults participated in the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons. Personality characteristics were assessed by the NEO‐Five Factor Inventory. Subtypes and symptom dimensions of depression were determined using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between personality and atypical, melancholic, and unspecified subtypes of major depression. Linear regression analyses examined the associations between personality and the IDS mood, somatic, and motivation symptom dimensions. The analyses were adjusted for confounders and additionally adjusted for depression severity. Results Neuroticism, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness were associated with specified (atypical or melancholic) major depression compared with unspecified major depression in the bivariate analyses but lost their significance after adjustments for functional limitations and severity of depression. Neuroticism was positively associated with the IDS mood and motivation symptom dimensions, also in the adjusted models. Further, Extraversion and Agreeableness were negatively associated with the IDS mood symptom dimension, and Extraversion and Conscientiousness were negatively associated with the IDS motivation symptom dimension. None was associated with the IDS somatic symptom dimension. Conclusions This study demonstrated the association of personality characteristics with mood and motivational symptoms of late‐life depression. The lacking ability of personality to differentiate between melancholic and atypical depression seems to be largely explained by severity of depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 16, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4670   open full text
  • Cultural adaptation of cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) for Chinese people with dementia: multicentre pilot study.
    Gloria H. Y. Wong, Olive P. L. Yek, Anna Y. Zhang, Terry Y. S. Lum, Aimee Spector.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 11, 2017
    Objective Ageing of the Chinese population will drive a continued surge in dementia prevalence. Empirically tested non‐pharmacological interventions developed in western cultures may be implemented in Chinese. Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) that originated in the UK has proven benefits on cognition and quality of life in people with dementia. We investigated the feasibility and cultural appropriateness of CST in Hong Kong Chinese (CST‐HK). Methods Mixed methods research was conducted following the formative method for adapting psychotherapy. A culturally adapted CST‐HK, developed involving multidisciplinary stakeholders, was tested in a pilot multicentre study in people with mild dementia (n = 30) receiving community or residential care. Changes in cognition and quality of life were measured. Opinions from family caregivers and group facilitators (n = 25) were collected through focus groups and in‐depth interviews for understanding the appropriateness of CST‐HK. Feasibility was explored. Results After receiving CST‐HK, 54% of participants achieved outcome of no cognitive deterioration, and 23% showed clinically meaningful improvement. Family caregivers and group facilitators expressed good acceptance of CST, with a low attrition (13%) and high attendance rate of CST‐HK sessions (92%). Key cultural issues identified are (i) less active opinion sharing in group discussions due to conservatism/cautiousness and (ii) preference of practical activities with reward/recognition over pure discussion due to pragmatism. Conclusions The CST‐HK is feasible and culturally appropriate in Hong Kong Chinese. Further amendments can be made to ensure language use and enjoyment, with potential implications on effectiveness. We have provided a systematically developed, culturally adapted protocol for larger‐scale implementation and research in Chinese populations. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 11, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4663   open full text
  • Awareness of functional ability in people with early‐stage dementia.
    Anthony Martyr, Linda Clare.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 10, 2017
    Objectives Assessment of functional ability in people with early‐stage dementia (PwD) is an important area of study because it forms part of the diagnostic process and may help in monitoring disease progression. Most researchers and clinicians rely on informant ratings rather than observing actual functional performance or employing self‐ratings. There has however been little research to verify whether informant ratings of functioning are accurate, and there has been even less research investigating the accuracy of self‐ratings of functional ability in PwD. No study has used the performance‐monitoring metacognitive approach to investigate awareness of functional ability. Methods Thirty‐seven people with early‐stage dementia completed an objective functional assessment and provided self‐ratings before and after completing each section of the objective test. Informants provided ratings of functioning and burden. Scores were converted to percentages to allow for direct comparison. Results Objectively assessed functional ability significantly correlated with self‐ratings and informant ratings. Self‐ratings did not correlate with informant ratings. For converted scores, self‐ratings were more similar than informant ratings to the objectively assessed mean scores. Burden was unrelated to functional assessments after correcting for multiple comparisons. Conclusions Self‐rated functional ability was more accurate than informant ratings when compared with objectively assessed ability, with informants tending to significantly underestimate the functional ability of PwD. The findings call into question the likelihood that informants will provide accurate ratings of functional ability and suggests that self‐ratings may offer a more accurate estimate of functional ability. Self‐ratings made by PwD should be more widely employed in clinical and research settings. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 10, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4664   open full text
  • Quality of Life in relation to neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: 5‐year prospective ALSOVA cohort study.
    Kristiina Hongisto, Ilona Hallikainen, Tuomas Selander, Soili Törmälehto, Saku Väätäinen, Janne Martikainen, Tarja Välimäki, Sirpa Hartikainen, Jaana Suhonen, Anne M. Koivisto.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 09, 2017
    Objective To examine the association between neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) with self‐ and caregiver‐rated Quality of Life (QoL) for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) during a 5‐year follow‐up. Methods The ALSOVA 5‐year follow‐up study included, at baseline, 236 patients with either very mild (Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) 0.5), or mild (CDR 1) AD, together with their caregivers from three Finnish hospital districts. QoL was evaluated using patient self‐reported, and caregiver‐rated, QoL in AD (QoL‐AD) scores. NPS were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), and AD severity was evaluated using the CDR, with cognition tested by the mini‐mental state examination. The performance of daily activities was assessed using the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study–Activities of Daily Living Inventory. Results Over the 5‐year follow‐up period, patient self‐reported QoL‐AD scores did not change significantly (p = 0.245), despite increases in their NPS. However, caregiver‐rated patient QoL‐AD scores declined significantly (p ≤ 0.001), as total NPI scores increased during follow‐up. No NPS at baseline, and only apathy at follow‐up, correlated significantly (p = 0.007) with patient self‐rated QoL‐AD scores. Caregiver‐rated patient QoL‐AD scores correlated significantly with most NPS, especially (p ≤ 0.001) apathy, agitation, anxiety, irritability, depression, and delusions at baseline, and delusions, hallucinations, apathy, appetite disturbances, and anxiety during follow‐up. Conclusions Patient rated QoL‐AD scores are an unreliable tool with which to evaluate the success of therapy for NPS. Instead, caregiver‐rated scores for patients correlated well with NPI scores, and health care professionals in the clinic should preferentially use these. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 09, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4666   open full text
  • Antidepressant use and risk of hip fractures among community‐dwelling persons with and without Alzheimer's disease.
    Sanna Torvinen‐Kiiskinen, Anna‐Maija Tolppanen, Marjaana Koponen, Antti Tanskanen, Jari Tiihonen, Sirpa Hartikainen, Heidi Taipale.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 05, 2017
    Objective To study whether antidepressant use is associated with an increased risk of hip fracture among community‐dwelling persons with and without Alzheimer's disease (AD), and to compare the risk according to duration of use and between antidepressant groups. Methods Retrospective cohort study, including 50,491 persons with AD (mean age 80) and 100,982 comparison persons without AD from Finnish register‐based MEDALZ cohort. Antidepressant use was compared with nonuse with Cox proportional hazard models. Incident users were identified with a one year washout period from Prescription register data. Main outcome was hospitalization due to hip fracture. Results During antidepressant use, the age‐adjusted rate of hip fractures per 100 person‐years was 3.01 (95% CI 2.75–3.34) among persons with and 2.28 (1.94–2.61) among persons without AD. Antidepressant use was associated with an increased risk of hip fracture among persons with and without AD (adjusted HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.45–1.80 and 2.71, 2.35–3.14, respectively) compared with nonuse. The risk was most prominent in the beginning of use and was elevated even up to 4 years. The risk was increased with all of the most frequently used antidepressants. Conclusion Antidepressant use is associated with an increased risk of hip fracture among older persons. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 05, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4667   open full text
  • Factors associated with brain volume in major depression in older adults without dementia: results from a large autopsy study.
    Paula Villela Nunes, Claudia Kimie Suemoto, Renata Elaine Paraizo Leite, Renata Eloah de Lucena Ferretti‐Rebustini, Carlos Augusto Pasqualucci, Ricardo Nitrini, Jose Marcelo Farfel, Katia Cristina Oliveira, Lea Tenenholz Grinberg, Nicole Rezende Costa, Camila Fernandes Nascimento, Faraz Salmasi, Helena Kyunghee Kim, Lionel Trevor Young, Wilson Jacob‐Filho, Beny Lafer.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 05, 2017
    Objective We examined brain volume and atrophy in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) without dementia that were referred to a large autopsy service. We also examined potential risk factors for brain atrophy, including demographics and clinical variables. Methods In this study, 1373 participants (787 male) aged 50 years or older who died from natural causes were included. Participants with no reliable informant, with cognitive impairment or dementia, with a medical history of severe chronic disease, or with prolonged agonal state were excluded. Presence of MDD at least once in their lifetime was defined according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM. Brain volume was measured immediately after removal from the skull. Results Mean age at death was 68.6 ± 11.6, and MDD was present in 185 (14%) individuals. Smaller brain volume was associated with older age (p < 0.001), lower education (years; p < 0.001), hypertension (p = 0.001), diabetes (p = 0.006), and female gender (p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis adjusted for sociodemographics and cardiovascular risk factors, smaller brain volume was not associated with major depression (β = −0.86, 95% CI = −26.50 to 24.77, p = 0.95). Conclusions In this large autopsy study of older adults, MDD was not associated with smaller brain volumes. Regardless of the presence of MDD, in this sample of older adults without dementia, we found that smaller brain volumes were associated with risk factors for brain neurodegeneration such as older age, diabetes, hypertension, and lower education. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 05, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4649   open full text
  • Head circumference, leg length and its association with dementia among older adult population in Singapore.
    Sherilyn Chang, Hui Lin Ong, Edimansyah Abdin, Janhavi Ajit Vaingankar, Anitha Jeyagurunathan, Saleha Shafie, Rathi Mahendran, Mythily Subramaniam, Siow Ann Chong.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 04, 2017
    Background Head circumference and leg length serve as reliable proxy indicators of early‐life environment. Research studies have shown that these anthropometric measurements are associated with cognitive impairment and dementia among older adults. The aim of the present study was to assess the associations between dementia with head circumference and leg length among the older adult population in Singapore. This study also aimed to examine the sociodemographic correlates of these anthropometric measurements. Methods Data were collected from 2565 older adults aged 60 years and above, in a population study on the Well‐being of the Singapore Elderly. Head circumference and leg length measurements were obtained, and sociodemographic information was recorded. Dementia diagnosis was made using the 10/66 dementia algorithm. Anthropometric measurements were first stratified into quarters, and then logistic regression analysis was used to examine factors associated with head circumference and leg length, as well as to examine the association between dementia with these measurements. Results Sociodemographic correlates of head circumference and leg length include age, gender, ethnicity and education level. Smaller head circumference was independently associated with higher odds of 10/66 dementia (OR = 2.173–2.709). When the regression analysis was stratified by gender, the association was found only in the male sample. Leg length was not significantly associated with dementia after controlling for sociodemographic variables. Conclusion Smaller head circumference is independently associated with dementia among older adults in Singapore. Findings from this study suggest that risk factors for dementia begin their influence in early life. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 04, 2017   doi: 10.1002/gps.4643   open full text
  • End‐of‐life treatment decisions in nursing home residents dying with dementia in the Netherlands.
    Simone A. Hendriks, Martin Smalbrugge, Luc Deliens, Raymond T. C. M. Koopmans, Bregje D. Onwuteaka‐Philipsen, Cees M. P. M. Hertogh, Jenny T. Steen.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 29, 2016
    Objective The objective was to describe end‐of‐life treatment decisions for patients dying with dementia in various stages of dementia in long‐term care facilities in the Netherlands with elderly care physicians responsible for treatment and care. Methods We present data collected in the nationally representative Dutch End of Life in Dementia study (2007–2011). Within 2 weeks after death, 103 physicians completed questionnaires about the last phase of life in 330 residents with dementia who resided in 1 of 34 participating long‐term care facilities. We used descriptive statistics. Results Advance directives were rare (4.9%). A minority was hospitalized (8.0%) in the last month (mainly for fractures) or received antibiotics (24.2%) in the last week (mainly for pneumonia). Four residents received tube feeding or rehydration therapy in the last week. In almost half of the residents (42.3%), decisions were made not to start potentially life‐prolonging treatment such as hospital transfer and artificial nutrition and hydration. In more than half of the residents (53.7%), decisions were made to withdraw potentially life‐prolonging treatment such as artificial nutrition and hydration and medication. Antibiotics were more frequently prescribed for residents with less advanced dementia, but otherwise there were no differences in treatment decisions between residents with advanced and less advanced dementia. Conclusions Physicians often withhold potentially burdensome life‐prolonging treatment in nursing home residents in all stages of dementia in the Netherlands. This suggests that the physicians feel that a palliative care approach is appropriate at the end of life in dementia in long‐term care. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 29, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4650   open full text
  • Effects of stressful life events on cerebral white matter hyperintensity progression.
    Anne D. Johnson, Douglas R. McQuoid, David C. Steffens, Martha E. Payne, John L. Beyer, Warren D. Taylor.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 28, 2016
    Objective Exposure to stressful events is associated with both occurrence of depression and also vascular disease. The objective of this study was to determine whether higher levels of stress exposure was related to measures of pathological brain aging, specifically white matter hyperintensity volumes, in older adults with and without depression. Methods The sample included 130 depressed and 110 never‐depressed older adults aged 60 years or older enrolled in a longitudinal study at an academic medical center. Participants completed clinical assessments, assessment of stressful event exposure and perceived stress, and magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and after 2 years. Analyses examined both cross‐sectional and longitudinal relationships between stress measures and white matter hyperintensity volumes. Results There were no statistically significant relationships observed between cross‐sectional baseline stress measures and either baseline hyperintensity volume or 2‐year change in hyperintensity volume. However, after controlling for demographic variables and baseline measures, change in stressor exposure was associated with change in hyperintensity volumes. In this analysis, increased stressor exposure was associated with greater increases in white matter hyperintensity volume, while reductions in stressor exposure were associated with less increase in hyperintensity volume. This relationship did not significantly differ based on the presence of either depression or medical comorbidities. Conclusions This work adds to a growing literature associating exposure to stressful events in later life with more rapid pathological brain aging. Work is needed to understand the physiological mechanisms by which stress exposure has this effect and examine whether stress reduction techniques may modify these observed outcomes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 28, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4644   open full text
  • The cost of diagnosis and early support in patients with cognitive decline.
    Mark Pennington, Manuel Gomes, Theti Chrysanthaki, Jolijn Hendriks, Raphael Wittenberg, Martin Knapp, Nick Black, Sarah Smith.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 22, 2016
    Objective Recent research indicates considerable heterogeneity in the provision of memory assessment services (MAS). However, little is known on the extent of variation in the costs of the services MAS provide. We investigated the costs of supporting patients with suspected dementia, including assessment and support over the following 6 months. Methods Clinic costs were estimated on the basis of an organisational survey reporting staff roll, grade and activities. Costs of primary health and social care were estimated from questionnaire data reported by carers of patients at baseline, 3 and 6 months after referral. Results Mean monthly staff costs at MAS were £73 000. Imaging at assessment costs an additional £3500 per month. Monthly clinic cost per new patient assessed varied from £320 to £5400 across clinics. Additional primary health and social care costs of £130–220 a month between baseline and 6 months were reported by carers. Costs of pharmacological and non‐pharmacological treatments reported by carers were small. Informal care costs dwarfed health and social care costs when valued at a modest unit cost. The overall mean cost of supporting a patient for 6 months varied from £1600 to £2500 dependent on assumptions regarding the proportion of MAS intervention and review costs accrued at 6 months. Conclusions There is considerable variation in the intensity and associated costs of services provided by MAS. Further research should ascertain to what extent such variation is associated with differences in patient outcomes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 22, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4641   open full text
  • Quantifying the unmet needs of caregivers of people with dementia: a critical review of the quality of measures.
    Elise Mansfield, Allison W Boyes, Jamie Bryant, Rob Sanson‐Fisher.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 16, 2016
    Objective The array of demanding tasks carried out by caregivers of people with dementia have significant negative impacts on their physical, mental and social well‐being. Needs assessment allows individuals to indicate the extent to which their needs across different areas have or have not been met, allowing for estimations of the prevalence of needs and the extent to which help is required. This approach is extremely valuable in a clinical context, as it enables identification of the areas with which caregivers report a particular desire for help and allows targeting of support and resources to those who identify high levels of unmet needs. This systematic review aimed to critically examine the psychometric properties of measures that assess unmet needs of caregivers of people with dementia. Methods Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and Cochrane electronic databases were searched between January 1990 and August 2015 for English‐language publications describing the development or validation of measures assessing the unmet needs of adult caregivers of people with dementia. The psychometric properties of included measures were assessed against standard criteria for psychometric quality. Results Four measures met the inclusion criteria. Only half of the indices of psychometric quality were tested across measures. Three measures had adequate internal consistency reliability, of which one also showed adequate test–retest reliability. Two measures reported adequate construct validity, while criterion validity was not assessed for any measure. Conclusions There is a clear need to develop a psychometrically rigorous instrument to identify the unmet needs of caregivers of people with dementia. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 16, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4642   open full text
  • Physicians' response to sexual dysfunction presented by a younger vs. An older adult.
    Ateret Gewirtz‐Meydan, Liat Ayalon.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 16, 2016
    Aim The aim of this study is to determine whether physicians have an age bias regarding sexual dysfunction presented by older vs. younger patients in terms of attributed diagnosis, etiology, proposed treatment and perceived prognosis. Method An on‐line survey consisting of one of two, randomly administered, case vignettes, which differed only by the age of the patient (28 or 78). In both cases, the patient was described as suffering from occasional erectile dysfunction with a clear psychosocial indication. A total of 236 physicians responded to the survey. Overall, 110 physicians received an “old” vignette and 126 physicians received a “young” vignette. Results Even though both cases presented with a clear psychosocial etiology, the “older” vignette was more likely to be diagnosed with erectile dysfunction whereas the “younger” vignette was more likely to be diagnosed with performance anxiety. The “older” vignette's dysfunction was more likely to be attributed to hormonal changes, health problems and decreased sexual desire. Physicians were more likely to recommend testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and PDE5 inhibitors (PDE5i; such as Sildenafil; Vardenafil; Tadalafil) as well as a referral to urology to the “older” vignette. In contrast, the “younger” vignette was more often referred to a sexologist and received a more positive prognosis than the older patient. Conclusions This study demonstrates an age bias among physicians regarding sexuality in later life. Of particular note is the tendency to prescribe PDE5i to the older patient, despite the clear psychosocial indication presented in the case vignette. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 16, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4638   open full text
  • Coexisting geriatric anxiety and depressive disorders may increase the risk of ischemic heart disease mortality—a nationwide longitudinal cohort study.
    Wei Hung Chang, I Hui Lee, Wei Tseng Chen, Po See Chen, Yen Kuang Yang, Kao Chin Chen.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 14, 2016
    Objectives In the elderly, the risk of mortality because of physical illnesses related to anxiety disorders varies with potential confounding influences, including comorbidity with depressive disorders. Our study aimed to explore (i) whether anxiety disorders increase the risk of mortality in the elderly, and (ii) whether the risk of mortality mediated by anxiety and depressive disorders differs between physical illnesses. Methods Our longitudinal cohort study included subjects aged over 60 years from the National Health Insurance Research Database. One thousand and eighty‐six subjects with anxiety disorders and 50 554 control subjects without anxiety disorders were included. Propensity score‐matched cohorts were analyzed. Rate ratios (RRs) were calculated for the risk of mortality associated with different physical illnesses with comorbidities of either anxiety disorders only or both anxiety and depressive disorders. Results The risk of mortality in patients with anxiety disorders was significantly higher than controls, and was even higher when subjects had both anxiety and depressive disorder comorbidities. Furthermore, the co‐occurrence of anxiety and depressive disorders increased the risk of mortality in elderly patients with ischemic heart diseases (RR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.14–2.24). Conclusions Coexisting anxiety and depressive disorders could increase the risk of mortality in elderly patients with ischemic heart diseases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 14, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4646   open full text
  • Development of assessment toolkits for improving the diagnosis of the Lewy body dementias: feasibility study within the DIAMOND Lewy study.
    Alan J. Thomas, John Paul Taylor, Ian McKeith, Claire Bamford, David Burn, Louise Allan, John O'Brien.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 08, 2016
    Objective The Lewy body dementias (LBD, dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia) are the second most common cause of neurodegenerative dementia but remain under‐recognised, with long delays from initial assessment to diagnosis. Whilst validated instruments have been developed for key symptoms, there is no brief instrument for overall diagnostic assessment suitable for routine practice. We here report the development of such assessment toolkits. Methods We developed the LBD assessment toolkits in three stages. First, we conducted a systematic search for brief validated assessments for key symptoms and combined these into draft instruments. Second, we obtained feedback on acceptability and feasibility through two rounds of interviews with our patient and public involvement group. This led to modification of the toolkits. Finally, we piloted the toolkits in a feasibility study in routine dementia and Parkinson's disease services to produce final instruments suitable for routine clinical practice. Results Eleven clinicians, working in both dementia/memory assessment and Parkinson's disease/movement disorder services, consented to pilot the assessment toolkits and provide feedback on their feasibility. Clinicians worked in routine health service (not academic) settings and piloted the draft toolkits by integrating them into their regular clinical assessments. Feedback obtained informally, by written comments and through qualitative interviews led to modifications and production of final acceptable versions. Conclusions We were able to address an important need, the under‐diagnosis of LBD, by developing toolkits for improving the recognition and diagnosis of the LBD, which were acceptable to clinicians working in routine dementia and Parkinson's disease services. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 08, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4609   open full text
  • Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: impact on quality of life of carers.
    RA Lawson, AJ Yarnall, F Johnston, GW Duncan, TK Khoo, D Collerton, JP Taylor, DJ Burn,.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 07, 2016
    Background The quality of life (QoL) of informal caregivers of people with Parkinson's disease (PD) (PwP) can be affected by the caring role. Because of cognitive symptoms and diminished activities of daily living, in addition to the management of motor symptoms, carers of PwP and cognitive impairment may experience increased levels of burden and poorer QoL compared with carers of PwP without cognitive impairment. This study aimed to investigate the impact of cognitive impairment in PD upon QoL of carers. Methods Approximately 36 months after diagnosis, 66 dyadic couples of PwP and carers completed assessments. PwP completed a schedule of neuropsychological assessments and QoL measures; carers of PwP completed demographic questionnaires and assessments of QoL. Factor scores of attention, memory/executive function and global cognition, as derived by principal component analysis, were used to evaluate cognitive domains. Results Hierarchical regression analysis found lower Montreal Cognitive Assessment was a significant independent predictor of poorer carer QoL, in addition to number of hours spent caregiving, carer depression and PD motor severity. Attentional deficits accounted for the largest proportion of variance of carer QoL. Carers of PwP and dementia (n = 9) had significantly poorer QoL scores compared with PwP and mild cognitive impairment (n = 18) or normal cognition (n = 39) carers (p < 0.01). Conclusions Attentional deficits were the strongest predictor of carer QoL compared with other cognitive predictors. Carers for those with PD dementia reported the poorest QoL. Interventions such as respite or cognitive behavioural therapy to improve mood and self‐efficacy in carers may improve carer QoL. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 07, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4623   open full text
  • Five short screening tests in the detection of prevalent delirium: diagnostic accuracy and performance in different neurocognitive subgroups.
    NA O'Regan, K Maughan, N Liddy, J Fitzgerald, D Adamis, DW Molloy, D Meagher, S Timmons.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 05, 2016
    Background Delirium is prevalent and serious, yet remains under‐recognised. Systematic screening could improve detection; however, consensus is lacking as to the best approach. Our aim was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of five simple cognitive tests in delirium screening: six‐item cognitive impairment test (6‐CIT), clock‐drawing test, spatial span forwards, months of the year backwards (MOTYB) and intersecting pentagons (IPT). Methods A cross‐sectional study was conducted. Within 36 h of admission, older medical patients were assessed for delirium using the Revised Delirium Rating Scale. They also underwent testing using the five cognitive tests outlined above. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV; NPV) were calculated for each method. Where appropriate, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was also calculated. Results Four hundred seventy patients were included, and 184 had delirium. Of the tests scored on a scale, the 6‐CIT had the highest AUC (0.876), the optimum cut‐off for delirium screening being 8/9 (sensitivity 89.9%, specificity 62.7%, NPV 91.2%, PPV 59.2%). The MOTYB, scored in a binary fashion, also performed well (sensitivity 84.6%, specificity 58.4%, NPV 87.4%, PPV 52.8). On discriminant analysis, 6‐CIT was the only test to discriminate between patients with delirium and those with dementia (without delirium), Wilks' Lambda = 0.748, p < 0.001. Conclusion The 6‐CIT measures attention, temporal orientation and short‐term memory and shows promise as a delirium screening test. This study suggests that it may also have potential in distinguishing the cognitive impairment of delirium from that of dementia in older patients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 05, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4633   open full text
  • Prevalence and severity of behavioural symptoms in patients with Korsakoff syndrome and other alcohol‐related cognitive disorders: a systematic review.
    Ineke J. Gerridzen, Wiltine G. Moerman‐van den Brink, Marja F. Depla, Els M. L. Verschuur, Ruth B. Veenhuizen, Johannes C. Wouden, Cees M. P. M. Hertogh, Karlijn J. Joling.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 05, 2016
    Objective Experiences from clinical practice suggest that behavioural symptoms in patients with Korsakoff syndrome (KS) are a frequent problem. Knowledge about behavioural symptoms is important in understanding and managing these symptoms. The aim of this study is to review the prevalence and severity of behavioural symptoms in KS. Methods Relevant articles were identified by searching Medline (PubMed), PsycINFO, Embase and CINAHL up to 4 June 2014. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted their baseline data and assessed methodological quality using a standardized checklist. Results Fifteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A diversity of diagnoses was used indicating that KS and other alcohol‐related cognitive disorders and terms were used interchangeably. None of the studies were primarily designed to estimate the prevalence or severity of behavioural symptoms in patients with KS. Most studies had serious methodological limitations. The reported prevalence estimates of behavioural symptoms in the included studies varied strongly. Most prevalent were depressive symptoms and disorders (2–50%, median 27%) and agitation and aggression (10–54%, median 27%). None of the reported, mean severity estimates met pathological thresholds. The highest severity estimates were found for apathy. Conclusions Good quality studies on behavioural symptoms in patients with KS are lacking. Observational research designed to provide reliable estimates of the prevalence and severity of behavioural symptoms in patients with KS is needed. This could improve understanding and managing these symptoms and help care staff to better support the needs of this specific patient group. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 05, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4636   open full text
  • Current psychotropic medication prescribing patterns in late‐life bipolar disorder.
    Soham Rej, Nathan Herrmann, Kenneth Shulman, Hadas D. Fischer, Kinwah Fung, Andrea Gruneir.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 02, 2016
    Objective Many patients with bipolar disorder are reaching old age, but whether they are receiving evidence‐based psychotropic treatment remains unclear. Our objective was to describe current psychotropic prescribing patterns in a large Canadian late‐life bipolar sample. Methods Population‐based cross‐sectional study of 1443 bipolar disorder patients aged ≥ 66, discharged from a psychiatric hospitalization in Ontario, Canada from 1 April 2006 to 31 March 2012. We described psychotropic medication prescribing within 30 days post‐discharge. Results Prescription of ≥2 psychotropic medications was highly prevalent (81.5%). The most common medications were atypical antipsychotics (75.3%), benzodiazepines/zopiclone (42.3%), and antidepressants (38.5%), with less frequent use of valproate (35.4%) and lithium (23.4%). Only 1.4% of patients were on lithium monotherapy, while 4.4% and 15.7% of patients were on antidepressant or atypical antipsychotic monotherapy; 8.9% of all patients were using ≥2 atypical antipsychotics. Conclusions In clinical practice, older adults hospitalized with bipolar disorder are often prescribed multiple psychotropic medications upon discharge. In many instances, practices did not reflect bipolar treatment guidelines and may be putting patients at risk for poor physical health and psychiatric outcomes. One such example is the very infrequent use of lithium monotherapy. Future research should examine whether health system‐wide protocolized late‐life bipolar treatment may optimize prescribing to improve effectiveness and safety. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 02, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4635   open full text
  • Physical restraints and associations with neuropsychiatric symptoms and personal characteristics in residential care: a cross‐sectional study.
    Marja Kuronen, Hannu Kautiainen, Pertti Karppi, Sirpa Hartikainen, Hannu Koponen.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 02, 2016
    Background Physical restraints are widely used in residential care. The objective was to investigate restraint use and its associations with neuropsychiatric symptoms and personal characteristics in residential care. Methods Data were collected in the South Savo Hospital District from 66 of 68 public or private institutions providing long‐term residential care. Nurses assessed the use of physical restraints and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) included in the symptom list of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Drug use was obtained from medical records, and activities of daily living (ADL) were assessed by the nurses according to the Barthel Index. Results The total number of persons in residential care was 1386. Any restraint was used for 721 patients (52%) in the preceding 24 h. Bedrails were the most common restraints. In the multivariate analysis, psychotic symptoms (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.14–3.31) and use of benzodiazepines (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.18–2.41) were positively associated with restraint use, whereas antipsychotic (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.44–0.87) and antidepressant drug use (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.45–0.90) and higher ADL score (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.92–0.93) were negatively associated. Concomitant use of at least two restraints was associated with high prevalence of hyperactivity NPS symptoms. Conclusions More than half of the residents were exposed to some physical restraint, most frequently bedrails, within the last 24 h. Psychotic symptoms and benzodiazepine use increased while good ADL and antipsychotic or antidepressant use decreased the risk of restraint use. Bedridden persons were the most frequently restrained which may pose an ethical problem. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 02, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4629   open full text
  • Depression with inflammation: longitudinal analysis of a proposed depressive subtype in community dwelling older adults.
    Damien Gallagher, Alex Kiss, Krista Lanctot, Nathan Herrmann.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 02, 2016
    Objective It has been proposed that inflammation may be causally related to depression. If this is the case, it may be possible to distinguish an inflammatory depressive subtype according to illness course, pattern of co‐morbidity and symptom profile. Methods Eight hundred and eleven community dwelling older adults with depression (8 item Center for Epidemiologic Studies scale ≥ 4) from the English Longitudinal study of Ageing (ELSA) were followed for a median of 47 months. Participants with depression and inflammation (C Reactive Protein > 3 mg/l) were compared to those with depression alone. Results In a longitudinal analysis, depression with associated inflammation was more likely to persist over time. This association was independent of baseline depression severity and medical co‐morbidity (OR 1.47 95% CI 1.03 – 2.10, p = 0.034) but was no longer significant following further adjustment for body mass index (OR 1.37 95% CI 0.94 – 2.01, p = 0.106). Inflammation either partially or completely mediated the association between medical co‐morbidity, body mass index and depression at follow‐up. Depression with inflammation was associated with more amotivation, less sadness, greater medical co‐morbidity and higher body mass index. Conclusions Our findings provide some support for an inflammatory contribution to depression. This subgroup has a worse prognosis and may benefit from interventions targeting co‐morbidity, body mass index and associated inflammation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 02, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4645   open full text
  • The impact and measurement of social dysfunction in late‐life depression: an evaluation of current methods with a focus on wearable technology.
    Sophie Hodgetts, Peter Gallagher, Daniel Stow, I. Nicol Ferrier, John T. O'Brien.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 02, 2016
    Objective Depression is known to negatively impact social functioning, with patients commonly reporting difficulties maintaining social relationships. Moreover, a large body of evidence suggests poor social functioning is not only present in depression but that social functioning is an important factor in illness course and outcome. In addition, good social relationships can play a protective role against the onset of depressive symptoms, particularly in late‐life depression. However, the majority of research in this area has employed self‐report measures of social function. This approach is problematic, as due to their reliance on memory, such measures are prone to error from the neurocognitive impairments of depression, as well as mood‐congruent biases. Method Narrative review based on searches of the Web of Science and PubMed database(s) from the start of the databases, until the end of 2015. Results The present review provides an overview of the literature on social functioning in (late‐life) depression and discusses the potential for new technologies to improve the measurement of social function in depressed older adults. In particular, the use of wearable technology to collect direct, objective measures of social activity, such as physical activity and speech, is considered. Conclusion In order to develop a greater understanding of social functioning in late‐life depression, future research should include the development and validation of more direct, objective measures in conjunction with subjective self‐report measures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 02, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4632   open full text
  • A comparison of the neuropsychological profiles of people living in squalor without hoarding to those living in squalor associated with hoarding.
    Sook Meng Lee, Matthew Lewis, Deborah Leighton, Ben Harris, Brian Long, Stephen Macfarlane.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 02, 2016
    Objective Squalor affects 1 in 1000 older people and is regarded as a secondary condition to other primary disorders such as dementia, intellectual impairment and alcohol abuse. Squalor frequently is associated with hoarding behaviour. We compared the neuropsychological profile of people living in squalor associated with hoarding to those presenting with squalor only. Methods This study is a retrospective case series of hospital inpatient and community healthcare services of 69 people living in squalor (49 from aged care, 16 from aged psychiatry, 3 from acute medical and 1 from a memory clinic). Forty per cent had co‐morbid hoarding behaviours. The main outcomes were neuropsychologists' opinions of domain‐specific cognitive impairment. Results The squalor–hoarding group (M age 75.8, SD = 6.9,) was significantly older (p < 0.05) than the squalor‐only group (M age 69.9 years, SD = 13.1), significantly more likely to have vascular or Alzheimer's type neurodegeneration (p < 0.05) and significantly less likely to have alcohol‐related impairment (p < 0.05). Chi‐square analyses revealed significantly greater rates of impairment for the squalor‐only group (p < 0.05) in visuospatial reasoning, abstraction, planning, organisation, problem solving and mental flexibility, compared with the squalor–hoarding group. Logistic regression analysis indicated that impaired mental flexibility was a significant predictor and strongly indicated squalor only (odds ratio = 0.07; 95% confidence interval: 0.01–0.82). Conclusions Preliminary evidence suggests that squalor associated with hoarding may have distinct neuropsychological features compared against squalor only. Future work should be conducted using a larger sample and a common neuropsychological battery to better understand the deficits associated with hoarding‐related squalor. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 02, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4631   open full text
  • The cost of care homes for people with dementia in England: a modelling approach.
    Renee Romeo, Martin Knapp, Suzanne Salverda, Martin Orrell, Jane Fossey, Clive Ballard.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 02, 2016
    Objectives To examine the cost of care for people with dementia in institutional care settings, to understand the major cost drivers and to highlight opportunities for service development. Methods Data on 277 residents with dementia in 16 UK residential or nursing homes were collected. We estimated care and support costs and fitted models to the data. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted. Results Care home residents cost £792 weekly: 95% of the costs accounted for by direct fees. Hospital contacts contributed the largest proportion of the additional costs. Having an established diagnosis of dementia (b = 0.070; p < 0.05) was associated with higher costs. No association was found between cost and needs (b = −0.002; p = 0.818). Conclusion The absence of an association between cost and needs emphasizes the importance of a more needs‐based costing system which could result in clinical and economic advantages. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
    December 02, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4637   open full text
  • The impact of intensive grandchild care on depressive symptoms among older Koreans.
    Juyeong Kim, Eun‐Cheol Park, Young Choi, Hyojeong Lee, Sang Gyu Lee.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 01, 2016
    Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of intensive grandchild care on depressive symptoms among grandparents. Methods We used data from 2008 to 2012 of the Korea Longitudinal Study of Aging. Using the data from 2008 at baseline, data included 5129 individuals aged 50 years and more without depression with at least one grandchild. A generalized estimating equation was used to investigate the impact of intensive grandchild care on depressive symptoms. Investigated factors included the intensity of grandchild care, measured by hours spent caring for a grandchild per week: (i) none (0 h); (ii) non‐intensive grandchild care (1–39 h); and intensive grandchild care (≥40 h). Depressive symptoms were measured using the 10‐item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. Results Among 5128 participants from 2008 to 2012, 3.0% were providing non‐intensive grandchildren care, and 1.9% were providing intensive grandchild care. Compared with grandparents providing no grandchild care, those who provided intensive grandchild care experienced reduced depressive symptoms (β = −0.51 [p = 0.007] vs. no childcare). Men (β = −1.22 [p = 0.012] vs. no childcare) providing intensive grandchild care experienced a greater reduction in depressive symptoms compared with women (β = −0.44 [p = 0.029] vs. no childcare) providing grandchild care. Grandparents who were receiving financial support from adult children were more likely to experience reduced depressive symptoms than those not receiving such support. Conclusion The results of this study reveal that intensive grandchild care is associated with lower depressive symptoms among older adults, particularly men. The findings emphasize the importance of encouraging older adults to participate in grandchild care, regardless of gender. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 01, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4625   open full text
  • Polymorphisms in cytokine genes influence cognitive and functional performance in a population aged 75 years and above.
    Vanessa G. Fraga, Henrique C. Guimarães, Antônio L. Teixeira, Maira T. Barbosa, Maria G. Carvalho, Paulo Caramelli, Karina B. Gomes.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 28, 2016
    Objective To investigate the frequency of the cytokine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α −308G > A, tumor growth factor (TGF)‐β1 codon +10C > T, TGF‐β1 codon +25G > C, interleukin (IL)‐10 −1082A > G, IL‐10 −819C > T, IL‐10 −592C > A, IL‐6 −174G > C, and IFN‐γ +874T > A in a sample of healthy and cognitively impaired elderlies and to verify the probable association between these SNPs and cognitive and functional performance of subjects aged 75 years and above. Methods 259 Brazilian subjects were included, comprising 81 with cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND) and 54 demented seniors (together made up the cognitively impaired group, CI) and 124 age‐matched and gender‐matched cognitively healthy controls (CHS). The genotyping was performed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The cognitive performance was evaluated by Mini‐Mental State Examination Brief Cognitive Screening Battery. The functional performance was accessed by Functional Activities Questionnaire. Results The CClower genotype of TGF‐β1 codon +25G > C was frequent in both patient groups. The TThigher genotype of INF‐γ +874T > A was less frequent in the dementia group. IL‐10 haplotypes of lower expression were more frequent among CIND and demented patients. In CI, individuals with genetic variants that produce higher expression of TGF‐β1, INF‐γ, and IL‐10 showed better normalized cognitive performance. Additionally, the Alower allele of INF‐γ +874T > A was related to worse functional performance in CI, while the Alower allele of TNF‐α −308G > A was associated with better cognitive and functional scores in the CIND group. Conclusions Our findings suggest a potential role for certain cytokine SNPs in the development of CIND and dementia, which may influence the functional and cognitive performance of these patients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 28, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4627   open full text
  • Sex‐dependent independent prediction of incident diabetes by depressive symptoms.
    Tuğba Akbaş‐Şimşek, Altan Onat, Adnan Kaya, Eyyup Tusun, Hüsniye Yüksel, Günay Can.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 28, 2016
    Objective To study the predictive value of depressive symptoms (DeprSs) in a general population of Turkey for type 2 diabetes. Methods Responses to three questions served to assess the sense of depression. Cox regression analyses were used regarding risk estimates for incident diabetes, after exclusion of prevalent cases of diabetes. Mean follow‐up consisted of 5.15 (±1.4) years. Results Depressive symptoms were present at baseline in 16.2% of the whole study sample, threefold in women than men. Reduced physical activity grade was the only significant covariate at baseline in men, while younger age and lower blood pressure were significantly different in women compared with those without DeprS. In men, presence of DeprS predicted incident diabetes at a significant 2.58‐fold relative risk (95% confidence interval 1.03; 6.44), after adjustment for age, systolic blood pressure, and antidepressant drug usage. When further covariates were added, waist circumference remained the only significant predictor, while DepS was attenuated to a relative risk of 2.12 (95% confidence interval 0.83; 5.40). DeprS was not associated with diabetes in women, whereas antidepressant drug usage only tended to be positively associated. Conclusion Gender difference existed in the relationship between DeprS and incident diabetes. DeprS predicted subsequent development of diabetes in men alone, not in women. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 28, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4630   open full text
  • Depressive symptoms, prediabetes, and incident diabetes in older English adults.
    Eva Graham, Bonnie Au, Norbert Schmitz.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 28, 2016
    Objective The objective of this study was to assess the risk of diabetes in older adults with elevated depressive symptoms, prediabetes, or both. Method This study included 4129 participants from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Participants were followed from Wave 2 (2004–2005) to Wave 6 (2012–2013). The 8‐item Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) scale was used to measure depressive symptoms in the past week, which were categorized as no/low, mild, or high. Normal glucose levels and prediabetes were defined using baseline haemoglobin A1c measurements. Incident diagnosed diabetes was reported by participants. Cox regression estimated hazard ratios of incident diabetes associated with depressive symptoms and prediabetes. Results A total of 157 participants were diagnosed with diabetes over a mean of 6.7 years. Relative to participants with normal glucose levels and no/low depressive symptoms at baseline, the adjusted hazard ratios were 0.85 (95% CI 0.40–1.82) and 1.62 (95% CI 0.84–3.15) for those with normal glucose levels and mild depressive symptoms and normal glucose levels and high depressive symptoms. The adjusted hazard ratios for participants with prediabetes and no/low depressive symptoms, mild depressive symptoms, and high depressive symptoms were 4.84 (95% CI 3.08–7.60), 7.17 (95% CI 4.00–12.88), and 7.77 (95% CI 4.33–13.93), respectively. Conclusions Older adults with elevated depressive symptoms and prediabetes have an increased risk of diabetes compared to those with only one of these risk factors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 28, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4634   open full text
  • The prevalence of depressive symptoms among older patients with hypertension in rural China.
    Jiang Xue, Shulin Chen, Hillary R. Bogner, Wan Tang, Lydia Li, Yeates Conwell.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 28, 2016
    Objective The comorbidity of depression and hypertension (HTN) is common and complicates the management of both conditions. This study investigated the prevalence of depressive symptoms among older patients with HTN in rural China and explored the relationship between the two conditions. Methods The baseline data of older patients diagnosed with HTN included in the depression/HTN in Chinese Older Adults—Collaborations for Health Study were used for the analysis. The Chinese Older Adults—Collaborations for Health Study was conducted in rural villages of Tonglu County, Zhejiang Province, China. In all, 10 389 older village residents had HTN (57.2% female, mean age 71.5 ± 8.1 years). Blood pressure was measured by using a calibrated manual sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Depressive symptom was measured by using the Chinese version of the nine‐item Patient Health Questionnaire. Results Among 10 389 patients with HTN, 12.8% had significant depressive symptoms (nine‐item Patient Health Questionnaire ≥ 10). Rates of significant depressive symptoms were 5.3% and 32.8% among patients with controlled and uncontrolled HTN (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90), respectively (χ2 = 8.701, p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that those in older age group (≥70 years) and with uncontrolled HTN have higher rates of significant depressive symptoms than those who are younger (age 60 to <70) and with controlled HTN. Conclusion Our findings show high rates of depressive symptoms among patients with HTN in rural China and higher rates of depressive symptoms among patients with uncontrolled HTN. These support the development and dissemination of integrative care approaches for older adults with HTN and depression in rural China. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 28, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4628   open full text
  • Cost effectiveness of using cognitive screening tests for detecting dementia and mild cognitive impairment in primary care.
    Thaison Tong, Praveen Thokala, Brian McMillan, Rob Ghosh, John Brazier.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 22, 2016
    Introduction We estimated the cost effectiveness of different cognitive screening tests for use by General Practitioners (GPs) to detect cognitive impairment in England. Methods A patient‐level cost‐effectiveness model was developed using a simulated cohort that represents the elderly population in England (65 years and older). Each patient was followed over a lifetime period. Data from published sources were used to populate the model. The costs include government funded health and social care, private social care and informal care. Patient health benefit was measured and valued in Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs). Results Base‐case analyses found that adopting any of the three cognitive tests (Mini‐Mental State Examination, 6‐Item Cognitive Impairment Test or GPCOG (General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition)) delivered more QALYs for patients over their lifetime and made savings across sectors including healthcare, social care and informal care compared with GP unassisted judgement. The benefits were due to early access to medications. Among the three cognitive tests, adopting the GPCOG was considered the most cost‐effective option with the highest Incremental Net Benefit (INB) at the threshold of £30 000 per QALY from both the National Health Service and Personal Social Service (NHS PSS) perspective (£195 034 per 1000 patients) and the broader perspective that includes private social care and informal care (£196 251 per 1000 patients). Uncertainty was assessed in both deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Conclusions Our analyses indicate that the use of any of the three cognitive tests could be considered a cost‐effective strategy compared with GP unassisted judgement. The most cost‐effective option in the base‐case was the GPCOG. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 22, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4626   open full text
  • Quality of care for people with dementia and professional caregivers' perspectives regarding palliative care in Japanese community care settings.
    Miharu Nakanishi, Kayo Hirooka, Yuko Morimoto, Atsushi Nishida.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 17, 2016
    Objective Palliative care for dementia includes psychosocial interventions as first‐line treatment for challenging behaviour. However, the national dementia plan in Japan contradicts recommendations for palliative care for dementia. This study aimed to examine the association between care quality for patients with dementia and professional caregivers' perspectives regarding palliative care for dementia in Japanese community care settings. Methods In total, 2116 professional caregivers from 329 agencies (217 in‐home long‐term care support providers; 29 small‐scale, multiple home‐care providers; and 83 group homes) in Tokyo prefecture, Japan, completed cross‐sectional, paper‐based questionnaires about 3603 people diagnosed with dementia, in May 2016. Quality of care measures included physical restraint and antipsychotic medication use and quality of life. Patients' quality of life was assessed via the Japanese version of the Alzheimer's Disease Health‐related Quality of Life scale. The Japanese version of the Questionnaire on Palliative Care for Advanced Dementia was used to assess professional caregivers' knowledge and attitudes regarding palliative care for dementia. Results Professional caregivers' knowledge and attitudes regarding palliative care for dementia were positively associated with quality of life in patients with dementia. Physical restraint and antipsychotic medication were used regardless of professional caregivers' knowledge and attitudes. Conclusions Professional caregivers' perspectives regarding palliative care for dementia could have exerted a positive effect on quality of life in patients with dementia. A national strategy for advocacy and the protection of adults is required to integrate several laws and guidelines and prevent the use of antipsychotics as a form of chemical restraint. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 17, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4620   open full text
  • Death wishes among older people assessed for home support and long‐term aged residential care.
    Gary Cheung, Siobhan Edwards, Frederick Sundram.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 17, 2016
    Objective Death wishes in older people are common and may progress to suicidal ideation and attempts. This study used routinely collected data from the interRAI Home Care assessment to examine the prevalence and clinical predictors of death wishes in older New Zealanders assessed for home support and long‐term aged residential care. Methods Data were collected from 35 734 people aged over 65 during 2012–2014. Chi‐squared analyses were used to determine significant relationships between the presence of death wishes and demographic factors, health and functional status, and emotional and psychosocial well‐being. A three‐step hierarchical logistic regression model was used to determine the predictive variables of death wishes, and odds ratios were calculated. Results Death wishes were present in 9.5% of the sample. The following factors were significantly associated with death wishes: physical health (poor self‐reported health, recurrent falls, severe fatigue and inadequate pain control), psychological factors (depression, major stressors and anxiety), social factors (loneliness and decline in social activities) and impaired cognition. Depression (odds ratio = 2.54, 95% confidence interval = 2.29–2.81), loneliness (odds ratio = 2.40, 95% confidence interval = 2.20–2.63) and poor self‐reported health (odds ratio = 2.34, 95% confidence interval = 1.78–3.07) had the greatest odds ratios in the full model. Conclusions Clinically significant depression alone cannot fully account for the development of death wishes in the elderly, and several factors are independently associated with death wishes. This knowledge can help clinicians caring for older persons to identify people who are most at risk of developing death wishes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 17, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4624   open full text
  • A meta‐analysis of third wave mindfulness‐based cognitive behavioral therapies for older people.
    Naoko Kishita, Yuko Takei, Ian Stewart.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 11, 2016
    Objectives The aim of this study is to review the effectiveness of third wave mindfulness‐based cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) for depressive or anxiety symptomatology in older adults across a wide range of physical and psychological conditions. Methods Electronic literature databases were searched for articles, and random‐effects meta‐analysis was conducted. Results Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, of which nine reported the efficacy of interventions on depressive symptoms and seven on anxiety symptoms. Effect‐size estimates suggested that mindfulness‐based CBT is moderately effective on depressive symptoms in older adults (g = 0.55). The results demonstrated a similar level of overall effect size for anxiety symptoms (g = 0.58). However, there was a large heterogeneity, and publication bias was evident in studies reporting outcomes on anxiety symptoms, and thus, this observed efficacy for late‐life anxiety may not be robust. The quality of the included studies varied. Only one study used an active psychological control condition. There were a limited number of studies that used an intent‐to‐treat (last observation carried forward method) analysis and reported appropriate methods for clinical trials (e.g., treatment‐integrity reporting). Conclusions Third wave mindfulness‐based CBT may be robust in particular for depressive symptoms in older adults. We recommend that future studies (i) conduct randomized controlled trials with intent‐to‐treat to compare mindfulness‐based CBT with other types of psychotherapy in older people and (ii) improve study quality by using appropriate methods for checking treatment adherence, randomization, and blinding of assessors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 11, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4621   open full text
  • Patterns of late‐life depressive symptoms and subsequent declines in cognitive domains.
    J. Cai Gillis, Shun‐Chiao Chang, Elizabeth E. Devore, Bernard A. Rosner, Francine Grodstein, Olivia I. Okereke.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 07, 2016
    Background Depression frequently co‐occurs with cognitive decline, but the nature of this association is unclear. We examined relations of late‐life depressive symptom patterns to subsequent domain‐specific cognitive changes. Methods Depressive symptoms were measured at up to 3 timepoints among 11,675 Nurses' Health Study participants prior to cognitive testing. Depressive symptom patterns were categorized as non‐depressed, variable or persistent, based on published severity cutpoints. Outcomes were global, verbal, and executive function‐attention composite scores. Results Participants with persistent depressive symptoms had worse executive function‐attention decline compared with non‐depressed participants (multivariable‐adjusted mean difference = −0.03 units/year, 95% CI: −0.05, −0.01; p = 0.003); this difference was comparable with 8 years of aging. However, being in the persistent versus non‐depressed group was not significantly related to verbal (p = 0.71) or global score (p = 0.09) decline. By contrast, compared with the non‐depressed group, those with variable depressive symptoms had worse verbal memory decline (multivariable‐adjusted mean difference = −0.01 units/year, 95% CI: −0.02, −0.002; p = 0.03); this group showed no differences for global or executive function‐attention decline. Conclusions A variable pattern of depressive symptom severity related to subsequent decline in verbal memory, while a persistent pattern related to decline in executive function‐attention. Findings could signal differences in underlying neuropathologic processes among persons with differing depression patterns and late‐life cognitive decline. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 07, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4618   open full text
  • A transcultural cognitive marker of Alzheimer's Disease.
    Sergio Della Sala, Irina Kozlova, Andreea Stamate, Mario A. Parra.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 02, 2016
    Objective Temporary binding (TB) is sensitive and specific to Alzheimer's Disease (AD), is not affected by age, repeated testing or level of education. Hence, TB is useful to assess patients with very different socio‐cultural backgrounds. However, the current computerised version of the test is not suitable for use in clinical settings. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a clinically friendly version of the TB task results in overlapping outcomes compared to the computerised version. Methods A newly devised Flash‐card version of the TB assesses temporary visual binding for arrays of stimuli such as shapes (polygons), colours, or combinations of shapes and colours. In Experiment 1, this version was compared with the laboratory computerised version. In Experiment 2, 33 AD patients and 33 matched controls, recruited from various geriatric centres in Romania, were assessed with the new TB test and with Free and Cued Selective Reminding test. Results The results with the Flash‐card version of the TB test were comparable to those obtained with the computerised version. TB was not affected by age, but it was impaired by AD. The sensitivity and specificity of the new TB test were found to be greater than those achieved by a Selective Reminding test. Conclusions TB deficits may be conceived as a fundamental marker of AD. The Flash‐card version is suitable for clinical use also in primary care facilities and in intervention trials, requires minimal training for administration and scoring, is quick to administer, non‐invasive, inexpensive, and facilitates cross‐cultural studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 02, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4610   open full text
  • Association between depression and resilience in older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.
    Maria Priscila Wermelinger Ávila, Alessandra Lamas Granero Lucchetti, Giancarlo Lucchetti.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 02, 2016
    Objective The objective of this study is to determine whether resilience is associated with depressive symptoms in geriatric populations. Method A systematic review and meta‐analysis were performed (up to March 2015) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analysis recommendations on three databases (PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science) with no language restrictions, using a Boolean expression. For inclusion in the study, articles had to assess the older population (60 years or older), assess both depressive and resilience symptoms, and investigate the association between these two variables. Articles not employing validated resilience and depression scales or assessing populations younger than 60 years were excluded. The quality of the selected studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Results A total of 1094 articles were retrieved from the three databases, 367 of which were duplicates and therefore excluded, giving 727 articles for analysis. Of these articles, seven met the eligibility criteria. All of the included articles were observational and cross‐sectional, found an inverse relationship between depression and resilience, and were conducted in three countries: the USA, China, and Belgium. A moderate inverse correlation was found on the meta‐analysis (r = −0.35, 95% confidence interval: −0.41 to −0.28). Conclusion Few studies were found on this subject in the older population. An association between greater resilience and less depressive symptomatology was identified, albeit based on cross‐sectional studies. These results highlight the need for further studies in the area and the importance of fostering the use of interventions to promote resilience in older adults as a means of preventing and managing depressive symptoms in this population. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 02, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4619   open full text
  • Moderating risk of Alzheimer's disease through the use of anxiolytic agents.
    Shanna L. Burke, Janice O'Driscoll, Amary Alcide, Tan Li.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 02, 2016
    Objectives Anxiety diagnoses occur in 17.1% in people age 65 years and older. Individuals with anxiety may be at a higher risk of the development of probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous literature has suggested that anxiolytic medications may exacerbate the risk of AD development. This study explored anxiolytic medication as a potential moderator of AD risk in older adults. Methods A secondary data analysis of the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set was undertaken, analyzing observations from 12,083 participants with normal cognition at the first visit. Survival analysis was utilized to examine if anxiolytic medication use by those with anxiety and/or APOE ɛ4 moderates the hazard of AD and/or MCI development. Results The hazard of probable AD (HR = 3.50, [2.77 – 4.44], p < .0001) or MCI (HR = 2.13, [1.85–2.44], p < .0001) development was statistically significant for those with anxiety. This hazard was no longer statistically significant when specific anxiolytics were used. ɛ4 carriers experienced a statistically significant hazard of AD (HR = 1.92, [1.52–2.41], p < .001) and MCI (HR = 1.17, [1.04–1.32], p < .05) development. This effect was moderated by the use of anxiolytics. Discussion The results of this study suggest that anxiolytics may moderate the effect of anxiety on MCI and AD development, specifically indicating a neutralized hazard for those with ɛ4 carriers with anxiety. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 02, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4614   open full text
  • Predictors of suicidal ideation in Korean American older adults: analysis of the Memory and Aging Study of Koreans (MASK).
    Peter J. Na, Kim B. Kim, Su Yeon Lee‐Tauler, Hae‐Ra Han, Miyong T. Kim, Hochang B. Lee.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 25, 2016
    Objective Our aim is to investigate the prevalence and predictors of suicidal ideation among Korean American older adults and assess the self‐rated mental health of Korean American older adults with suicidal ideation with or without depressive syndrome. Methods The Memory and Aging Study of Koreans is a cross‐sectional, epidemiologic study of a community‐representative sample of Korean American older adults (N = 1116) residing in the Baltimore–Washington area. Participants were interviewed using the Korean version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9K). In addition, demographic information, self‐rated mental health, and self‐rated physical health status were obtained. Results In this study, 14.7% of Korean American older adults reported suicidal ideation. Predictors of suicidal ideation included living alone, major or minor depressive syndrome (diagnosed by the PHQ‐9K), shorter duration of residency in the USA, and poorer self‐rated mental health status. Of those who reported suicidal ideation, 64% did not have minor or major depressive syndrome. However, their self‐rated mental health was as poor as that of those with major or minor depressive syndrome but without suicidal ideation. Conclusion Suicidal ideation without depressive syndromes was common among Korean American older adults. For this group of elders with poor self‐rated mental health, future studies should look to improving early detection of suicide risks and developing feasible suicide prevention interventions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 25, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4608   open full text
  • Validating the 4A's test in screening for delirium in a culturally diverse geriatric inpatient population.
    Jayita De, Anne P.F. Wand, Peter I. Smerdely, Glenn E. Hunt.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 20, 2016
    Objective To measure the diagnostic accuracy of the 4A's test in screening for delirium in geriatric inpatients from culturally diverse backgrounds. Methods A prospective study was conducted with patients admitted to the geriatric and orthogeriatric services of a tertiary teaching hospital. Consenting participants aged 65 years and over were screened for delirium with the 4AT by nursing staff within 72 h of admission. The diagnosis of delirium was made separately by expert assessors, responsible for the participant's clinical care, blinded to the 4AT score, within 30 min of the 4AT assessment using the DSM 5 criteria and the Confusion Assessment Method. Interpreters were used for non‐English speaking patients. The Informant Questionnaire for Cognitive Decline in the Elderly was completed by a carer/relative to assess for probable dementia. Results A total of 257 participants (mean age 85) were recruited over five months. Delirium was diagnosed in 159 (62%) by the expert assessors and 158 (62%) by the 4AT assessment. A total of 205 participants (80% of total population) had probable dementia. The sensitivity and specificity of the 4AT were 87% and 80%, respectively, in detecting delirium overall, 86% and 71% in people with probable dementia and 91% and 71% for non‐English speaking participants. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for delirium in the whole population was 0.92, 0.89 in the probable dementia subgroup and 0.90 in non‐English speaking participants. Conclusions The 4AT is a sensitive and specific screening tool for delirium in geriatric inpatients, including those with probable dementia or who are non‐English speaking. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 20, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4615   open full text
  • Positive affect and cognitive decline: a 12‐year follow‐up of the Maastricht Aging Study.
    Lotte Berk, Martin Boxtel, Sebastian Köhler, Jim Os.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 17, 2016
    Objective In cross‐sectional studies, positive affect (PA) has been associated with higher levels of cognitive functioning. This study examined whether positive affect (PA) is associated with change in cognitive function over 12 years in an adult population sample. Methods Participants (n = 258), aged 40 to 82 years, were drawn from a subsample of the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS) and assessed at baseline, 6 years and 12 years. PA was measured at baseline with a Dutch translation of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). PA scores and associations with cognitive decline were tested in random‐effects models. Results Controlling for demographics and depressive symptoms, there was no significant association with PA scores and decline in memory (χ2 = 1.52; df = 2; P = 0.47), executive functions (χ2 = 0.99; df = 2; P = 0.61), and information processing speed (χ2 = 0.52; df = 2; P = 0.77) at 6‐ and 12‐year follow‐up. Conclusions PA did not predict cognitive change over time. These findings question the extent of protective effects of PA on cognitive aging in adulthood, and are discussed in terms of age range and types of measures used for PA and cognition.
    October 17, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4611   open full text
  • The correlates of anxiety among older adults in nursing homes and other residential aged care facilities: a systematic review.
    Alexandra S. Creighton, Tanya E. Davison, David W. Kissane.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 17, 2016
    Objective To synthesize and summarize the studies examining the correlates and predictors of anxiety in older adults living in residential aged care. Methods Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, five electronic databases were searched using key terms and subject headings, as well as reference lists of relevant papers. The search was limited to peer‐reviewed literature published in English. Eligible studies examined the association between at least one correlate/factor and anxiety disorders or symptoms in aged care residents aged 50+ years. Results A total of 3741 articles were identified, of which 34 studies (with a total of 1 543 554 participants) were included in this review. Correlates associated with anxiety included pain, use of anti‐depressants/lithium, depression, and lower perceived quality of life. Less consistent and/or less studied variables included younger age, female gender, higher educational level, functional dependence, subjective health status, more prescribed medications, impaired vision, insomnia, external locus of control, fear of falling, attachment, hope, meaning in life, and the influence of social, environmental, and staff/policy correlates. Conclusions While several variables were found to have strong associations with anxiety in aged care residents, a number of factors have been examined by only one or two studies. Further research (preferably prospective studies) is therefore needed to reliably confirm findings and to help plan and develop preventative and intervention strategies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 17, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4604   open full text
  • Cost‐effectiveness of donepezil and memantine in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (the DOMINO‐AD trial).
    Martin Knapp, Derek King, Renée Romeo, Jessica Adams, Ashley Baldwin, Clive Ballard, Sube Banerjee, Robert Barber, Peter Bentham, Richard G Brown, Alistair Burns, Tom Dening, David Findlay, Clive Holmes, Tony Johnson, Robert Jones, Cornelius Katona, James Lindesay, Ajay Macharouthu, Ian McKeith, Rupert McShane, John T O'Brien, Patrick P J Phillips, Bart Sheehan, Robert Howard.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 13, 2016
    Objective Most investigations of pharmacotherapy for treating Alzheimer's disease focus on patients with mild‐to‐moderate symptoms, with little evidence to guide clinical decisions when symptoms become severe. We examined whether continuing donepezil, or commencing memantine, is cost‐effective for community‐dwelling, moderate‐to‐severe Alzheimer's disease patients. Methods Cost‐effectiveness analysis was based on a 52‐week, multicentre, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, factorial clinical trial. A total of 295 community‐dwelling patients with moderate/severe Alzheimer's disease, already treated with donepezil, were randomised to: (i) continue donepezil; (ii) discontinue donepezil; (iii) discontinue donepezil and start memantine; or (iv) continue donepezil and start memantine. Results Continuing donepezil for 52 weeks was more cost‐effective than discontinuation, considering cognition, activities of daily living and health‐related quality of life. Starting memantine was more cost‐effective than donepezil discontinuation. Donepezil–memantine combined is not more cost‐effective than donepezil alone. Conclusions Robust evidence is now available to inform clinical decisions and commissioning strategies so as to improve patients' lives whilst making efficient use of available resources. Clinical guidelines for treating moderate/severe Alzheimer's disease, such as those issued by NICE in England and Wales, should be revisited. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
    October 13, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4583   open full text
  • Literature review and meta‐analysis of risk factors for delayed post‐traumatic stress disorder in older adults after a fall.
    Frédéric Bloch.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 10, 2016
    Objective To test the hypothesis that post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can appear after a fall and try to identify predictive factors for its development in older fallers. Methods Systematic literature review and meta‐analyses of studies on PTSD post fall in older subjects. Results One hundred seventy‐seven indexed articles were identified, of which three had complete data on PTSD post fall in older subjects. Only the odds ratio of the association between history of fall and occurrence of PTSD was significant (odds ratio = 2.79 (95% CI, 1.03–7.53). Conclusion The trend in our results, even though limited, reveals two groups of subjects: frail subjects that are at risk of developing PTSD and subjects who seem to be resistant to its development. A clear description of these two groups may help us identify the population at risk for delayed PTSD who could then benefit from dedicated treatment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 10, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4603   open full text
  • How do we enhance undergraduate healthcare education in dementia? A review of the role of innovative approaches and development of the Time for Dementia Programme.
    Sube Banerjee, Nicolas Farina, Stephanie Daley, Wendy Grosvenor, Leila Hughes, Molly Hebditch, Sophie Mackrell, Ramin Nilforooshan, Chris Wyatt, Kay Vries, Inam Haq, Juliet Wright.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 10, 2016
    Objectives Traditional healthcare education, delivered through a series of time‐limited clinical placements, often fails to deliver an understanding of the experiences of those with long‐term conditions, a growing issue for healthcare systems. Responses include longitudinal integrated clerkships and senior mentor programmes allowing students' longer placements, continuity of contact and opportunities to learn about chronic illness and patient experience. We review their development and delivery in dementia and present the Time for Dementia (TFD) Programme, a novel 2‐year interdisciplinary educational programme. Design The study design involves a scoping review of enhanced placements in dementia for healthcare professionals in training including longitudinal integrated clerkships and senior mentor programmes and a case study of the development of TFD and its evaluation. Results Eight enhanced programmes in dementia were identified and seven in the USA. None were compulsory and all lasted 12 months. All reported positive impact from case study designs but data quality was weak. Building on these, TFD was developed in partnership between the Alzheimer's Society, universities and NHS and made a core part of the curriculum for medical, nursing and paramedic students. Students visit a person with dementia and their family in pairs for 2 h every 3 months for 2 years. They follow a semi‐structured interaction guide focusing on experiences of illness and services and complete reflective appraisals. Conclusions We need interprofessional undergraduate healthcare education that enables future healthcare professionals to be able to understand and manage the people with the long‐term conditions who current systems often fail. TFD is designed to help address this need. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
    October 10, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4602   open full text
  • Psychosocial or clinico‐demographic factors related to neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease needing interventional treatment: analysis of the CATIE‐AD study.
    Tomoyuki Nagata, Shinichiro Nakajima, Shunichiro Shinagawa, Eric Plitman, Ariel Graff‐Guerrero, Masaru Mimura, Kazuhiko Nakayama.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 07, 2016
    Objective This study sought to determine psychosocial and clinico‐demographic factors related to each symptomatic cluster (i.e., aggressiveness, psychosis, apathy/eating problems, and emotion/disinhibition) of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) needing interventional treatment against their agitation or psychotic symptoms. These clusters were classified from 12 Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) subscores in our previous study using the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness—Alzheimer's Disease (CATIE‐AD) dataset. Methods Based on clinical data from 421 AD outpatients with agitation or psychotic symptoms needed interventional treatment enrolled in the CATIE‐AD, we conducted logistic regression analyses to examine the relationships between each symptomatic cluster and three psychosocial (marital status, residence, and caregivers' burden) and nine clinico‐demographic (age, gender, education year, general cognition, activity of daily living [ADL], general medical health, race, and intake of anti‐dementia drugs or psychotropics) factors. Results While no factor contributed to aggressiveness, psychosis was associated with several clinico‐demographic factors: female gender, non‐Caucasian race, and lower cognitive function. Apathy/eating problems was associated with more severe caregiver burden, living in one's own home, lower ADL level, and male gender, while emotion/disinhibition was predicted by more severe caregiver burden, lower education level, not‐married status, and younger age. Conclusions Among the four NPS clusters, apathy/eating problems and emotion/disinhibition were associated with psychosocial as well as clinico‐demographic factors in AD patients with psychotic symptoms or agitation needed interventional treatment.
    October 07, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4607   open full text
  • A pilot study of potential brain donor satisfaction and attitudes towards telephone assessment.
    Helen Costello, Gillian M. Hayes, Elizabeth Highton‐Williamson, Shirley Nurock, Dave Hanbury, Paul T. Francis.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 07, 2016
    Objective Test the feasibility of assessing cognition, psychiatric symptoms and daily living skills of potential brain donors by telephone and compare satisfaction and attitudes across telephone and face‐to‐face assessment. Method Data were collected from 108 healthy participants from the Brains for Dementia Research cohort. Purposive sampling was used to assess feasibility and a randomised control trial design compared satisfaction and attitudes towards telephone and face‐to‐face assessment. Non‐parametric tests were conducted to compare groups, and logistic regression was performed to assess the relationship between satisfaction and participant characteristics. Results Of the 80 participants offered telephone assessment, 67 (83.8%) agreed, 2 (2.5%) had a significant hearing impairment, 4 (5.0%) had potential memory problems and 7 (8.7%) declined. On average, telephone assessments lasted 38 min and duration was negatively associated with Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status‐Modified scores (p = 0.001) and positively associated with age (p = 0.040), Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores (p = 0.019), Geriatric Depression Scale (p = 0.035) and Global Deterioration Scale (p = 0.022). Satisfaction was high in respect to organisational and personal aspects; ratings did not differ significantly across telephone and face‐to‐face assessment groups and were not related to socio‐demographic characteristics. Participants undergoing telephone assessment were significantly more likely to hold positive attitudes towards this mode of assessment. Conclusions Telephone assessment is feasible, time‐efficient and acceptable to healthy, potential brain donors. When used with other assessment modes and within the context of established contact, telephone assessment offers greater flexibility to researchers and participants and represents an effective mechanism for overcoming the challenges of growing, ageing cohorts and uncertain resources. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 07, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4605   open full text
  • Personality and behavioural changes do not precede memory problems as possible signs of dementia in ageing people with Down syndrome.
    J. B. Blok, J. G. M. Scheirs, N. S. Thijm.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 04, 2016
    Objective The objective was to find out whether changes in personality and adaptive functioning or memory processes decline first in ageing people with Down syndrome. Methods We measured these variables cross‐sectionally in a Dutch sample (22 to 62 years of age) of 68 institutionalised people with Down syndrome. Results The scores on all the variables except one of the temperament scales were found to decline gradually with increasing age, but deterioration of episodic memory started earlier. Conclusions We argued that a subset of our sample suffered from dementia. Furthermore, the data suggested that immediate memory impairment is one of the earliest signs of the disease in people with Down syndrome, just as it is in the general population. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 04, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4606   open full text
  • Genetic association between RAGE polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body dementias in a Japanese cohort: a case–control study.
    Yoshihide Takeshita, Nobuto Shibata, Koji Kasanuki, Tomoyuki Nagata, Shunichiro Shinagawa, Nobuyuki Kobayashi, Tohru Ohnuma, Ayako Suzuki, Eri Kawai, Toshiki Takayama, Kenya Nishioka, Yumiko Motoi, Nobutaka Hattori, Kazuhiko Nakayama, Hisashi Yamada, Heii Arai.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 04, 2016
    Background/Aims Interaction of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) with amyloid‐β increases amplification of oxidative stress and plays pathological roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Oxidative stress leads to α‐synuclein aggregation and is also a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of Lewy body dementias (LBDs). Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether RAGE gene polymorphisms were associated with AD and LBDs. Methods Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)—rs1800624, rs1800625, rs184003, and rs2070600—of the gene were analyzed using a case–control study design comprising 288 AD patients, 76 LBDs patients, and 105 age‐matched controls. Results Linkage disequilibrium (LD) examination showed strong LD from rs1800624 to rs2070600 on the gene (1.1 kb) in our cases in Japan. Rs184003 was associated with an increased risk of AD. Although there were no statistical associations for the other three SNPs, haplotypic analyses detected genetic associations between AD and the RAGE gene. Although relatively few cases were studied, results from the SNPs showed that they did not modify the risk of developing LBDs in the Japanese population. Conclusion Our findings suggested that polymorphisms in the RAGE gene are involved in genetic susceptibility to AD. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 04, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4600   open full text
  • Management of older adults with dementia who present to emergency services with neuropsychiatric symptoms.
    Ryan M. Silwanowicz, Donovan T. Maust, Lisa S. Seyfried, Claire Chiang, Claire Stano, Helen C. Kales.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 04, 2016
    Objective Our aim is to evaluate if and how neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) of dementia influence the management and disposition of older adults who present to emergency care settings. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study that involved the medical and psychiatric emergency departments of a tertiary academic medical center. Participants included patients ≥65 years of age with dementia who presented between 1 February 2012 and 16 July 2014 (n = 347). Subjects with documented NPS (n = 78) were compared with a group of subjects without documented NPS (n = 78) randomly selected from the overall group with dementia. The groups with and without NPS were compared on demographic, clinical, management, and disposition characteristics. Results Patients with NPS were more likely to have additional diagnostic testing performed and receive psychotropic medications including benzodiazepines and antipsychotics. Significantly fewer patients with NPS (59.0%) returned to their original setting from the emergency department than patients without NPS (76.9%). Among patients with NPS, those who had a motor disturbance were more likely to receive psychotropic medications than patients who did not have a motor disturbance. Depression/dysphoria, anxiety, disinhibition, irritability/lability, and motor disturbance were all associated with transfer from medical to psychiatric emergency department. Patients with depression/dysphoria or anxiety were more likely to be psychiatrically hospitalized. Conclusions There are significant differences in the management of dementia with and without NPS in the emergency room setting. Developing and implementing successful methods to manage NPS in the emergency department and outpatient setting could potentially lead to less emergent psychotropic administration and reduce hospitalizations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 04, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4599   open full text
  • Aging perceptions and self‐efficacy mediate the association between personality traits and depressive symptoms in older adults.
    D. M. O'Shea, V. M. Dotson, R. A. Fieo.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 21, 2016
    Objective Personality traits have been shown to be predictors of depressive symptoms in late life. Thus, we examined whether other more modifiable sources of individual differences such as self‐efficacy and self‐perceptions of aging would mediate the association between personality traits and depressive symptoms in older adults. Method Data were obtained from 3,507 older adult participants who took part in the 2012 Health and Retirement Study. The “Big Five” personality traits, self‐efficacy, aging perceptions, and depressive symptoms were assessed. Mediation analyses tested the hypothesis that self‐efficacy and aging perceptions would mediate the relationship between personality traits and depressive symptoms. Results All five personality traits were significant predictors of depressive symptoms. Neuroticism was positively associated with depressive symptoms and had the greatest effect compared with the other personality traits. There was a significant indirect effect of neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness on depressive symptoms (including both mediators). The mediating effect of aging perceptions on the relationship between neuroticism and depressive symptoms was the strongest compared with self‐efficacy, accounting for approximately 80% of the total indirect effect. Conclusion Our results provide support for interventions aimed at improving self‐perceptions related to efficacy and aging in order to reduce depressive symptoms in older adults. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    September 21, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4584   open full text
  • Disability in prison activities of daily living and likelihood of depression and suicidal ideation in older prisoners.
    Lisa C. Barry, Dorothy B. Wakefield, Robert L. Trestman, Yeates Conwell.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 21, 2016
    Objective The study objective was to determine if disability in activities of daily living specific to prison, prison activities of daily living (PADLs), is associated with depression and severity of suicidal ideation (SI) in older prisoners, a rapidly growing population at high risk of suicide. Methods Cross‐sectional design using data from a study of prisoners age ≥50 years (N = 167). Depression was operationalized as a score of ≥15 on the 9‐item Physician Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9). SI severity was assessed using the Geriatric Suicide Ideation Scale (GSIS). Participants were considered to have PADL disability if they reported any of the following as “very difficult” or “cannot do:” dropping to the floor for alarms, climbing on/off the top bunk, hearing orders, walking while wearing handcuffs, standing in line for medications, and walking to chow. Associations were examined with bivariate tests and with multivariable logistic and linear regression models, and the interaction term gender × PADL disability was tested. Results PADL disability was associated with depression and SI severity. There was no main effect of gender on either depression or SI, yet the association between PADL disability and depression was considerably stronger in male than in female older prisoners. Conclusions Identifying older prisoners who have difficulty performing PADLs may help distinguish prisoners who may also be likely to be depressed or experience more severe SI. Furthermore, the association between PADL disability and depression may be particularly salient in older male prisoners. Longitudinal studies are needed as causal inferences are limited by the cross‐sectional design. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    September 21, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4578   open full text
  • Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by GSM phones on working memory: a meta‐analysis.
    O. Zubko, R. L. Gould, H. C. Gay, H. J. Cox, M. C. Coulson, R. J. Howard.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 20, 2016
    Background and Objective Current treatments for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) do not affect the course of the illness and brain stimulation techniques are increasingly promoted as potential therapeutic interventions for AD. This study reviews the effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure versus sham exposure on working memory (WM) performance of healthy human participants. Method Online literature databases and previous systematic reviews were searched for studies of EMF and WM in participants without reported memory problems. Two thousand eight hundred and fifty seven studies were identified, and 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. An assessment of study quality was completed, and separate, random effects meta‐analyses were conducted for each of the three WM tasks included: n‐back, substitution and digit span forward. Results No differences were found between participants exposed to active EMF versus sham conditions in any of the three working memory tasks examined. Conclusion Results indicate that EMF does not affect WM during the n‐back, substitution and digit‐span tasks. Future studies should focus on the possible effects of chronic exposure to EMF in older adults with AD using a battery of comparable WM and attention tasks, before EMF can be seriously considered as a potential modulator of WM in AD. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    September 20, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4581   open full text
  • Gray matter regions statistically mediating the cross‐sectional association of eotaxin and set‐shifting among older adults with major depressive disorder.
    Stephen F. Smagula, Helmet T. Karim, Eric J. Lenze, Meryl A. Butters, Gregory F. Wu, Benoit H. Mulsant, Charles F. Reynolds, Howard J. Aizenstein.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 19, 2016
    Objective Eotaxin is a chemokine that exerts negative effects on neurogenesis. We recently showed that peripheral eotaxin levels correlate with both lower gray matter volume and poorer executive performance in older adults with major depressive disorder. These findings suggest that the relationship between eotaxin and set‐shifting may be accounted for by lower gray matter volume in specific regions. Prior studies have identified specific gray matter regions that correlate with set‐shifting performance, but have not examined whether these specific gray matter regions mediate the cross‐sectional association between eotaxin and set‐shifting. Method In 27 older adults (mean age: 68 ± 5.2 years) with major depressive disorder, we performed a whole brain (voxel‐wise) analysis testing whether/where gray matter density statistically mediates the cross‐sectional association of eotaxin and set‐shifting performance. Results We found the association between eotaxin and set‐shifting performance was fully statistically mediated by lower gray matter density in left middle cingulate, right pre‐/post‐central, lingual, inferior/superior frontal, cuneus, and middle temporal regions. Conclusion The regions identified above may be both susceptible to a potential neurodegenerative effect of eotaxin, and critical to preserving set‐shifting function. Longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to further evaluate whether targeting eotaxin levels will prevent neurodegeneration and executive impairment in older adults with depression.
    September 19, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4585   open full text
  • Meta‐analysis of randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials of melatonin in Alzheimer's disease.
    Yuan‐Yuan Wang, Wei Zheng, Chee H. Ng, Gabor S. Ungvari, Wei Wei, Yu‐Tao Xiang.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 19, 2016
    Objective This is a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the efficacy of melatonin in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Both English (PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, Cochrane Library databases, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register) and Chinese (WanFang Database, Chinese Biomedical Database, and China Journal Net) databases were systematically and independently searched by two authors from their inception until 1 March 2016. Weighted and standard mean differences (SMDs), risk ratio (RR) ±95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. In all cases, the random effects model was used. Results Seven studies (n = 462) with the duration ranging from 10 days to 24 weeks were identified and analyzed. AD patients receiving melatonin treatment showed prolonged total sleep time at night (n = 305; SMD: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.51, I2 = 9%, p = 0.04). Melatonin did not improve cognitive abilities assessed by the mini‐mental state examination and the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Cognitive Subscale. The discontinuation rate was similar between the melatonin and placebo groups (n = 453, RR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.51 to 1.16, I2 = 0%, p = 0.21). Conclusion Melatonin appears to be effective and safe in improving sleep quality in patients with AD. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    September 19, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4571   open full text
  • Impact of antipsychotic review and non‐pharmacological intervention on health‐related quality of life in people with dementia living in care homes: WHELD—a factorial cluster randomised controlled trial.
    Clive Ballard, Martin Orrell, Yongzhong Sun, Esme Moniz‐Cook, Jane Stafford, Rhiannon Whitaker, Bob Woods, Anne Corbett, Sube Banerjee, Ingelin Testad, Lucy Garrod, Zunera Khan, Barbara Woodward‐Carlton, Jennifer Wenborn, Jane Fossey.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 19, 2016
    Background Very few interventional studies have directly examined the impact of treatment approaches on health‐related quality of life (HRQL) in people with dementia. This is of particular importance in therapies to address behavioural symptoms, where HRQL is often severely affected. Methods Analysis within the WHELD cluster randomised factorial study in 16 UK care homes examining the impact of person‐centred care in combination with antipsychotic review, social interaction and exercise interventions. This study analysed impact on HRQL through the DEMQOL‐Proxy. Results Data on HRQL were available for 187 participants. People receiving antipsychotic review showed a significant worsening in two DEMQOL‐Proxy domains (negative emotion: p = 0.02; appearance: p = 0.04). A best‐case scenario analysis showed significant worsening for total DEMQOL‐Proxy score. Social interaction intervention resulted in a significant benefit to HRQL (p = 0.04). There was no deterioration in HRQL in groups receiving both antipsychotic review and social interaction (p = 0.62). Conclusions This demonstrates an important detrimental impact of discontinuation of antipsychotics in dementia on HRQL, highlighting the need for careful review of best practice guidelines regarding antipsychotic use and emphasising the importance of providing evidence‐based non‐pharmacological interventions in conjunction with antipsychotic review. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    September 19, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4572   open full text
  • The Geriatric Depression Scale: does it measure depressive mood, depressive affect, or both?
    Kamel Gana, Nathalie Bailly, Guillaume Broc, Christophe Cazauvieilh, Nedjem Eddine Boudouda.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 15, 2016
    Objective Self‐report measures of depression are highly important tools used in research and in various healthcare settings for the diagnosis of different levels of depression. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is the first and the most popular scale used to screen for late‐life depression. It is endorsed by the Royal College of Physicians and the British Geriatric Society (1992). The purpose of the present research was to investigate whether scores on the GDS15 capture depressive mood (i.e. trait depression), depressive affect (i.e. short‐term depressive state), or both. Methods For this purpose, a trait–state model (stable trait, autoregressive trait, and state model) was applied to GDS15 scores obtained at four time points over a 6‐year period among a sample of community‐dwelling older persons (N = 753). This model allows decomposing the GDS15 scores into three different variance components: stable trait variance, autoregressive trait variance, and state variance. Results Our findings revealed a general pattern of a major proportion of stable trait (69%) and autoregressive trait (22%) variance and a very smaller amount of state variance (9%) in the GDS scores across 6 years. Age and gender (i.e. being female) were shown to be positively linked to more stable trait variance. Conclusions Depression, as assessed with the GDS15, should be regarded as a relatively stable and enduring trait construct, reflecting a stable core of a person's depressivity. The negligible amount of state elements in the variation of the GDS15 scores provides evidence that changing the context will not be enough to cause significant changes in depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    September 15, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4582   open full text
  • A synthesis of the evidence on peer research with potentially vulnerable adults: how this relates to dementia.
    Claudio Di Lorito, Linda Birt, Fiona Poland, Emese Csipke, Dianne Gove, Ana Diaz‐Ponce, Martin Orrell.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 15, 2016
    Background There is limited literature around peer research in dementia. This study aims to identify the benefits, the risks and the practical challenges and to develop a model of good practice in peer research with people with dementia. Methods We searched on PsycInfo, PubMed and Google Scholar for empirical investigations or discussion papers on peer research. Given the limited literature in the field of dementia, we included studies with groups who share similar demographics (older people), experience of stigma (mental health service users) and exclusion from research (people with learning disabilities). We applied no restrictions on language and publication date. Analysis We identified three themes: the potential benefits, the potential risks and the practical challenges of peer research. We developed a model of good practice. The European Working Group of People with Dementia reviewed our paper and added to our findings. Results We included seven papers. Potential benefits of peer research included enriched data and empowering people with dementia. Potential risks included power differentials between researchers and issues of representativeness. The practical issues for good practice included the training of peer researchers, defining involvement and roles, working with cognitive impairment and considering resource implications. The European Working Group of People with Dementia emphasised the importance of equality issues. Conclusion Involving people with dementia in peer research can generate several benefits, including empowerment and opportunities for inclusion for the peer researchers and the research participants living with dementia, challenging academics' traditional views on research processes and gathering enhanced research data. There remains a need for further research on the impact of peer research in dementia studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    September 15, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4577   open full text
  • The association between social participation and cognitive function in community‐dwelling older populations: Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study at Taisetsu community Hokkaido.
    Ai Sakamoto, Shigekazu Ukawa, Emiko Okada, Sachiko Sasaki, Wenjing Zhao, Tomoko Kishi, Katsunori Kondo, Akiko Tamakoshi.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 09, 2016
    Objective To study the association between the number of area‐level and individual‐level social participation items and cognitive function in the community‐dwelling older populations of three towns in Hokkaido, Japan. Methods A survey on the frequency of social participation was mailed to those in the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study 2013 who were aged ≥65 years, were not certified as needing long‐term care, and lived in Higashikawa, Higashikagura, or Biei. A subset of participants aged 70–74 years completed the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in a home visit survey. Both the area‐level and individual‐level social participation and demographic information were obtained on the self‐administered questionnaire. A multilevel analysis using a generalized linear mixed‐effects model was used to examine the association between variables in the area‐level and individual‐level social participation items and cognitive function. Results Out of 4042 respondents, data from 2576 were used in the area‐level analysis. Of those, 180 were aged 70–74 years and completed the home visit survey for the individual‐level analysis. A greater number of higher social participation items at the individual level was associated with higher cognitive function scores after adjusting for area‐level social participation variables and confounders (regression coefficient: 0.19; 95% confidence interval: 0.03, 0.35). There were no significant associations between area‐level social participation item averages and individual‐level cognitive function scores. Conclusions Older populations participating in many kinds of social activities exhibited preserved cognitive function even after adjusting for area‐level social participation variables. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    September 09, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4576   open full text
  • A longitudinal study of cognitive trajectories in Mexican Americans age 75 and older.
    Brian Downer, Nai‐Wei Chen, Mukaila Raji, Kyriakos S. Markides.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 06, 2016
    Objective To identify distinct trajectories for global cognition, memory, and non‐memory domains among Mexican American adults 75 years of age and older. Methods The final sample included 1336 participants of the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly observed during four Waves from 2004–2005 to 2012–2013. Latent class growth curve models were used to identify distinct trajectories for global cognition, memory, and non‐memory. Results Three trajectory classes were identified for global cognition, memory, and non‐memory domains. Nearly 31% of the final sample maintained high global cognition (persistent high), 52.6% experienced slight decline (decline but high), and 15% experienced severe decline in global cognition (decline to low). Over 95% of participants classified in the decline to low trajectory for global cognition were also classified as decline to low for memory and non‐memory. This high level of consistency for memory and non‐memory domains was observed for the decline but high (97.0%) and persistent high (93.7%) trajectory classes. Conclusions These results indicate that the majority of Mexican American older adults will experience varying degrees of cognitive decline. However, a substantial proportion of older Mexican Americans are able to maintain high cognitive functioning into advanced age despite the high prevalence of risk factors for cognitive decline in this population. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    September 06, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4575   open full text
  • Sensitivity of the Mini‐Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III to everyday activity impairments in dementia: an exploratory study.
    Clarissa M. Giebel, David Challis.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 05, 2016
    Objective The Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) is one of the most frequently used cognitive measures for dementia severity and linked to deficits in everyday functioning. Recently, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III (ACE‐III) increasingly substitute for the MMSE. However, there are no specific cutoffs in the ACE‐III for mild dementia. The objectives of this exploratory study were to assess the sensitivity of each scale to everyday functioning and to examine the cutoffs between mild and moderate dementia on the ACE‐III. Methods People with mild dementia completed the MMSE, MoCA and ACE‐III, whilst informal carers completed the Revised Interview for Deteriorations in Daily Living Activities for Dementia to rate their relative's initiative and performance of instrumental activities of daily living and the Katz activities of daily living scale. Data were analysed using correlation analysis, raw score comparisons, Cohen's kappa and receiver operating characteristics analysis. Results Thirty‐three dyads completed the measures. The ACE‐III was the most sensitive tool for everyday functioning performance, whilst its language subscale was specifically related to initiation of activities. The most suitable cutoff on the ACE‐III between mild and moderate dementia was 61. Conclusions Findings suggest the ACE‐III more efficiently identifies everyday functional impairments. Further research is required to confirm these exploratory analyses of the cutoff between mild and moderate dementia on the ACE‐III. Both functional impairment and stage of dementia are needed in the diagnostic process and in the clinical assessment of people with dementia. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    September 05, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4570   open full text
  • What is the therapeutic value of antidepressants in dementia? A narrative review.
    Nicolas Farina, Lucy Morrell, Sube Banerjee.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 05, 2016
    Objectives Antidepressants are commonly used in dementia. Depression is a frequent and important co‐morbidity in dementia, and antidepressants are often used to treat depression and more widely. However, there are questions about their utility in depression in dementia and other behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the evidence on whether there is therapeutic value in prescribing antidepressants to people with dementia. Methods A PubMed search was performed to identify randomized controlled trials that prescribed antidepressants to people with dementia, either in the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (depression, anxiety, agitation/aggression, psychosis and apathy) or for secondary outcomes (quality of life, carer burden, activities of daily living, cognition, clinical severity and adverse events). Results Thirty‐six randomized controlled trials were identified (participant n = 3386). A consistent finding in well‐designed blinded placebo controlled trials in dementia is the lack of positive effect of antidepressants on outcomes of interest, including depression. One large well‐designed study has reported a significant reduction in agitation in people with dementia, but at the expense of clinically significant adverse events. Otherwise, change observed in open trials is also seen in the placebo group, suggesting that any effect is not attributable to the prescription of antidepressants. Conclusions It is striking how few data there are on indications other than depression. We should question the use of antidepressants in dementia. Definitive trials of clinical effectiveness of specific indications such as anxiety and agitation in dementia and discontinuation of antidepressants in dementia are needed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    September 05, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4566   open full text
  • Mental health and morbidity of caregivers and co‐residents of individuals with dementia: a quasi‐experimental design.
    Aideen Maguire, Michael Rosato, Dermot O'Reilly.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 05, 2016
    Objectives To determine if providing informal care to a co‐resident with dementia symptoms places an additional risk on the likelihood of poor mental health or mortality compared with co‐resident non‐caregivers. Design A quasi‐experimental design of caregiving and non‐caregiving co‐residents of individuals with dementia symptoms provides a natural comparator for the additive effects of caregiving on top of living with an individual with dementia symptoms. Methods Census records, providing information on household structure, intensity of caregiving, presence of dementia symptoms and self‐reported mental health were linked to mortality records over the following 33 months. Multi‐level regression models were constructed to determine the risk of poor mental health and death in co‐resident caregivers of individuals with dementia symptoms compared with co‐resident non‐caregivers, adjusting for the clustering of individuals within households. Results The cohort consisted of 10 982 co‐residents (55.1% caregivers), with 12.1% of non‐caregivers reporting poor mental health compared with 8.4% of intense caregivers (>20 h of care per week). During follow‐up, the cohort experienced 560 deaths (245 to caregivers). Overall, caregiving co‐residents were at no greater risk of poor mental health but had lower mortality risk than non‐caregiving co‐residents (adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) = 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.79, 1.10 and ORadj = 0.67, 95% CI 0.56, 0.81, respectively); this lower mortality risk was also seen amongst the most intensive caregivers (ORadj = 0.65, 95% CI 0.53, 0.79). Conclusion Caregiving poses no additional risk to mental health over and above the risk associated with merely living with someone with dementia and is associated with a lower mortality risk compared with non‐caregiving co‐residents. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    September 05, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4573   open full text
  • Development and psychometric testing of the triggers of Suicidal Ideation Inventory for assessing older outpatients in primary care settings.
    Shwu‐Hua Lee, Yun‐Fang Tsai, Yi‐Wen Wang, Ying‐Jen Chen, Hsiu‐Hsin Tsai.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 30, 2016
    Objective The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument for assessing triggers of suicidal ideation among older outpatients and determine its psychometrics. Method Participants were recruited from older outpatients of two hospitals in northern Taiwan. The 34‐item Triggers of Suicidal Ideation Inventory (TSII) was developed, and its items were validated by experts in two runs of Delphi technique survey. Pre‐testing this TSII in 200 older outpatients resulted in a 12‐item TSII, with three items not considered triggers but suggesting the need for further psychiatric assessment. The 9‐item TSII was examined by criterion validity, construct validity, internal consistency reliability, and test–retest reliability. Results Factor analysis of the final version of TSII yielded a three‐factor solution, accounting for 68.75% of the variance. Participants with depressive tendency tended to have higher TSII scores than participants with no depressive tendency (t = 8.62, p < 0.01), indicating good construct validity. TSII scores were significantly and positively correlated with Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (r = 0.45, p < 0.01) and UCLA Loneliness (r = 0.55, p < 0.01) scores, indicating satisfactory criterion validity. The TSII had Cronbach's α and intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.70 and 0.99, respectively, indicating acceptable internal consistency reliability and excellent test–retest reliability. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0.82, indicating excellent ability to detect triggers of suicidal ideation. With a cutoff point of 2, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.76 and 0.69, respectively. Conclusions The TSII can be completed in 5 min, is perceived as easy to complete, and yielded highly acceptable parameters of validity and reliability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 30, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4574   open full text
  • Rivastigmine patch reduces the incidence of postoperative delirium in older patients with cognitive impairment.
    Young Chul Youn, Hae‐Won Shin, Byung‐Sun Choi, SangYun Kim, Jung‐Yeop Lee, Yong‐Chan Ha.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 26, 2016
    Objective To date, data regarding the efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in preventing postoperative delirium (POD) are inconsistent and conflicting. Older individuals with cognitive dysfunction are thought to show POD more frequently. Our aim was to study the effectiveness of rivastigmine prophylaxis on the incidence, severity, and risk factors for POD in older patients with cognitive impairment undergoing hip fracture surgery. Methods Of 62 older patients with cognitive impairment about to undergo surgery after a hip fracture, 31 were randomly assigned to receive a rivastigmine patch from 3 days before to 7 days after the operation (Group I), and the other 31 did not receive a rivastigmine patch (Group II). The two groups were compared with regard to incidence and severity of delirium on postoperative days 2 or 3 and 7. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess factors associated with POD. Results Postoperative delirium occurred in five Group I patients and 14 Group II patients (p = 0.013). The mean severity of delirium in the two groups as determined by the Delirium Rating Scale was 2.2 and 6.2 respectively (p = 0.033). The odds ratio for POD was 0.259 (95% CI: 0.074–0.905, p = 0.034) after adjusting for American Society of Anesthesiologists score (p = 0.058), age (p = 0.203), and gender (p = 0.560). There were no rivastigmine‐related perioperative complications. Conclusion Perioperative rivastigmine patch application could reduce the occurrence of POD in older patients with low cognitive status. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 26, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4569   open full text
  • Gender effect on driving cessation in pre‐dementia and dementia phases: results of the 3C population‐based study.
    Laetitia Marie Dit Asse, Colette Fabrigoule, Catherine Helmer, Bernard Laumon, Claudine Berr, Olivier Rouaud, Sophie Auriacombe, Sylviane Lafont.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 23, 2016
    Objectives Aging entails deterioration in sensory, physical, and cognitive functions, raising doubt in the driving capacity of older drivers, especially when the deficits are severe, as in dementia. Many older drivers, especially women, adapt their driving habits in order to compensate for these deficits and eventually stop driving. The present prospective study assessed driving cessation in men and women throughout the dementia process, including a 2‐year pre‐dementia phase. Methods The study was based on a three‐city cohort of subjects who were aged 65 years and older in 2000 and followed for more than 10 years. Active dementia detection was conducted at each follow‐up. The probability of driving cessation was assessed in men and women during the 2‐year pre‐dementia phase and until 5 years after diagnosis. Results In the 2‐year pre‐dementia phase, both men and women ceased driving earlier than drivers with no central nervous system pathology (p < 0,001), and women ceased driving earlier than men. A total of 45% of men and 74% of women had already ceased driving at dementia diagnosis. In contrast, the probability of cessation within 3 years after diagnosis was similar between men and women. Conclusion The study showed that, in this French urban population, few demented drivers, especially women, were still driving after diagnosis. Those who continued to drive 3 years after the diagnosis all had Alzheimer‐type dementia. There is certainly a need for physicians to help these drivers to adapt their driving activity to their deficits and to prepare them to stop driving. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 23, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4565   open full text
  • Longitudinal association of delta activity at sleep onset with cognitive and affective function in community‐dwelling older adults.
    Makoto Kawai, Sherry A. Beaudreau, Christine E. Gould, Nathan C. Hantke, Isabelle Cotto, Josh T. Jordan, Rayna B. Hirst, Ruth O'Hara.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 23, 2016
    Objective This investigation sought to determine whether delta activity at sleep onset (DASO) in the sleep electroencephalography of older adults represents normal variation or is associated with clinical pathology. To this end, we examined its longitudinal associations with cognitive and affective function in older adults without dementia. Methods Participants were 153 community‐dwelling older adults without dementia. We evaluated polysomnography (PSG), cognitive performance, and affective function at four time points: baseline, 12, 24, and 36 months. All participants completed PSG and measures of global cognition, delayed verbal memory, information processing speed, attention, inhibition, verbal naming, visuospatial ability, and measures of anxiety and depression. DASO was defined as sequences of rhythmic anterior delta activity on PSG in the transition from awake to sleep during the baseline assessment (Figure ). 1 Delta activity at sleep onset (DASO) (in circle) in transition from awake to stage N1 sleep C3‐A2, C4‐A1 channels show delta range high‐amplitude rhythmic activity in the middle of epoch. Paper speed: 10 s per page. EEG filter setting: High‐frequency filter: 30 Hz. Low‐frequency filter: 0.3 Hz. Notch filter: Off. Results At the baseline, 83 women and 70 men, mean age 71.3 ± 0.6 years participated and 19.6% of participants exhibited DASO. Age, years of education, gender, and body mass index did not differ according to DASO status. Linear mixed modeling showed that the presence of DASO was actually associated with lower levels of anxiety and depression. Further, participants with DASO, versus those without DASO, exhibited a trend towards better cognitive performance over time, although none of these associations reached statistical significance. Conclusions Whereas DASO was associated with better affective function, no significant association was found between DASO and cognitive change over time. These longitudinal findings support the view that the presence of DASO in healthy older adults represents normal variation rather than pathological aging. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 23, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4554   open full text
  • The relationship between social functioning and subjective memory complaints in older persons: a population‐based longitudinal cohort study.
    Jisca S Kuiper, Richard C Oude Voshaar, Sytse U Zuidema, Ronald P Stolk, Marij Zuidersma, Nynke Smidt.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 22, 2016
    Objective Poor social functioning is associated with cognitive decline in older adults. It is unclear whether social functioning is also associated with subjective memory complaints (SMC). We investigated the association between social functioning and incident SMC and SMC recovery. Methods A population‐based sample of 8762 older adults (aged ≥65 years) with good objective cognitive functioning at baseline (MMSE ≥26) from the LifeLines Cohort Study were followed for 1.5 years. Self‐reported SMC were measured at baseline and after 1.5 years follow‐up. Aspects of social functioning included marital status, household composition, social network size, social activity, quality of social relationships, social support, affection, behavioral confirmation, and status. Results Thirteen percent (513/3963) developed SMC during follow‐up (incident SMC). Multivariate logistic regression analyses (adjusted for age, gender, education level, physical activity, alcohol use, smoking status, depression, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke) showed that participants with better feelings of affection, behavioral confirmation and stable good social support had a lower risk of incident SMC. Thirty‐four percent (1632/4799) reported recovery. Participants with good social functioning at baseline on all determinants reported more SMC recovery. People who remained stable in a relationship, stable in good quality of social relationships or increased in quality of social relationships more often report SMC recovery. Conclusions Good social functioning is associated with less incident SMC and more SMC recovery over a follow‐up period of 1.5 years. Albeit future confirmative studies are needed, we argue for targeting also social functioning when designing multidomain interventions to prevent or slow down cognitive decline. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 22, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4567   open full text
  • Inclusion/exclusion criteria in late life depression antidepressant efficacy trials.
    Mark Zimmerman, Matthew D. Multach, Heather L. Clark, Emily Walsh, Lia K. Rosenstein, Douglas Gazarian.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 22, 2016
    Objective The generalizability of antidepressant efficacy trials (AETs) has been questioned. No studies have examined the inclusion/exclusion criteria used in placebo‐controlled studies of late life depression and compared them to the criteria used in non‐late life AETs. Method We conducted a comprehensive literature review of placebo‐controlled AETs published from January, 1995 through December, 2014. We compared the inclusion/exclusion criteria used in the 18 studies of late life depression to those used in non‐late life depression. Results There were nine inclusion/exclusion criteria that were used in more than half of the late life depression AETs: minimum severity on a symptom severity scale (100.0%), significant suicidal ideation (77.8%), psychotic features during the current episode of depression or history of a psychotic disorder (94.4%), history of bipolar disorder (77.8%), diagnosis of alcohol or drug abuse or dependence (83.3%), presence of a comorbid nondepressive, nonsubstance use Axis I disorder (55.6%), episode duration too short (66.7%), and an insufficient score on a cognitive screen (88.3%) or the presence of a cognitive disorder (55.6%). There were some differences between the late life and non‐late life depression studies—use of a screening measure of cognitive functioning, presence of a cognitive disorder such as dementia, and the minimum depression severity cutoff score required at baseline. Conclusions The inclusion/exclusion criteria in AETs of late life depression were generally similar to the criteria used in non‐late life depression AETs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 22, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4560   open full text
  • The longitudinal relationship between mental health disorders and chronic disease for older adults: a population‐based study.
    Chun‐Min Chen, I‐Chen Lee, Yung‐Yu Su, Judy Mullan, Herng‐Chia Chiu.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 22, 2016
    Objective Although mental health disorders in older adults are common, their relationship with chronic disease and the influence of chronic disease on the development of mental health disorders over time is not well understood. This longitudinal study investigated the change in status of mental health disorders and chronic disease, as well as their interrelationships, over time. Methods Participants included community‐dwelling older adults living in Taiwan, aged 65 years or older, who completed six waves of survey interviews. Mental health disorders were scored using the Short Psychiatric Evaluation Schedule, and chronic disease(s) status was recorded during consecutive biennial data collection waves. The autoregressive latent trajectory model and parallel latent growth curve model were used for data analysis. Results The study findings suggest that in older people pre‐existing mental health disorders and/or chronic disease(s) will predispose them to developing significantly more mental health disorders and/or chronic diseases respectively. The study findings also suggest that pre‐existing mental health disorders can significantly contribute to the development of chronic disease over time, and that pre‐existing chronic disease(s) significantly can contribute to the development of mental health disorders over time, indicating a reciprocal interrelationship. Conclusions Our study findings suggest that it in addition to monitoring and treating chronic disease(s) in older people, it is also important to monitor and treat their mental health disorders. Doing so will result in overall better health outcomes and will facilitate a better quality of life as they age.
    August 22, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4561   open full text
  • Cognitive assessment in stroke: feasibility and test properties using differing approaches to scoring of incomplete items.
    Rosalind A Lees, Kirsty Hendry BA, Niall Broomfield, David Stott, Andrew J Larner, Terence J Quinn.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 16, 2016
    Objectives Cognitive screening is recommended in stroke, but test completion may be complicated by stroke related impairments. We described feasibility of completion of three commonly used cognitive screening tools and the effect on scoring properties when cognitive testing was entirely/partially incomplete. Methods We performed a cross‐sectional study, recruiting sequential stroke patient admissions from two University Hospital stroke rehabilitation services. We assessed Folstein's mini‐mental state examination (MMSE), Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) and Addenbrooke's cognitive examination (ACE‐III). The multidisciplinary team gave an independent diagnostic formulation. We recorded numbers fully/partially completing tests, assistance and time required for testing. We calculated test discrimination metrics in relation to clinical assessment using four differing statistical approaches to account for incomplete testing. Results We recruited 51 patients. Direct assistance to complete cognitive tests was required for 33 (63%). At traditional cut‐offs, the majority screened “positive” for cognitive impairment (ACE‐III: 98%; MoCA: 98%; MMSE: 81%). Comparing against a clinical diagnosis, ACE‐III and MoCA had excellent sensitivity but poor specificity. Partial completion of cognitive tests was common (ACE‐III: 14/51, MMSE: 22/51; MoCA: 20/51 fully complete); greatest non completion was for test items that required copying or drawing. Adapting analyses to account for these missing data gave differing results; MMSE sensitivity ranged from 0.66 to 0.85, and specificity ranged from 0.44 to 0.71 depending on the approach employed. Conclusions For cognitive screening in stroke, even relatively brief tools are associated with substantial incompletion. The way these missing data are accounted for in analyses impacts on apparent test properties. When choosing a cognitive screening tool, feasibility should be considered and approaches to handling missing data made explicit. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 16, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4568   open full text
  • Is it better to be happy or not depressed? Depression mediates the effect of psychological well‐being on adverse health outcomes in older adults.
    S. K. Rao, L. M. K. Wallace, O. Theou, K. Rockwood.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 15, 2016
    Objectives To examine the relationship between psychological well‐being and depression in older adults and the relative contribution these psychological factors have on risk of functional disability, frailty, and mortality. Methods This is a secondary analysis of 1668 community‐dwelling older adults without dementia who participated in the second wave of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Baseline assessments of psychological well‐being (Ryff scale) and depression (Geriatric Depression Scale; GDS) were collected. At 5‐year follow‐up, mortality data were collected; frailty and disability in activities of daily living were evaluated using the frailty index (FI) and the Lawton‐Brody scale, respectively. Results Area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve indicated that GDS and Ryff scores were able to independently discriminate whether individuals were considered frail (C = 0.66; C = 0.59, respectively), had limitations in basic (C = 0.64; C = 0.57, respectively) or instrumental (C = 0.70; C = 0.57, respectively) activities of daily living, or had died (C = 0.63; C = 0.57) at follow‐up (all P < 0.01). Regression models in which the Ryff and GDS were included in the same model demonstrated that the GDS significantly predicted frailty, disability, and mortality, whereas the Ryff effect was not significant. Mediation analysis determined that the effect of psychological well‐being on adverse outcomes was fully mediated by depression. Conclusions Our results suggest that although both depression and psychological well‐being appear to modulate risk for adverse physical health outcomes, depression mediates this relationship. Detecting and treating depressive symptoms should be of high priority in older patients to mitigate risk of future physical health adversities including mortality. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 15, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4559   open full text
  • What becomes of people admitted to acute old age psychiatry wards? An exploration of factors affecting length of stay, delayed discharge and discharge destination.
    Sue Tucker, Claire Hargreaves, Mark Wilberforce, Christian Brand, David Challis.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 12, 2016
    Objectives The study sought to identify the variables associated with increased length of stay on old age psychiatry inpatient wards. It also explored the factors related to delayed discharge and the likelihood of patients admitted from home returning there. Methods Data were collected on the sociodemographic, clinical and service receipt characteristics of a 6‐month series of admissions to seven wards in England in 2010/2011. The cohort was followed for a 9‐ to 11‐month period. The relationship between patients' status on admission and the specified outcome variables was explored. Results Information was collected on 216 admissions, of whom 165 were discharged in the study period. Mean length of stay was 64 days. Female gender, higher dependency, greater challenging behaviour and locality predicted extended stay. Forty per cent of cases experienced delayed discharge. Better physical health, more cognitive impairment, receipt of social care and locality were associated with delayed discharge. The vast majority of patients admitted from home returned there. Younger patients and patients with less dependency, cognitive impairment and challenging behaviour had a higher likelihood of returning home. Patients receiving social care or admitted because of carer stress, a risk of self‐neglect, accidental self‐harm or abuse/exploitation were less likely to return home. Conclusions The study provides a useful starting point for identifying cases on which future efforts to improve inpatient outcomes might centre and suggests local rather than national responses may be needed. It also highlights an urgent need for a national focus on the scope, purpose and effectiveness of acute inpatient care. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 12, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4563   open full text
  • What is important at the end of life for people with dementia? The views of people with dementia and their carers.
    Sarah R. Hill, Helen Mason, Marie Poole, Luke Vale, Louise Robinson,.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 12, 2016
    Background Approaching end of life is often a time of vulnerability; this is particularly so for people with dementia and their families where loss of capacity and the ability to communicate, make assessment and shared decision‐making difficult. Research has consistently shown that improvements in care and services are required to support better quality and more person‐centred care for people with dementia towards and at end of life. However, the views of people with dementia about what factors contribute to high‐quality care at this time are a neglected area. Aim The aim of this study was to identify the aspects of end‐of‐life care for people with dementia that are most important to them and their carers. Design Q‐methodology, a mixed method combining qualitative and quantitative techniques to study subjectivity, was used to identify the views of people with mild dementia, their family carers and bereaved carers on end‐of‐life care for people with dementia. Fifty‐seven participants were included in the study. Results Four distinct views were identified: family involvement, living in the present, pragmatic expectations and autonomy and individuality. Some areas of consensus across all views included compassionate care, decisions being made by healthcare professionals and information availability when making decisions. Conclusion Our findings reveal several different views on what is important about end‐of‐life care for people with dementia; therefore, a ‘one‐size‐fits‐all’ approach to care is unlikely to be most appropriate. Notwithstanding the differing viewpoints could provide a framework for service providers and commissioners for future care. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 12, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4564   open full text
  • Anxiety symptoms bias memory assessment in older adults.
    M. W. Williams, A. M. Kueider, N. O. Dmitrieva, J. J. Manly, C. F. Pieper, S. P. Verney, L. E. Gibbons.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 09, 2016
    Background Older adults with anxiety and/or depression experience additional memory dysfunction beyond that of the normal aging process. However, few studies have examined test bias in memory assessments due to anxiety and/or depressive symptoms. The current study investigated the influence of self‐reported symptoms of anxiety and depression on the measurement equivalence of memory tests in older adults. Method This is a secondary analysis of the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly dataset, a randomized controlled trial of community‐dwelling older adults. Baseline data were included in this study (n = 2802). Multiple indicators multiple causes modeling was employed to assess for measurement equivalence, differential item functioning (DIF), in memory tests. Results The DIF was present for anxiety symptoms but not for depressive symptoms, such that higher anxiety placed older adults at a disadvantage on measures of memory performance. Analysis of DIF impact showed that compared with participants scoring in the bottom quartile of anxious symptoms, participants in the upper quartile exhibited memory performance scores that were 0.26 standard deviation lower. Conclusion Anxious but not depressive symptoms introduce test bias into the measurement of memory in older adults. This indicates that memory models for research and clinical purposes should account for the direct relationship between anxiety symptoms and memory tests in addition to the true relationship between anxiety symptoms and memory construct. These findings support routine assessments of anxiety symptoms among older adults in settings in which cognitive testing is being conducted. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 09, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4557   open full text
  • The SAGES telephone neuropsychological battery: correlation with in‐person measures.
    Lydia Bunker, Tammy T. Hshieh, Bonnie Wong, Eva M. Schmitt, Thomas Travison, Jacqueline Yee, Kerry Palihnich, Eran Metzger, Tamara G. Fong, Sharon K. Inouye.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 09, 2016
    Objective Neuropsychological test batteries are administered in person to assess cognitive function in both clinical and research settings. However, in‐person administration holds a number of logistical challenges that makes it difficult to use in large or remote populations or for multiple serial assessments over time. The purpose of this descriptive study was to determine whether a telephone‐administered neuropsychological test battery correlated well with in‐person testing. Methods Fifty English‐speaking patients without dementia, over 70 years old, and part of a cohort of patients in a prospective cohort study examining cognitive outcomes following elective surgery were enrolled in this study. Five well‐validated neuropsychological tests were administered by telephone to each participant by a trained interviewer within 2–4 weeks of the most recent in‐person interview. Tests included the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test‐Revised, Digit Span, Category Fluency, Phonemic Fluency, and Boston Naming Test. A General Cognitive Performance composite score was calculated from individual subtest scores as a Z‐score. Results Mean age was 74.9 years (SD = 4.1), 66% female, and 4% non‐White. Mean and interquartile distributions of telephone scores were similar to in‐person scores. Correlation analysis of test scores revealed significant correlations between telephone and in‐person results for each individual subtest, as well as for the overall composite score. A Bland–Altman plot revealed no bias or trends in scoring for either test administration type. Conclusions In this descriptive study, the telephone version of a neuropsychological test battery correlated well with the in‐person version and may provide a feasible supplement in clinical and research applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 09, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4558   open full text
  • Symptom relief in patients with pneumonia and dementia: implementation of a practice guideline.
    Tessa Maaden, Jenny T. Steen, Raymond T .C. M. Koopmans, Sarah M. M. M. Doncker, Johannes R. Anema, Cees M. P. M. Hertogh, Henrica C.W. Vet.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 28, 2016
    Objective This study aimed to assess the degree of implementation and barriers encountered in the use of a practice guideline for optimal symptom relief for patients with dementia and pneumonia in Dutch nursing homes. Methods A process evaluation included assessment of reach, fidelity, and dose delivered using researcher's observations, and dose received was addressed in a question “use of the practice guideline,” which the physicians completed for each patient included in the study. Perceived barriers were assessed with a structured questionnaire (response 69%) and semi‐structured interviews (n = 14), which were subject to qualitative content analysis. Results Of the 55 physicians involved in the intervention phase, 87% attended an implementation meeting; 20 physicians joined the study later (reach). The intervention was implemented as planned, and all intervention components were delivered by the researchers (fidelity and dose delivered). Thirty‐six physicians included 109 patients. For 81% of the patients, the treating physician stated to have used the guideline (dose received). The guideline was perceived as providing a good overview of current practice, but some physicians had expected a more directive protocol or algorithm. Further, recommended regular observations of symptoms were rarely performed. Physician's often felt that “this is not different from what we usually do,” and with the acute illness, there was not always enough time to (re)familiarize with the contents. Conclusions The physicians used the practice guideline frequently despite important barriers. Future implementation may involve strategies such as multiple interactive meetings. Further, the greatest potential to alter usual practice should be emphasized, such as using observational instruments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 28, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4533   open full text
  • Dealing with daily challenges in dementia (deal‐id study): an experience sampling study to assess caregiver functioning in the flow of daily life.
    R.J.M. Knippenberg, M.E. Vugt, R.W. Ponds, I. Myin‐Germeys, B. Twillert, F.R.J. Verhey.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 28, 2016
    Objective Accurate assessment of caregiver functioning is of great importance to gain better insight into daily caregiver functioning and to prevent high levels of burden. The experience sampling methodology (ESM) is an innovative approach to assess subjective experiences and behavior within daily life. In this study, the feasibility of the ESM in spousal caregivers of people with dementia was examined, and the usability of ESM data for clinical and scientific practice was demonstrated. Methods Thirty‐one caregivers collected ESM data for six consecutive days using an electronic ESM device that generated ten random alerts per day. After each alert, short reports of the caregiver's current mood state and context were collected. Feasibility was assessed by examining compliance and subjective experiences with the ESM. Usability was described using group and individual ESM data. Results Participants on average completed 78.8% of the reports. One participant completed less than 33% of the reports and was excluded from data analyses. Participants considered the ESM device to be a user‐friendly device in which they could accurately describe their feelings and experiences. The ESM was not experienced as too burdensome. Zooming in on the ESM data, personalized patterns of mood and contextual factors were revealed. Conclusions The ESM is a feasible method to assess caregiver functioning. In addition to standard retrospective measurements, it offers new opportunities to gain more insight into the daily lives of people with dementia and their caregivers. It also provides new possibilities to tailor caregiver support interventions to the specific needs of the caregiver.
    July 28, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4552   open full text
  • Detecting clinical change with the CDR‐FTLD: differences between FTLD and AD dementia.
    Eneida Mioshi, Emma Flanagan, David Knopman.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 28, 2016
    Objective To investigate the psychometric properties of the Clinical Dementia Scale—frontotemporal lobar degeneration (CDR‐FTLD) psychometric properties using Rasch analysis and its sensitivity distinguishing disease progression between FTLD and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Of 603 consecutive patients from the National Alzheimer Coordinating Center dataset (FTLD = 350; AD = 253), 120 FTLDs were included in a Rasch analysis to verify CDR‐FTLD psychometric properties; 483 (FTLD = 230; AD = 253) were included to analyse disease progression, with 195 (FTLD = 82; AD = 113) followed‐up (24 months). Results The CDR‐FTLD demonstrated good consistency, construct and concurrent validity and correlated well with mini‐mental state examination (MMSE) and disease duration (ps < 0.05). At baseline, FTLD showed greater dementia severity than AD after matched for MMSE and disease duration (p < 0.001). Independent Rasch analyses demonstrated different patterns of progression for FTLD and AD in terms of the domains initially and then subsequently affected with disease progression. At follow‐up, although MMSE showed significant changes (p < 0.05), these were greater on the CDR‐FTLD (p < 0.001). Conclusion The CDR‐FTLD satisfactorily measures dementia severity and change in FTLD, distinguishing disease progression between FTLD and AD, with clear implications for care, prognosis and future clinical trials. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 28, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4556   open full text
  • Clock drawing test in screening for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment in clinical practice.
    Martin Vyhnálek, Eva Rubínová, Hana Marková, Tomáš Nikolai, Jan Laczó, Ross Andel, Jakub Hort.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 28, 2016
    Objectives The clock drawing test (CDT) is a commonly used brief cognitive measure. We evaluated diagnostic accuracy of subjective ratings of CDT by physicians (with/without specialty in cognitive neurology) and neuropsychologists in discriminating amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), Alzheimer's dementia (AD) and cognitively healthy older adults. We further compared the diagnostic accuracy of subjective categorical ratings with complex scoring of CDT. Methods Three cognitive neurologists, three neuropsychologists and six neurology residents without experience in cognitive neurology blinded to the diagnosis rated 187 CDTs (50 mild AD, 49 aMCI and 88 cognitively healthy older adults) using a “yes” (abnormal) versus “suspected” versus “no” (normal) classification. The rating suspected was combined with yes or no to obtain two sets of sensitivity estimates. We also used a 17‐point CDT rating system. Results When using the categorical rating, neuropsychologists had highest sensitivity (89%) in differentiating patients with mild AD (yes/suspected versus no), followed by neurologic residents (80%) and cognitive neurologists (79%). When differentiating patients with aMCI (yes/suspected versus no), the sensitivity was 84% for neuropsychologists, 64% for cognitive neurologists and 62% for residents. The sensitivity using the complex scoring system was 92% in patients with mild AD and 69% in patients with aMCI. Conclusions A categorical rating of CDT shows high sensitivity for mild AD even in non‐experienced raters. Neuropsychologists outperformed physicians in differentiating patients with aMCI from cognitively healthy older adults (specificity), which was counterbalanced by the lower specificity of their ratings. The diagnostic accuracy was not substantially improved by using complex scoring system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 28, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4549   open full text
  • Taking a positive spin: preserved initiative and performance of everyday activities across mild Alzheimer's, vascular and mixed dementia.
    Clarissa M. Giebel, Alistair Burns, David Challis.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 22, 2016
    Objectives The literature commonly evaluates those daily activities which are impaired in dementia. However, in the mild stages, people with dementia (PwD) are still able to initiate and perform many of those tasks. With a lack of research exploring variations between different dementia diagnoses, this study sought to investigate those daily activities with modest impairments in the mild stages and how these compare between Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD) and mixed dementia. Methods Staff from memory assessment services from nine National Health Service trusts across England identified and approached informal carers of people with mild dementia. Carers completed the newly revised Interview for Deteriorations in Daily Living Activities in Dementia 2 assessing the PwD's initiative and performance of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Data were analysed using analysis of variance and Chi‐square tests to compare the maintenance of IADL functioning across AD, VaD, and mixed dementia. Results A total of 160 carers returned the Interview for Deteriorations in Daily Living Activities in Dementia 2, of which 109, 21, and 30 cared for someone with AD, VaD, and mixed dementia, respectively. There were significant variations across subtypes, with AD showing better preserved initiative and performance than VaD for several IADLs. Overall, PwD showed greater preservation of performance than initiative, with tasks such as preparing a hot drink and dressing being best maintained. Conclusion Findings can help classify dementia better into subtypes in order to receive bespoke support. It suggests that interventions should primarily address initiative to improve overall functioning.
    July 22, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4553   open full text
  • Disentangling cognition and emotion in older adults: the role of cognitive control and mental health in emotional conflict adaptation.
    Nathan C. Hantke, Anett Gyurak, Katie Van Moorleghem, Jill D. Waring, Maheen M. Adamson, Ruth O'Hara, Sherry A. Beaudreau.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 22, 2016
    Objective Recent research suggests cognition has a bidirectional relationship with emotional processing in older adults, yet the relationship is still poorly understood. We aimed to examine a potential relationship between late‐life cognitive function, mental health symptoms, and emotional conflict adaptation. We hypothesized that worse cognitive control abilities would be associated with poorer emotional conflict adaptation. We further hypothesized that a higher severity of mental health symptoms would be associated with poorer emotional conflict adaptation. Methods Participants included 83 cognitively normal community‐dwelling older adults who completed a targeted mental health and cognitive battery, and emotion and gender conflict‐adaptation tasks. Results Consistent with our hypothesis, poorer performance on components of cognitive control, specifically attention and working memory, was associated with poorer emotional conflict adaptation. This association with attention and working memory was not observed in the non‐affective‐based gender conflict adaptation task. Mental health symptoms did not predict emotional conflict adaptation, nor did performance on other cognitive measures. Conclusion Our findings suggest that emotion conflict adaptation is disrupted in older individuals who have poorer attention and working memory. Components of cognitive control may therefore be an important potential source of inter‐individual differences in late‐life emotion regulation and cognitive affective deficits. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 22, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4535   open full text
  • Multimorbidity is associated with anxiety in older adults in the Health and Retirement Study.
    Christine E. Gould, Ruth O'Hara, Mary K. Goldstein, Sherry A. Beaudreau.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 21, 2016
    Objectives The present study determined whether the number of medical conditions was associated with increased occurrence of anxiety and whether triads of medical conditions were associated with anxiety in a nationally representative sample of older Americans. We determined whether multimorbidity findings were unique to anxiety as compared with depressive symptoms. Methods A sample of 4219 participants (65 years or older) completed anxiety and depression measures in the Health and Retirement Study 2006 wave. The logistic regression models' outcome was elevated anxiety (≥12 on five‐item Beck Anxiety Inventory) or depressive symptoms (≥12 on eight‐item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale). The predictor variable was a tally of seven self‐report of doctor‐diagnosed conditions: arthritis, cancer, diabetes, heart conditions, high blood pressure, lung disease, and stroke. Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, and depressive or anxiety symptoms. Associations among elevated anxiety or depressive symptoms and 35 triads of medical conditions were examined using Bonferroni corrected chi‐square analyses. Results Three or more medical conditions conferred a 2.30‐fold increase in elevated anxiety (95% confidence interval: 1.44–4.01). Twenty triads were associated with elevated anxiety as compared with 13 associated with depressive symptoms. Six of seven medical conditions, with the exception being stroke, were present in the majority of triads. Conclusion Number of medical conditions and specific conditions are associated with increased occurrence of elevated anxiety. Compared with elevated depressive symptoms, anxiety is associated with greater multimorbidity. As anxiety and depression cause significant morbidity, it may be beneficial to consider these mental health symptoms when evaluating older adults with multimorbidity. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
    July 21, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4532   open full text
  • Do current national and international guidelines have specific recommendations for older adults with bipolar disorder? A brief report.
    Annemiek Dols, Lars Vedel Kessing, Sergio A. Strejilevich, Soham Rej, Shang‐Ying Tsai, Ariel G. Gildengers, Osvaldo P. Almeida, Kenneth I. Shulman, Martha Sajatovic,.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 21, 2016
    Objective Older adults with bipolar disorder (OABD) are a growing segment of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) for which specific guidelines are warranted. Although, OABD are frequently excluded from randomized controlled trials due to their age or somatic comorbidity, more treatment data from a variety of sources have become available in recent years. It is expected that at least some of this emerging information on OABD would be incorporated into treatment guidelines available to clinicians around the world. Methods The International Society of Bipolar Disorders OABD task force compiled and compared recommendations from current national and international guidelines that specifically address geriatric or older individuals with BD (from year 2005 onwards). Results There were 34 guidelines, representing six continents and 19 countries. The majority of guidelines had no separate section on OABD. General principles for treating OABD with medication are recommended to be similar to those for younger adults, with special caution for side effects due to somatic comorbidity and concomitant medications. Therapeutic lithium serum levels are suggested to be lower but recommendations are very general and mostly not informed by specific research evidence. Conclusions There is a lack of emphasis of OABD‐specific issues in existing guidelines. Given the substantial clinical heterogeneity in BD across the life span, along with the rapidly expanding population of older individuals worldwide, and limited mental health workforce with geriatric expertise, it is critical that additional effort and resources be devoted to studying treatment interventions specific to OABD and that treatment guidelines reflect research findings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 21, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4534   open full text
  • Mental health treatment preferences and challenges of living with multimorbidity from the veteran perspective.
    Elizabeth A. DiNapoli, Christopher Cinna, Karen L. Whiteman, Lauren Fox, Cathleen J. Appelt, John Kasckow.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 21, 2016
    Objective To explore middle‐aged and older veterans' current disease‐management practices, mental health treatment preferences, and challenges of living with multiple chronic health conditions (i.e., multimorbidity). Methods Semi‐structured qualitative interviews and self‐report measures were collected from 28 middle‐aged and older (50 years of age or older) veterans with multimorbidity. Results Our sample of veterans with multimorbidity was, on average, mildly depressed and anxious with elevated stress and disability. Veterans acknowledged the interaction of physical and emotional symptoms, which caused greater difficulty with health care management and daily functioning. Veterans had many concerns regarding their physical and emotional health conditions, such as continued disease progression and the addition of other emotional and physical health complications. Veterans also identified specific self‐care approaches for disease management (e.g., medication, healthy lifestyle practices, and psychological stress management techniques), as well as barriers to engaging in care (e.g., money, transportation, and stigma). Participants preferred a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and healthy lifestyle practices for mental health treatment. The majority of participants (88.5%) agreed that these mental health treatments would be beneficial to integrate into disease management for older veterans with multimorbidity. Lastly, veterans provided an array of recommendations for improving Veteran's Administration services and reducing mental health stigma. Conclusions These findings provide support for patient‐centered approaches and integrated mental and physical health self‐management in the Veteran's Administration for middle‐aged and older veterans with multiple chronic conditions.
    July 21, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4550   open full text
  • The importance of sustained attention in early Alzheimer's disease.
    Jonathan D Huntley, Adam Hampshire, Daniel Bor, Adrian M Owen, Robert J Howard.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 18, 2016
    Introduction There is conflicting evidence regarding impairment of sustained attention in early Alzheimer's disease (AD). We examine whether sustained attention is impaired and predicts deficits in other cognitive domains in early AD. Methods Fifty‐one patients with early AD (MMSE > 18) and 15 healthy elderly controls were recruited. The sustained attention to response task (SART) was used to assess sustained attention. A subset of 25 patients also performed tasks assessing general cognitive function (ADAS‐Cog), episodic memory (Logical memory scale, Paired Associates Learning), executive function (verbal fluency, grammatical reasoning) and working memory (digit and spatial span). Results AD patients were significantly impaired on the SART compared to healthy controls (total error β = 19.75, p = 0.027). SART errors significantly correlated with MMSE score (Spearman's rho = −0.338, p = 0.015) and significantly predicted deficits in ADAS‐Cog (β = 0.14, p = 0.004). Discussions Patients with early AD have significant deficits in sustained attention, as measured using the SART. This may impair performance on general cognitive testing, and therefore should be taken into account during clinical assessment, and everyday management of individuals with early AD. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 18, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4537   open full text
  • Distribution of Mini‐Mental State Examination scores among urban community‐dwelling older adults in Japan.
    Naoko Sakuma, Chiaki Ura, Fumiko Miyamae, Hiroki Inagaki, Kae Ito, Hirotoshi Niikawa, Mutsuo Ijuin, Tsuyoshi Okamura, Mika Sugiyama, Shuichi Awata.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 18, 2016
    Objectives The Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) is widely used as a cognitive screening test for older adults; however, cognitive performance can be affected by age, education, and sample selection bias, including time and place. The aims of this study were to examine the distribution of scores on the Japanese version of the MMSE in an urban community sample and to provide normative data for older Japanese adults. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted on all residents aged 65 years and older living in an urban district in Tokyo (N = 7682). From among this population, 3000 residents were randomly selected to receive visits from trained nurses and to have their health status checked and their cognitive function examined using the MMSE. Results Of the 2786 eligible residents, the MMSE was administered to 1341 (47%) and successfully completed by 1319 (mean age, 74.4 ± 6.4 years; mean years of formal education, 12.6 ± 2.9). The median score was 28. A total of 143 residents (10.8%) had scores below the traditional 23/24 cutoff point. Younger age and higher education were associated with better performance. Greater variation was seen among the oldest and least educated residents, especially among women. Conclusion The results of this study confirm that age and education affect MMSE scores. To ensure the effective use of the MMSE, it is recommended to examine scores corresponding to age and education. The normative data presented are expected to be useful for assessing MMSE scores in older individuals both in and out of the clinical setting. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 18, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4513   open full text
  • Comparison of the Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment (Qmci) screen to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in an Australian geriatrics clinic.
    Roger Clarnette, Rónán O'Caoimh, Deanna N. Antony, Anton Svendrovski, D. William Molloy.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 18, 2016
    Introduction The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) accurately differentiates mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from mild dementia and normal controls (NC). While the MoCA is validated in multiple clinical settings, few studies compare it with similar tests also designed to detect MCI. We sought to investigate how the shorter Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment (Qmci) screen compares with the MoCA. Methods Consecutive referrals presenting with cognitive complaints to a teaching hospital geriatric clinic (Fremantle, Western Australia) underwent a comprehensive assessment and were classified as MCI (n = 72) or dementia (n = 109). NC (n = 41) were a sample of convenience. The Qmci and MoCA were scored by trained geriatricians, in random order, blind to the diagnosis. Results Median Qmci scores for NC, MCI and dementia were 69 (+/−19), 52.5 (+/−12) and 36 (+/−14), respectively, compared with 27 (+/−5), 22 (+/−4) and 15 (+/−7) for the MoCA. The Qmci more accurately identified cognitive impairment (MCI or dementia), area under the curve (AUC) 0.97, than the MoCA (AUC 0.92), p = 0.04. The Qmci was non‐significantly more accurate in distinguishing MCI from controls (AUC 0.91 vs 0.84, respectively = 0.16). Both instruments had similar accuracy for differentiating MCI from dementia (AUC of 0.91 vs 0.88, p = 0.35). At the optimal cut‐offs, calculated from receiver operating characteristic curves, the Qmci (≤57) had a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 93% for cognitive impairment, compared with 87% sensitivity and 80% specificity for the MoCA (≤23). Conclusion While both instruments are accurate in detecting MCI, the Qmci is shorter and arguably easier to complete, suggesting that it is a useful instrument in an Australian geriatric outpatient population. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 18, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4505   open full text
  • Do subjective memory complaints predict falls, fractures and healthcare utilization? A two‐year prospective study based on a cohort of older women recruited from primary care.
    Usama A. Al‐Sari, Jon H. Tobias, Hilary Archer, Emma M. Clark.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 18, 2016
    Objective A proportion of older individuals report subjective memory complaints (SMCs), which can predict the development of cognitive impairment and dementia. Previous studies based on secondary care suggest that SMC is also associated with other adverse health consequences, including falls, fractures and increased healthcare utilization. In this study, we aimed to establish whether similar findings are observed in the wider population. Methods Prospective analysis of the Cohort for Skeletal Health in Bristol and Avon, a population‐based cohort recruited from primary care, was carried out. Data were collected by self‐completion questionnaire at baseline and 2 years. SMC was assessed at baseline. Fractures, measures of falls, mobility and healthcare utilization were assessed 2 years later. A random 5% subsample of data was validated against electronic general practitioner records. Logistic regression was used to identify independent associations, following adjustment for a range of confounders assessed at baseline. Results Data were available on 3184 women. Three hundred and fifty participants (11.0%) reported SMC. They were older (73.3 ± 4.5 vs 72.0 ± 4.2 years) and less mobile compared with those not reporting SMC. SMCs at baseline were associated with an increased risk of upper limb fractures over the following 2 years (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.02–2.90). SMCs were also associated with an increased risk of falls (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.41–2.38) and increased healthcare utilization (OR for hospital appointments 2.20, 95% CI 1.26–3.86). No association was observed with bone mineral density at any site. Conclusions Subjective memory complaints are important markers of adverse health outcomes and should prompt interventions to reduce fractures such as physiotherapy‐led fall reduction programmes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 18, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4555   open full text
  • An optimal combination of MCCB and CANTAB to assess functional capacity in older individuals with schizophrenia.
    Sanjeev Kumar, Benoit H. Mulsant, Christopher Tsoutsoulas, Zaid Ghazala, Aristotle N. Voineskos, Christopher R. Bowie, Tarek K. Rajji.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 18, 2016
    Introduction Cognitive deficits predict functional capacity in patients with schizophrenia including in late life. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) are widely used to assess cognition in this population. The aim of this study was to determine a minimal set of subtests across the two batteries that would be strongly associated with functional capacity in older patients with schizophrenia. Methods Sixty participants age 50 years or older with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 30 control participants were enrolled. Cognition was assessed using the MCCB and the CANTAB. Functional capacity was assessed using the USCD Performance‐based Skills Assessment (UPSA). Stepwise linear regressions were performed to determine the best set of cognitive tests associated with functional capacity. Results UPSA total score was negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with education and the MCCB global score. Most of the MCCB domains and subtests, and several of the CANTAB subtests correlated with UPSA total score. In the regression model, MCCB global score accounted for 42.5% of UPSA variance. In contrast, a combination of only four subtests (processing speed and verbal learning from the MCCB, and affective information processing and working memory from the CANTAB) accounted for 60% of UPSA variance. Conclusions Performance on MCCB and CANTAB is strongly associated with functional capacity in older patients with schizophrenia. A selective combination of MCCB and CANTAB subtests may be as effective in assessing functional capacity in late life schizophrenia. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 18, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4547   open full text
  • Structural correlates of apathy in Alzheimer's disease: a multimodal MRI study.
    Luis Agüera‐Ortiz, Juan A. Hernandez‐Tamames, Pablo Martinez‐Martin, Isabel Cruz‐Orduña, Gonzalo Pajares, Jorge López‐Alvarez, Ricardo S. Osorio, Marta Sanz, Javier Olazarán.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 18, 2016
    Objective Apathy is one of the most frequent symptoms of dementia, whose underlying neurobiology is not well understood. The objective was to analyze the correlations of apathy and its dimensions with gray and white matter damage in the brain of patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods The setting of the study was at the Alzheimer Center Reina Sofía Foundation Research Unit. Participants include 37 nursing home patients with moderate to severe AD, 78.4% were women, and mean Standard Deviation (SD) age is 82.7 (5.8). Several measurements were taken: severe mini‐mental state examination and Global Deterioration Scale for cognitive and functional status, Neuropsychiatric Inventory for behavioral problems, and Apathy In Dementia‐Nursing Home Version Scale for apathy, including total score and subscores of emotional blunting, deficit of thinking, and cognitive inertia. 3T magnetic resonance imaging measures (voxel‐based morphometry, fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery, and diffusion tensor imaging) were also conducted. Results Moderate levels of apathy (mean Apathy In Dementia‐Nursing Home Version Scale: 31.1 ± 18.5) were found. Bilateral damage to the corpus callosum and internal capsule was associated with apathy severity (cluster size 2435, p < 0.0005, family‐wise error [FWE]‐corrected). A smaller and more anteriorly located region of the right internal capsule and corpus callosum was associated with higher emotional blunting (cluster size 334, p < 0.0005, FWE‐corrected). Ischemic damage in the right periventricular frontal region was associated with higher deficit of thinking (cluster size 3805, p < 0.005, FWE‐corrected). Conclusions Brain damage related to apathy may have different features in the advanced stages of AD and differs between the three apathy dimensions. Besides atrophy, brain connectivity and vascular lesions are relevant in the study of apathy, especially in the more severe stages of dementia. Further magnetic resonance imaging studies should include multimodal techniques. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 18, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4548   open full text
  • Are stroke survivors with delirium at higher risk of post‐stroke dementia? Current evidence and future directions.
    Akin Ojagbemi, Dominic H. Ffytche.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 11, 2016
    Objectives The idea that delirium is a risk factor for dementia, broadly defined, is derived from heterogeneous patient samples. We reviewed available evidence as to whether stroke survivors who developed delirium during the acute phase of treatment are at a higher prospective risk of incident post‐stroke cognitive impairment or dementia. Design We searched 8721 records in the Cochrane database for reviews or protocols dealing with the study objective, Medline, EMBASE, PsycInfo and CINAHL for observational studies in the general adult population and PubMed for in‐process articles. Additional searches of the reference lists of retrieved articles were also undertaken. Qualitative syntheses and meta‐analysis were conducted according to conventional guidelines. Results Twelve relevant articles were fully appraised. Four out of these studies, comprising 743 stroke survivors, including 199 with delirium, met criteria for qualitative syntheses. Overall, the studies presented low to moderate level evidence suggesting an association between post‐stroke delirium and dementia. Conclusions There is a need for further studies to investigate the association of post‐stroke delirium and dementia using well‐defined cohorts of patients and controlling for factors such as pre‐stroke cognition, stroke severity and location and the presence of persistent delirium. Such studies will help understand the place of delirium identification and prevention in reducing the risk of dementia after stroke. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
    July 11, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4506   open full text
  • Hazardous drinking in people aged 50 years or older: a cross‐sectional picture of Europe, 2011–2013.
    Marina Bosque‐Prous, M. Teresa Brugal, Kenio C. Lima, Joan R. Villalbí, Montse Bartroli, Albert Espelt.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 07, 2016
    Objective To assess gender and age differences in hazardous drinking and to analyse and compare the factors associated with it in men versus women, and in 50 to 64‐year‐old versus ≥65‐year‐old people in Europe. Methods Cross‐sectional study with data from 65,955 people aged ≥50 years from 18 countries (SHARE project, 2011–2013). The outcome variable, hazardous drinking, was calculated using an adaptation of the AUDIT‐C test. Several individual (sociodemographic, life‐style and health factors) and contextual variables (country socioeconomic indicators and alcohol policies) were analysed. The prevalence of hazardous drinking was estimated by each exposure variable. To estimate associations, multilevel Poisson regression models with robust variance were fit, yielding prevalence ratios and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results Overall, the prevalence of hazardous drinking was 21.5% (95%CI = 21.1–22.0), with substantial differences between countries. The proportion of hazardous drinking was higher in men than in women [26.3%(95%CI = 25.6–27.1); 17.5%(95%CI = 17.0–18.0), respectively], as well as in middle‐aged people than in older people [23.6%(95%CI = 23.0–24.3); 19.2%(95%CI = 18.6–19.8), respectively]. At the individual level, associations were found for migrant background, marital status, educational level, tobacco smoking, depression and self‐perceived health. At the contextual level, hazardous drinking was associated with gender inequalities in society (only in women) and alcohol advertising regulations (both genders). Conclusions One in five people aged ≥50 years in the countries studied is a hazardous drinker, with large differences by countries, gender and age group. Interventions and policies aimed at preventing or reducing alcohol use in this population should account for country, gender and age differences, as well as individual characteristics. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 07, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4528   open full text
  • Trajectories of health‐related quality of life during the natural history of dementia: a six‐wave longitudinal study.
    Hongmei Yu, Caihong Gao, Yanbo Zhang, Runlian He, Liye Zhou, Ruifeng Liang.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 07, 2016
    Objective The objective of this study was to explore profiles of quality of life (QoL) trajectories during the natural history of dementia and individual variations contributing to QoL trajectories. Methods We conducted a longitudinal community‐based study of 520 elderly people with mild cognitive impairment and 100 healthy people aged 60 years or over. We conducted six waves of assessment between October 2010 and May 2013 in Taiyuan, mainland China. Cognitively normal, mild cognitive impairment, global impairment, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) were defined as state 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. We assessed health‐related QoL (HRQoL) via the Quality of Life–Alzheimer's Disease (QoL–AD) Chinese version. We used the latent growth curve model (LGCM) to investigate change in HRQoL over time. Results Latent growth curve model analysis revealed a mean initial QoL level of 29.865 with substantial variation and a significant mean slope for the whole sample. Multigroup LGCM showed substantial variations across individuals in initial QoL levels for each cognitive state transition group. For the slope factor, we found significant changes and variations for the transition from state 2 to 3 and from state 3 to 4. We estimated mean QoL levels over six assessments based on intercept, slope, and factor loadings for the whole sample and the three cognitive state transition groups. Conclusions A decline in subjective QoL is not inevitable during the natural history of dementia in community settings, and there is a degree of individual variation in QoL. Future studies should investigate the factors associated with individual variations in QoL trajectories in AD.
    July 07, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4551   open full text
  • Individual and group psychotherapy with people diagnosed with dementia: a systematic review of the literature.
    Richard Cheston, Ada Ivanecka.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 07, 2016
    Objectives Psychotherapy provides a means of helping participants to resolve emotional threats and play an active role in their lives. Consequently, psychotherapy is increasingly used within dementia care. This paper reviews the existing evidence base for individual and group psychotherapy with people affected by dementia. Design The protocol was registered. We searched electronic databases, relevant websites and reference lists for records of psychotherapy with people affected by Alzheimer's Disease, Vascular dementia, Lewy‐body dementia or a mixed condition between 1997 and 2015. We included studies of therapies which met British Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy definitions (e.g. occurs regularly, focuses on talking about life events and facilitates understand of the illness). Art therapy, Cognitive Stimulation and Rehabilitation, Life Review, Reminiscence Therapy and family therapy were excluded. Studies which included people with frontal–temporal dementia and mild cognitive impairment were excluded. Data was extracted using a bespoke form, and risk of bias assessments were carried out independently by both authors. Meta‐analysis was not possible because of the heterogeneity of data. Results A total of 1397 papers were screened with 26 papers using randomised, non‐randomised controlled trials or repeated measured designs being included. A broad mix of therapeutic modalities, types, lengths and settings were described, focussing largely on people with mild levels of cognitive impairment living in the community. Conclusions This study was limited to only those studies published in English. The strongest evidence supported the use of short‐term group therapy after diagnosis and an intensive, multi‐faceted intervention for Nursing Home residents. Many areas of psychotherapy need further research. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 07, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4529   open full text
  • The influence of thoughts of death and suicidal ideation on the course of depression in older depressed patients.
    Ista C.H.M. Bogers, Marij Zuidersma, Marjolein L. Boshuisen, Hannie C. Comijs, Richard C. Oude Voshaar.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 05, 2016
    Objective Thoughts of death are not regularly included in diagnostic instruments and rarely examined separately from thoughts of suicide. This exploratory study examined whether thoughts of death and thoughts of suicide affect the course of late‐life depressive disorders. Methods In 378 depressed older persons, thoughts of death and thoughts of suicide were assessed using questions from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. After 2 years, the presence of a DSM‐IV‐TR diagnosis of minor or major depression or dysthymia was assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology was administered every 6 months up till 3‐year follow‐up. Results Multinomial logistic regression showed that thoughts of death as well as thoughts of suicide predicted double depression at follow‐up (OR = 2.14 [95% CI: 1.04–4.40] and OR = 6.47 [95% CI: 2.22–3.02], respectively), compared with patients without these thoughts. Results became non‐significant when adjusted for baseline depression severity (OR = 1.17 [95% CI: 0.52–2.63] and OR = 2.57 [95% CI: 0.79–8.84], respectively). Mixed linear models showed that severity of depression was lowest in the reference group, while symptoms decreased more over time in those with either thoughts of death or suicide. Conclusions Patients with thoughts of death or with thoughts of suicide were more severely depressed at baseline and follow‐up, with the highest risk of being depressed at follow‐up for patients with thoughts of suicide. These associations could be explained by baseline depression severity. The results suggest that thoughts of death and thoughts of suicide are important risk markers in predicting the course of depression. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 05, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4541   open full text
  • Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: advanced disease stages and death. A step to palliative care.
    J. Diehl‐Schmid, S. Richard‐Devantoy, T. Grimmer, H. Förstl, R. Jox.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 04, 2016
    Objective The aim of the present study was to gain insight into the living and care situation in advanced behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), to describe symptoms and findings in advanced bvFTD, and to evaluate somatic comorbidities and circumstances of death. Methods Standardized interviews were conducted with family caregivers of 83 patients with bvFTD. Forty‐four percent of the patients were already deceased at the time of the interview. Results At the time of the interview or death, respectively, 47% of the patients lived in a nursing home. The median time between symptom onset and nursing home admission was 5.0 ± 5.5 years. In moderate and severe dementia stages almost all patients suffered from severe disabilities including impairment of language, gait, swallowing, and of the ability to care for themselves. Sixteen percent of the patients had got enteral tube feeding. Comorbid somatic diseases were diagnosed in 46% of the patients. Twenty‐three percent of the deceased patients had been admitted into a hospital before death. Cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease, mostly pneumonia, were the most frequent causes of death. Conclusions Advanced bvFTD is characterized by severe cognitive impairment and physical disabilities. BvFTD leads to a premature death. Our findings stress the importance of strategies that maximize patient comfort in advanced disease stages and allow for a peaceful death. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 04, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4540   open full text
  • Impact of comorbid mental health needs on racial/ethnic disparities in general medical care utilization among older adults.
    Daniel E. Jimenez, Andrew C. Schmidt, Giyeon Kim, Benjamin Le Cook.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 01, 2016
    Objective The objective is to apply the Institute of Medicine definition of healthcare disparities in order to compare (1) racial/ethnic disparities in general medical care use among older adults with and without comorbid mental health need and (2) racial/ethnic disparities in general medical care use within the group with comorbid mental health need. Methods Data were obtained from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (years 2004–2012). The sample included 21,263 participants aged 65+ years (14,973 non‐Latino Caucasians, 3530 African–Americans, and 2760 Latinos). Physical illness was determined by having one of the 11 priority chronic health illnesses. Comorbid mental health need was defined as having one of the chronic illnesses plus a Kessler‐6 Scale >12, or two‐item Patient Health Questionnaire >2. General medical care use refers to receipt of non‐mental health specialty care. Two‐part generalized linear models were used to estimate and compare general medical care use and expenditures among older adults with and without a comorbid mental health need. Results Racial/ethnic disparities in general medical care expenditures were greater among those with comorbid mental health need compared with those without. Among those with comorbid mental health need, non‐Latino Caucasians had significantly greater expenditures on prescription drug use than African–Americans and Latinos. Conclusions Expenditure disparities reflect differences in the amount of resources provided to African–Americans and Latinos compared with non‐Latino Caucasians. This is not equivalent to disparities in quality of care. Interventions and policies are needed to ensure that racial/ethnic minority older adults receive equitable services that enable them to manage effectively their comorbid mental and physical health needs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 01, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4546   open full text
  • The survival and characteristics of older people with and without dementia who are hospitalised following intentional self‐harm.
    Rebecca Mitchell, Brian Draper, Lara Harvey, Henry Brodaty, Jacqueline Close.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 30, 2016
    Objective Characteristics of older people with and without dementia who are hospitalised following self‐harm remains largely unexplored. This research compares the characteristics of older people with and without dementia who self‐harm, compares associations of mental health‐related diagnoses with those hospitalised for a self‐harm and a non‐self‐harm injury and examines mortality by injury intent. Method A population‐based study of individuals aged 50+ years with and without dementia admitted to hospital for a self‐harm injury (and those with other injuries) using linked hospital admission and mortality records during 2003–2012 in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Health outcomes, including hospital length of stay (LOS), 28‐day readmission and 30‐day and 12‐month mortality were examined by dementia status. Results There were 427 hospitalisations of individuals with dementia and 11,684 hospitalisations of individuals without dementia following self‐harm. The hospitalisation rate for self‐harm for individuals with dementia aged 60+ years was double the rate for individuals without dementia (72.2 and 37.5 per 100,000). For both older people with and without dementia, those who self‐harmed were more likely to have co‐existent mental health and alcohol use disorders than individuals who had a non‐self‐harm injury. Individuals with dementia had higher 12‐month mortality rates, 28‐day readmission and longer LOS than individuals without dementia. Conclusion Dementia is associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation for self‐harm in older people and worse outcomes. The high rate of coexistent mental health conditions suggests that interventions which reduce behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia might reduce self‐harm in people with dementia. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 30, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4542   open full text
  • Trends in patterns of antidepressant use in older general population between 2006 and 2012 following publication of practice guidelines.
    Fanny Etchepare, Elodie Pambrun, Hélène Verdoux, Marie Tournier.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 30, 2016
    Objective The French regulatory agency published in 2006 practice guidelines related to the management of depressive and anxiety disorders. The main objective of the study was to assess their impact regarding use and monitoring of antidepressant drug treatment in older patients. The secondary objective was to identify factors associated with compliance with practice guidelines. Methods A historical fixed cohort study with dynamic follow‐up time was conducted in 16,144 subjects aged 65 years and over, initiating antidepressant treatment and registered in the National Health Insurance Database between 2006 and 2012. Compliance with guidelines was assessed from year to year using segmented regression analysis. Multiple logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with compliance with guidelines. Results Duration of antidepressant treatment was compliant with guidelines in 13.0% of patients aged 65–74 years and 18.5% of patients aged 75 years and over. Biological monitoring was performed in 12.6% of patients aged 65–74 years and 18.5% of patients aged 75 years and over. No significant change of rate of compliance with guidelines was observed over the study period. Compliance of prescriptions with guidelines was associated with patient's age, specialty of the prescriber, presence of chronic disease, year of treatment initiation, and presence of a university hospital in the area of residence. Conclusion While treatment duration and biological monitoring were often inadequate in older patients, the publication of guidelines by the French health regulatory authorities did not lead to any significant and sustained improvement in their patterns of antidepressant use. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 30, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4536   open full text
  • Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini‐Mental State Examination reliable change indices in healthy older adults.
    Miloslav Kopecek, Ondrej Bezdicek, Zdenek Sulc, Jiri Lukavsky, Hana Stepankova.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 29, 2016
    Objective Cognitive tests are used repeatedly to assess the treatment response or progression of cognitive disorders. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a valid screening test for mild cognitive impairment. The aim of our study was to establish 90% reliable change indices (RCI) for the MoCA together with the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) in cognitively healthy older adults. Method We analyzed 197 cognitively healthy and functional independent volunteers aged 60–94 years, who met strict inclusion criteria for four consecutive years. The RCI methods by Chelune and Hsu were used. Results For 1, 2, and 3 years, the 90% RCI for MoCA using Chelune's formula were −4 ≤, ≥4; −4 ≤, ≥4 and −5 ≤, ≥4 points, respectively, and −3 ≤, ≥3 for the MMSE each year. Ninety percent RCI for MoCA using Hsu's formula ranged from −6 to 0, respectively, and +3 to +8 dependent on the baseline MoCA. Conclusion Our study demonstrated RCI for the MoCA and MMSE in a 3‐year time period that can be used for the estimation of cognitive decline or improvement in clinical settings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 29, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4539   open full text
  • Limited validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in dementia: evidence from a confirmatory factor analysis.
    Joshua Stott, Aimee Spector, Martin Orrell, Katrina Scior, Joanne Sweeney, Georgina Charlesworth.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 29, 2016
    Objectives The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a well‐validated, self‐report measure of both anxiety and depression. It is frequently used with people with dementia. However, its structural validity has never been examined in this population. The current study used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess this. Methods Baseline data from two intervention studies for people with mild to moderate dementia were combined (N = 268). CFA was used to test whether a one, two or three factor structure best fit the data. Indices of model misspecification were examined to test for poor quality items, and models re‐specified accordingly. Finally, measurement invariance across gender and different levels of cognitive impairment was assessed. Results A one‐factor structure did not fit the data. Two and three factor structures fitted the data equally well. Model fit was improved by removal of two items. Measurement invariance was adequate across gender, but poor across groups with differing levels of cognitive impairment. Conclusion The HADS is acceptable and feasible but difficult to interpret in a dementia population. We suggest that it should be interpreted as measuring two separate factors of anxiety and depression and not one ‘distress’ factor. However, two items may need to be removed, affecting cut‐off scores. Poor measurement invariance means the HADS may not be a good tool for measuring differences in anxiety and depression between those with mild and those with moderate cognitive impairment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 29, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4530   open full text
  • The effect of folk recreation program in improving symptoms: a study of Chinese elder dementia patients.
    Dong‐mei Li, Xiao‐xue Li.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 27, 2016
    Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a folk recreation program on the symptoms of people with dementia. The program was tailored to the participants' interest and derived from their traditional culture background. Methods A quasi‐experimental study design was used. A total of 48 participants were assigned to an experimental or a control group. The experimental group received a 40 to 50‐min folk recreation intervention, which is mainly about art, music and game, three times a week and for 16 weeks. The control group received routine care without special intervention. The Mini‐mental State Examination (MMSE), Barthel Index (BI) and the Chinese version of the neuropsychiatric inventory (CNPI) were used to estimate the cognitive function, ability of daily living and behavioral and psychological symptoms with dementia at baseline and week 16. Results For the experimental group, the mean scores of MMSE and BI increased significantly from baseline to week 16 (p < 0.01) for cognitive function and activity of daily living, and the mean score of CNPI‐symptom decreased significantly (p < 0.01) for behavioral and psychological symptoms. While, for the control group, the mean score of MMSE decreased significantly (p < 0.01), and the mean scores of BI and CNPI‐symptom changed non‐significantly. Conclusions The folk recreation program has the potential to improve cognitive function, ability of daily living and behavioral and psychological symptoms of the elders with dementia. The folk leisure activities, which embed in the participants' cultural background, will motivate their positive feelings and memories, can delay the progression of disease and improve the symptoms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 27, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4543   open full text
  • The impact of personality on memory function in older adults—results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam.
    Ruth Klaming, Dick J. Veltman, Hannie C. Comijs.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 22, 2016
    Objective The aim of the study was to explore associations between memory function and the personality constructs mastery, self‐efficacy, and neuroticism in a large cohort of older adults over a 14‐year period. Methods Memory function and personality traits were assessed every three years for 14 years. Data was derived from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). The study cohort included a total of 1966 men and women aged 65 and older at baseline. Episodic memory was assessed with a modified Dutch version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Personality was measured with Dutch versions of the Pearlin Mastery Scale, General Self‐Efficacy Scale, and an abbreviated version of the Dutch Personality Questionnaire. All three personality questionnaires are self‐rating instruments. Results Higher levels of mastery and self‐efficacy were associated with better memory function while high neuroticism was associated with poorer memory. Personality traits did not affect the rate of memory decline over time. Conclusions Results demonstrate the role personality constructs, in particular those related to control beliefs and proneness to psychological stress, play in cognitive function in older adults, and support the development of intervention programs. Targeted training has the potential to promote a sense of control over life outcomes and to lower stress in older adults who are at risk for impaired memory function. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 22, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4527   open full text
  • Perceived burdensomeness is associated with low‐lethality suicide attempts, dysfunctional interpersonal style, and younger rather than older age.
    Polina M. Vanyukov, Katalin Szanto, Michael Hallquist, Modhurima Moitra, Alexandre Y. Dombrovski.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 14, 2016
    Objectives Perceived burdensomeness is thought to contribute to suicide risk. However, suicidal behavior is clinically and psychologically heterogeneous. Does a high level of perceived burdensomeness differentiate medically serious suicidal acts, most closely resembling death by suicide, from less serious ones? How is perceived burdensomeness related to dysfunctional personality dimensions implicated in suicide? We sought to answer these questions in a cross‐sectional, case–control study of adults, aged 42 years or older (n = 165). Methods Participants were suicidal depressed with history of high‐lethality and low‐lethality attempts, depressed with serious suicidal ideation, depressed non‐suicidal, and psychiatrically healthy controls. Following detailed clinical characterization, we assessed perceived burdensomeness, the Big Five, impulsivity, and anger rumination. Results Low‐lethality attempters reported the highest levels of perceived burdensomeness, followed by ideators, high‐lethality attempters, non‐suicidal depressed, and healthy controls. Group differences were robust to confounders, including demographics, severity of depression, and physical illness burden. In suicide attempters, perceived burdensomeness scaled positively with neuroticism, impulsivity, and anger and negatively with extraversion, conscientiousness, and age. Conclusions Our findings suggest that perceived burdensomeness is most prominent in a subgroup of younger individuals with lower‐lethality suicide attempts and a dysfunctional interpersonal style. Older adults with high‐lethality attempts are surprisingly more resilient to the feelings of burdensomeness. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 14, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4526   open full text
  • Immunological biomarkers associated with brain structure and executive function in late‐life depression: exploratory pilot study.
    Stephen F. Smagula, Francis E. Lotrich, Howard J. Aizenstein, Breno S. Diniz, Jeffrey Krystek, Gregory F. Wu, Benoit H. Mulsant, Meryl A. Butters, Charles F. Reynolds, Eric J. Lenze.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 10, 2016
    Objective Several immunological biomarkers are altered in late‐life major depressive disorder (LLD). Immunological alterations could contribute to LLD's consequences, but little is known about the relations between specific immunological biomarkers and brain health in LLD. We performed an exploratory pilot study to identify, from several candidates, the specific immunological biomarkers related to important aspects of brain health that are altered in LLD (brain structure and executive function). Methods Adults (n = 31) were at least 60 years old and had major depressive disorder. A multiplex immunoassay assessed 13 immunological biomarkers, and we examined their associations with structural MRI (grey matter volume and white matter hyperintensity volume (WMH)) and executive function (Color–Word Interference and Trail‐Making tests) measures. Results Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the chemokine eotaxin had significant negative associations with grey matter volume (VEGF: n = 31, r = −0.65; eotaxin: n = 29, r = −0.44). Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) had a significant positive relationship with WMHs (n = 30, r = 0.52); interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α (MIP‐1α) were also significantly associated with WMHs (IFN‐γ: n = 31, r = 0.48; MIP‐1α: n = 29, r = 0.45). Only eotaxin was associated with executive function (set‐shifting performance as measured with the Trail‐making test: n = 33, r = −0.43). Conclusions Immunological markers are associated with brain structure in LLD. We found the immunological correlates of grey and white matter differ. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate whether these immunological correlates of brain health increase the risk of LLD's consequences. Eotaxin, which correlated with both grey matter volume and set‐shifting performance, may be particularly relevant to neurodegeneration and cognition in LLD. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 10, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4512   open full text
  • A cross‐sectional study on clinical correlates of anxiety disorders in 613 community living older adults in Hong Kong.
    Ada Wai Tung Fung, Linda Chiu Wa Lam.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 09, 2016
    Objectives Previous studies have reported that the prevalence of late life anxiety disorders varies between 3.2% and 15.3%. Despite its high prevalence, anxiety disorders are still under‐recognized in old age. This study evaluated the association among health, psychosocial factors, lifestyle choices, cognitive function and anxiety disorders in the older population in Hong Kong. Methods Six hundred and thirteen volunteer participants aged 60 years or above were interviewed for their socio‐demographic background, physical and mental health statuses, social network, cognitive function and their activity engagement style. Ascertainment of diagnosis of anxiety disorders was based on the use of ICD‐10 diagnostic criteria generated by the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS‐R) algorithms. Results According to the ICD‐10 diagnostic criteria generated by the CIS‐R algorithms, 4.4% (N = 27) had mixed anxiety and depressive disorder, 2.5% (N = 15) had generalized anxiety disorders and 0.2% (N = 1) had other anxiety disorders (Phobia). Individuals with anxiety disorders had more gastrointestinal conditions (OR = 2.66, 95% CI 1.48–4.76) and genitourinary problems (OR = 1.96, 95% CI 1.05–3.65), poor 10‐min delayed recall (OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.56–0.83), worse abstract thinking (OR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.49–0.85) and poor social networking in confidante relationship (OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.79–0.98). Lifestyle activity engagement was not associated with the presence of anxiety disorders. Conclusions Older adults with anxiety disorders appeared to have greater medical comorbidity and lower cognitive function. While anxiety may affect memory performance, future studies are needed to explore if anxiety symptom may reflect early neurodegeneration that easily escapes clinical attention. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 09, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4516   open full text
  • Anticholinergic effect on cognition (AEC) of drugs commonly used in older people.
    Delia Bishara, Daniel Harwood, Justin Sauer, David M. Taylor.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 09, 2016
    Objective Use of anticholinergic drugs in older people is associated with increased risk of cognitive decline and of dementia and death. Method We identified drugs widely used in older people and attempted to classify their anticholinergic effect on cognition (AEC) according to our three‐point scale which scored AEC according to in vitro anticholinergic potency, capacity to cross the blood–brain barrier and statements made in standard texts. Results In total, 165 drugs were examined. We identified 21 drugs with an AEC score of 3, 18 with a score of 2, 21 with a score of 1 and 62 with a score of 0. Owing to insufficient information, we were unable to classify 43 drugs. Conclusions A large number of drugs commonly used in older people are likely to be associated with cognitive impairment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 09, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4507   open full text
  • Reliability and validity of a self‐administration version of DEMQOL‐Proxy.
    A. A. Jolijn Hendriks, Sarah C. Smith, Theopisti Chrysanthaki, Nick Black.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 07, 2016
    Objective This study aimed to investigate the reliability and validity of a self‐administered version of DEMQOL‐Proxy, a disease‐specific instrument that measures health‐related quality of life in people with dementia. Methods The sample consisted of 173 informal carers of people with dementia, aged 29 to 89 years old. Carers were mostly female, White/White British and closely related to the patient. They completed DEMQOL‐Proxy (self‐administered), EQ‐5D‐3L (proxy reported about the person with dementia), EQ‐5D‐3L (self‐reported about their own health) and the Zarit Burden Interview. Using well‐established methods from classical test theory, we evaluated scale level acceptability, reliability and convergent, discriminant and known‐groups validity of DEMQOL‐Proxy. Results DEMQOL‐Proxy (self‐administered) showed high acceptability (3.5% missing data and 0% scores at floor or ceiling), high internal consistency reliability (α = 0.93) and good convergent and discriminant validity. Amongst others, we found a moderately high correlation with EQ‐5D‐3L proxy reported (r = 0.52) and low to essentially zero correlations with EQ‐5D‐3L self‐reported (r = 0.20) and carer and patient background variables (r ≤ 0.20). As predicted, DEMQOL‐Proxy (self‐administered) showed a modest correlation with DEMQOL (r = 0.32). Known‐groups differences on health‐related quality of life (comparing people with versus people without cognitive impairment) were of moderate effect size (d = 0.38) and in the expected direction. Conclusions DEMQOL‐Proxy (self‐administered) has comparable acceptability, reliability and validity with DEMQOL‐Proxy (interviewer administered). DEMQOL‐Proxy (self‐administered) can be used in a wider variety of contexts than its interviewer‐administered version, including routine use in busy clinics. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 07, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4515   open full text
  • Both muscle mass and muscle strength are inversely associated with depressive symptoms in an elderly Chinese population.
    Hongmei Wu, Bin Yu, Ge Meng, Fangfang Liu, Qi Guo, Jiazhong Wang, Huanmin Du, Wen Zhang, Suxing Shen, Peipei Han, Renwei Dong, Xiuyang Wang, Yixuan Ma, Xin Chen, Kaijun Niu.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 07, 2016
    Objective Few population studies have examined the association between skeletal muscle and depressive symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine whether low muscle mass and muscle strength were associated with the depressive symptoms in elderly Chinese. Methods A cross‐sectional study was conducted with 1046 elderly in Tianjin, China. Depressive symptoms were examined using the 30‐item Geriatric Depression Scale. A Geriatric Depression Scale score of ≥11 was used to indicate depressive symptoms. Skeletal muscle mass was indicated using a skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) that was measured by bioimpedance analysis and muscle strength was measured by dynamometer. Results In a multiple logistic regression analysis, subjects in the lowest quartile of SMI or muscle strength had a significantly higher risk for depressive symptoms compared with those in the fourth quartile. The odds ratios and 95% confidence interval for depressive symptoms risk in the lowest quartile of SMI compared with the highest after adjusting for potential confounding factors were 10.1 (2.25, 58.3) in men and 3.17 (1.07, 9.95) in women. The odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for depressive symptoms risk in the lowest quartile of muscle strength compared with the highest after adjusting for potential confounding factors were 2.55 (1.02, 6.67) in men and 4.18 (1.83, 10.2) in women. Conclusions Both muscle mass and muscle strength are inversely associated with depressive symptoms in elderly Chinese. These findings may provide novel insights linking skeletal muscle and depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 07, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4522   open full text
  • The 6‐Item Cognitive Impairment Test as a bedside screening for dementia in general hospital patients: results of the General Hospital Study (GHoSt).
    Johannes Baltasar Hessler, Martina Schäufele, Ingrid Hendlmeier, Magdalena Nora Junge, Sarah Leonhardt, Joshua Weber, Horst Bickel.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 07, 2016
    Objective The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric quality of the 6‐Item Cognitive Impairment Test (6CIT) as a bedside screening for the detection of dementia in general hospital patients. Method Participants (N = 1,440) were inpatients aged ≥65 of 33 randomly selected general hospitals in Southern Germany. The 6CIT was conducted at bedside, and dementia was diagnosed according to DSM‐IV. Nursing staff was asked to rate the patients' cognitive status, and previous diagnoses of dementia were extracted from medical records. Completion rates and validity statistics were calculated. Results Two‐hundred seventy patients had dementia. Cases with delirium but no dementia were excluded. Feasibility was 97.9% and 83.3% for patients without and with dementia, respectively, and decreased from moderate (93.8%) to severe dementia (53%). The area under the curve of the 6CIT was 0.98. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for the cutoffs 7/8 (0.96, 0.82, 0.85, 0.52, 0.99) and 10/11 (0.88, 0.95, 0.94, 0.76, 0.98). The nurse ratings and medical records information had lower validity statistics. Logistic regression analyses revealed that the 6CIT statistically significantly provided information above nurse ratings and medical records. Twenty‐five and 37 additional patients were correctly classified by the 7/8 and 10/11 cutoffs, respectively. Conclusion The 6CIT is a feasible and valid screening tool for the detection of dementia in older general hospital patients. The 6CIT outperformed the nurse ratings of cognitive status and dementia diagnoses from medical records, suggesting that standardized screening may have benefits with regard to case finding. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 07, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4514   open full text
  • Effect of chronic somatic diseases on the course of late‐life depression.
    Johanna M. Hegeman, Esther M. Fenema, Hannie C. Comijs, Rob M. Kok, Roos C. Mast, Margot W. M. Waal.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 07, 2016
    Objective To examine the influence of specific chronic somatic diseases and overall somatic diseases burden on the course of depression in older persons. Methods This was a prospective cohort study with a 2‐year follow‐up. Participants were depressed persons (n = 285) from the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons. The presence of chronic somatic diseases was based on self‐report. Diagnosis of depression was assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and severity of depression was measured with the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self‐report. Results Cardiovascular diseases (odds ratio [OR] = 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02–2.72, p = 0.041), musculoskeletal diseases (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.04–2.80, p = 0.034), and the number of chronic somatic diseases (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.16–1.63, p < 0.001) were associated with having a depressive disorder at 2‐year follow‐up. Furthermore, chronic non‐specific lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, cancer, or cumulative somatic disease burden were associated with a chronic course of depression. Conclusions Somatic disease burden is associated with a poor course of late‐life depression. The course of late‐life depression is particularly unfavorable in the presence of chronic non‐specific lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, and cancer. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 07, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4523   open full text
  • Cognitive stimulation therapy in the Italian context: its efficacy in cognitive and non‐cognitive measures in older adults with dementia.
    Emanuela Capotosto, Carmen Belacchi, Simona Gardini, Silvia Faggian, Federica Piras, Vanessa Mantoan, Elisa Salvalaio, Samantha Pradelli, Erika Borella.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 07, 2016
    Objective Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) has been shown to have significant benefits in enhancing cognitive functioning and improving the quality of life of people with mild to moderate dementia. The present study examines the efficacy of the Italian version of the therapy (CST‐IT). Methods Older adults with mild to moderate dementia (n = 39) were randomly assigned to two programs: one group participated in the CST‐IT, consisting of 14 sessions (twice a week for 7 weeks) and the active control group took part in alternative general activities. The outcome measures were cognitive functioning (measured by the Mini‐Mental State Examination‐MMSE‐, the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment scale‐cognitive subscale, the backward digit span test, and a narrative language test); quality of life (Quality of life––Alzheimer's Disease scale); mood (Cornell scale for depression in dementia and the social and emotional loneliness scale); functional activities in daily living (Disability Assessment for Dementia); and behavior (neuropsychiatric inventory). Results After the intervention, only the CST‐IT group maintained its MMSE score, while the control group displayed deterioration. The CST‐IT group also performed better in some of the cognitive measures (Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale‐Cognitive subscale and narrative language), mood measures (Cornell scale, social and emotional loneliness scale with a decrease in reported loneliness), and the Quality of life––Alzheimer's Disease scale. No other treatment effect was observed. Conclusions The findings confirm the efficacy, at least in the short term, of the CST in sustaining cognitive functions and perceived quality of life in older adults with dementia in the Italian care setting as well.
    June 07, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4521   open full text
  • The care needs and experiences with the use of services of people with young‐onset dementia and their caregivers: a systematic review.
    Joany K. Millenaar, Christian Bakker, Raymond T. C. M. Koopmans, Frans R. J. Verhey, Alexander Kurz, Marjolein E. Vugt.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 06, 2016
    Objective In this review, the care needs and experiences with the use of available services of individuals with young‐onset dementia (YOD) and their caregivers were investigated. This knowledge is an important prerequisite for the development of appropriate interventions and personalized care to address their specific needs and problems. Design A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Psycinfo and Cinahl. A quality checklist for observational and qualitative studies was used to appraise the methodological quality of the studies. Results Twenty‐seven studies were included, and a synthesis of the literature revealed six themes. The first theme concerned problems in the diagnostic period. Early recognition and referral was reported as an essential area that required improvement in order to obtain appropriate help in time. The second theme discussed the need for information about YOD and the availability of care throughout the caregiving trajectory. The third theme described barriers in access to care that hindered caregivers in finding the right services. The fourth theme showed the availability of appropriate services and specific unmet needs. The fifth theme illustrated that behavioural and personality changes pose a significant challenge for caregivers and other family members. The last theme showed the profound impact of YOD on caregivers. Conclusions The literature indicates that people with YOD and their caregivers face a wide range of difficulties during the disease process. The reviewed studies provide an important foundation for knowledge and awareness about the specific care needs and experiences of people with YOD and their caregivers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 06, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4502   open full text
  • Cognition in relation to independency in older, comorbid stroke patients in a stroke unit.
    Marleen Huijben‐Schoenmakers, Arno Rademaker, Erik Scherder.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 06, 2016
    Objective The objective of this study was to ascertain if cognition helps to predict functional outcome in older comorbid stroke patients with severe loss of independence. Design This is a cross‐sectional study. Subjects The subjects of this study are patients who have suffered a stroke and who rehabilitated in the nursing homes' rehabilitation units and patients (n = 160) (mean age: 77; SD: 9.5) with a mean Barthel Index of 11.02. Method Demographic, illness‐related, functional and cognitive data were selected at baseline. Main Assessment Measures Functional abilities were tested using the Barthel Index. Cognitive functions were assessed using a wide variety of neuropsychological tests. Results Patients faced cognitive impairments especially in executive functioning and memory. Stepwise linear regression analysis shows that executive functioning (p = 0.050) and memory (p = 0.000; confidence interval −1.255, −0.403) are significantly associated with functional outcome. Conclusion From a clinical point of view, we suggest combining physical and cognitive training from the very early phase of recovery.
    June 06, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4518   open full text
  • Cognitive performance in unipolar old‐age depression: a longitudinal study.
    Alexandra Pantzar, Anna Rita Atti, Laura Fratiglioni, Johan Fastbom, Lars Bäckman, Erika J. Laukka.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 01, 2016
    Objective Previous studies on cognitive deficits in acute and remitted states of old‐age depression have shown mixed findings. The episodic nature of depression makes repeated assessment of cognitive performance important in order to address reversibility and stability of cognitive deficits. Methods Dementia‐free older participants (≥60 years) from the population‐based Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen who completed neuropsychological testing at baseline (T1) and follow‐up (T2) formed the basis of the study sample. Participants were grouped according to depression status at T1 and T2: depressed–remitted (n = 32), remitted–depressed (n = 45), and nondepressed–depressed (n = 29). These groups were compared with a group of randomly selected and matched (age, gender, education, and follow‐up time) healthy controls (n = 106) over a period of maximum 6 years. Results Mixed ANCOVAs, controlling for age and gender, revealed depression‐related deficits for processing speed, attention, executive function, and category fluency. In remitted states, only processing speed and attention were affected. However, these deficits were attenuated after exclusion of persons using benzodiazepine medications. A general pattern of cognitive decline was observed across all groups for processing speed, executive function, category fluency, and episodic and semantic memory; persons transitioning from a nondepressed to depressed state tended to show exacerbated cognitive decline. Conclusions The results support the notion that cognitive deficits in depression may be more transient than stable. Consequently, cognitive deficits in depression might be regarded as potential treatment targets rather than stable vulnerabilities. As such, repeated assessment of cognitive functioning may provide an additional marker of treatment response.
    June 01, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4510   open full text
  • Effectiveness of respite care in supporting informal caregivers of persons with dementia: a systematic review.
    Sophie Vandepitte, Nele Van Den Noortgate, Koen Putman, Sofie Verhaeghe, Caroline Verdonck, Lieven Annemans.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 01, 2016
    Objective Supporting informal caregivers of persons with dementia is considered to be an effective strategy for improving the well‐being of caregivers and care recipients and for delaying nursing home placement. Although considerable research has been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of psychoeducational interventions, cognitive behavioral therapy, and occupational therapy, research into the effectiveness of respite care is rare. This systematic review aims to investigate the effectiveness of different types of respite care in supporting informal caregivers of persons with dementia. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted using Web of Science and PubMed, and the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies was used to assess the methodological quality. Randomized controlled trials, quasi‐experimental studies, pretest–posttest studies without a control group, and cohort studies were included. Results Seventeen papers met the inclusion criteria. Day care services are effective in decreasing caregiver burden and behavioral problems in persons with dementia, but they also accelerate time to nursing home admission. The results of temporary residential admission are rather mixed and show unexpected adverse effects on both caregivers and care recipients. High‐quality comparable evidence on community‐based respite care is still lacking, although earlier qualitative evidence indicated promising results. Conclusion Unlike in previous reviews, we were able to draw some conclusions about the effectiveness of some types of respite care. There is nonetheless still a need for new intervention studies measuring the impact of respite care, especially in‐home respite care programs, on the caregiver, the care recipient, and health care resource utilization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 01, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4504   open full text
  • The discrepancy between social isolation and loneliness as a clinically meaningful metric: findings from the Irish and English longitudinal studies of ageing (TILDA and ELSA).
    JE McHugh, RA Kenny, BA Lawlor, A Steptoe, F Kee.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 01, 2016
    Objective Scant evidence is available on the discordance between loneliness and social isolation among older adults. We aimed to investigate this discordance and any health implications that it may have. Method Using nationally representative datasets from ageing cohorts in Ireland (TILDA) and England (ELSA), we created a metric of discordance between loneliness and social isolation, to which we refer as Social Asymmetry. This metric was the categorised difference between standardised scores on a scale of loneliness and a scale of social isolation, giving categories of: Concordantly Lonely and Isolated, Discordant: Robust to Loneliness, or Discordant: Susceptible to Loneliness. We used regression and multilevel modelling to identify potential relationships between Social Asymmetry and cognitive outcomes. Results Social Asymmetry predicted cognitive outcomes cross‐sectionally and at a two‐year follow‐up, such that Discordant: Robust to Loneliness individuals were superior performers, but we failed to find evidence for Social Asymmetry as a predictor of cognitive trajectory over time. Conclusions We present a new metric and preliminary evidence of a relationship with clinical outcomes. Further research validating this metric in different populations, and evaluating its relationship with other outcomes, is warranted. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 01, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4509   open full text
  • Sub‐clinical orthostatic hypotension is associated with greater subjective memory impairment in older adults.
    Celia O'Hare, Cathal McCrory, Matthew DL O'Connell, Rose Anne Kenny.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 01, 2016
    Introduction Orthostatic blood pressure (BP) is a measure of cardiovascular autonomic function. Orthostatic BP dysregulation may lie on the causal pathway to dementia. Subjective memory impairment (SMI) is commonly reported by older people some of whom may progress to dementia. We hypothesised that sub‐clinical orthostatic hypotension would be associated with SMI and explored these associations according to sex. Methods Cross‐sectional analysis of data from 4340 participants aged 50 and over collected during the first wave (2009–2011) of the cohort study, The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. Subjective memory was rated according to a 5‐point scale ranging from ‘poor’ to ‘excellent’. BP was measured during orthostatic stress using continuous non‐invasive beat‐to‐beat recording over 2 min. Results 2% reported ‘poor’ subjective memory, 12.3% ‘fair’ , 38% ‘good’, 33% ‘very good’ and 14.6% ‘excellent’. After controlling for several potential confounding factors including cardiovascular risk, objective cognition, and depressive symptoms mean systolic orthostatic BP was lowest in those with poor subjective memory: 92.2 mmHg (CI95% = 87.1, 97.3) versus excellent 99.3 mmHg (CI95% = 97.4, 101.2); p = 0.011. Further adjustment for supine systolic BP suggested that men with poor subjective memory reached the lowest average systolic orthostatic BP and had the greatest impairment in systolic orthostatic BP stabilisation to baseline levels at 10 s post‐stand (−6.64 mmHg; CI95% = −11.49, −1.79; p = 0.007). Conclusions Sub‐clinical orthostatic hypotension is associated with SMI, and there are sex‐specific relationships evident in this population‐based cohort. Subtle cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction may represent a modifiable risk marker at an early stage of cognitive decline in older adults. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 01, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4485   open full text
  • Epidemiology of dementia and its burden in the city of Kolkata, India.
    Tapas Kumar Banerjee, Saunak Dutta, Sujata Das, Malay Ghosal, Biman Kanti Ray, Atanu Biswas, Avijit Hazra, Arijit Chaudhuri, Neelanjana Paul, Shyamal Kumar Das.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 01, 2016
    Objectives Increase in aging population is expected to lead to increasing prevalence of dementia in India. In this study, we aimed to determine prevalence, incidence, and mortality of dementia and its subtypes and assess dementia burden in terms of disability‐adjusted life years (DALY). Methods A community study was conducted over 5 years (2003–2008) in Kolkata, India, on 100,802 (males 53,209) randomly selected subjects to assess prevalence and capture data on incident cases and deaths. Standard case definitions were used. The data were used to estimate years of life lost (YLL) due to premature mortality, years of life lived with disability (YLD), and DALY, based on Global Burden of Disease 2010 approach. Results During 2003–2004, there were 103 (men 55) cases of dementia. The prevalence was 1.53% (age adjusted 1.12%) at age ≥65 years. In those ≥55 years age, average annual incidence rate of dementia was 72.57 per 100,000. All‐cause standardized mortality ratio in dementia cases was 4.74 (men 6.19, women 3.03). The burden of dementia in 2007–2008 revealed that overall YLL was 47.13 per 100,000 and YLD ranged from 1.87 to 16.95 per 100,000 depending on the clinical severity of dementia. The overall DALY lost per 100,000 due to dementia for the year 2007–2008 was 74.19. Conclusions This community study revealed a low prevalence and incidence of dementia with consequent low DALY‐derived burden of illness compared with many industrialized nations. YLL formed major component of DALY indicating premature mortality to be an outcome of dementia burden. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 01, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4499   open full text
  • Neuroanatomic pathways associated with monoaminergic dysregulation after stroke.
    Seiji Hama, Taro Murakami, Hidehisa Yamashita, Keiichi Onoda, Shigeto Yamawaki, Kaoru Kurisu.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 01, 2016
    Objective We examined the complex relationship between lesion location, symptoms of depression (affective and apathetic), and monoamine dysfunction after stroke. Methods Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 48 post‐stroke patients that had been assessed for affective and apathetic symptoms using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Apathy Scale, respectively. Noradrenalin (NA), dopamine (DA), their metabolites, and a metabolite of serotonin (5‐HT) were measured using 24‐h urine samples, and 5‐HT and 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol were measured using blood samples. We developed a statistical parametric map that displayed the associations between lesion location and both positive and negative alterations of monoamines and their metabolites. Results Multivariate analysis indicated that basal ganglia lesions and 5‐HT showed relationships with affective symptoms, whereas homovanillic acid was related to apathetic symptoms. Univariate analysis showed no such relationships. However, decreases in NA and DA and increases in NA and DA turnover were related to lesions in the brainstem, whereas increases in NA and DA as well as decreases in NA and DA turnover were related to cortical and/or striatum lesions. 5‐HT turnover data showed a pattern opposite to that seen for NA and DA turnover. Conclusions Monoaminergic neuronal pathways are controlled by both receptor‐mediated feedback mechanisms and turnover; thus, depletion of monoamines is not the only cause of depression and apathy. Moreover, the monoamine neuronal network might be divided into two branches, catecholamine (NA and DA) and 5‐HT, both of which are anatomically and functionally interconnected and could respectively influence apathetic and affective symptoms of depression.
    June 01, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4503   open full text
  • Factors determining the balance between the wish to die and the wish to live in older adults.
    Anke Bonnewyn, Ajit Shah, Ronny Bruffaerts, Koen Demyttenaere.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 29, 2016
    Background The “Internal Struggle Hypothesis” (Kovacs and Beck, ) suggests that suicidal persons may have both a wish to live (WTL) and a wish to die (WTD). The current study investigates whether the three‐group typology – “WTL”, “ambivalent (AMB)”, and “WTD” – is determined by common correlates of suicidality and whether these groups can be ordinally ranked. Methods The sample comprised 113 older inpatients. Discriminant analysis was used to create two functions (combining social, psychiatric, psychological, and somatic variables) to predict the assignment of older inpatients into the groups WTL, AMB, and WTD. Results The functions “Subjective Well‐being” and “Social Support” allowed us to assign patients into these three distinct groups with good accuracy (66.1%). “Subjective Well‐being” contrasted the groups WTD and WTL and “Social Support” discriminated between the groups WTD and AMB. “Social Support” was highest in the AMB group. Conclusions Our results suggest a simultaneous presence of a WTL and a WTD in older inpatients, and also that the balance between them is determined by “Subjective Well‐being” and “Social Support”. Unexpectedly, the AMB group showed the highest scores on “Social Support”. We hypothesize that higher social support might function as an important determinant of a remaining WTL when a WTD is present because of a lower sense of well‐being. The study suggests that the groups WTL–AMB–WTD can not situated on a one‐dimensional continuum. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 29, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4511   open full text
  • Exposure to psychotropics in the French older population living with dementia: a nationwide population‐based study.
    Alice Breining, Dominique Bonnet‐Zamponi, Lorène Zerah, Carole Micheneau, Nathalie Riolacci‐Dhoyen, Christine Chan‐Chee, Jean Deligne, Jean‐Marc Harlin, Jacques Boddaert, Marc Verny, Armelle Leperre‐Desplanques.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 29, 2016
    Background Little is known about the level of psychotropic chronic exposure in all patients living with dementia. The aim of the study was to quantify chronic psychotropic exposure in older adults with dementia compared with the general population of the same age. Methods This prospective cohort study was conducted in France between 2009 and 2011. Aged at least 65 years, 10,781,812 individuals (440,215 of them with dementia) either community based or nursing home residents were included. The numbers of single or combined prescriptions, per year for antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, or hypnotics were measured. Results Of patients with dementia, 15.5% are exposed to antipsychotics compared with 2.2% of the age‐matched population (relative risk [RR] = 6.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] [6.39−6.48]), 39.5% to antidepressants compared with 12.6% (RR = 4.10, 95% CI [.4.07–4.12]), and 39.6% to anxiolytics or hypnotics compared with 26.9% (RR = 1.74, 95% CI [1.72–1.75]). Among older adults with dementia, 13.8% simultaneously consumed at least three psychotropics. All class age of older patients with dementia is more exposed to all psychotropics except for long‐acting benzodiazepines. During the study period, chronic anxiolytic/hypnotic and antipsychotic exposure slightly decreased in population with dementia while chronic exposure to antidepressant drugs tended to increase. Conclusion This nationwide, population‐based, drug‐used study showed for the first time that older patients with dementia are chronically overexposed not only to antipsychotics but also to psychotropics.
    May 29, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4517   open full text
  • Does admission to a specialist geriatric medicine ward lead to improvements in aspects of acute medical care for older patients with dementia?
    Robert Briggs, Emma O'Shea, Ana Siún, Desmond O'Neill, Paul Gallagher, Suzanne Timmons, Sean Kennelly.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 19, 2016
    Objective The objective of this study is to clarify if admission to a specialist geriatric medicine ward leads to improvements in aspects of acute medical care for patients with dementia. Methods We analysed combined data involving 900 patients from the Irish and Northern Irish audits of dementia care. Data on baseline demographics, admission outcomes, clinical aspects of care, multidisciplinary assessment and discharge planning processes were collected. Results Less than one‐fifth of patients received their inpatient care on a specialist geriatric medicine ward. Patients admitted to a geriatric medicine ward were less likely to undergo a formal assessment of mobility compared with those in non‐geriatric wards (119/143 (83%) vs 635/708 (90%), odds ratio (OR) = 0.57 (0.35 to 0.94)) and were more likely to receive newly prescribed antipsychotic medication during the admission (27/54 (50%) vs 95/2809 (36%), OR = 1.95 (1.08 to 3.51)). Patients admitted to a geriatric medicine ward were more likely to have certain aspects of discharge planning initiated, including completion of a single plan for discharge (78/118 (66%) vs 275/611 (45%), OR = 2.38 (1.58 to 3.60)). Surgical wards performed more poorly on certain aspects including having a named discharge co‐ordinator (32/71, 45%) and documentation of decisions regarding resuscitation status (18/95, 19%). Conclusion Relatively low numbers of patients with dementia received care on a specialist geriatric medicine ward. There appears to be a more streamlined discharge planning process in place on these wards, but they did not perform as well as one would expect in certain areas, such as compliance with multidisciplinary assessment and antipsychotic prescribing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 19, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4501   open full text
  • Structural grey matter changes in the substantia innominata in Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: a DARTEL‐VBM study.
    Sean J. Colloby, Greg J. Elder, Riham Rabee, John T. O'Brien, John‐Paul Taylor.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 19, 2016
    Objectives Several cholinergic nuclei, and in particular the nucleus basalis of Meynert, are localised to the substantia innominata in the basal forebrain. These nuclei provide major cholinergic innervation to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and have an essential role in cognitive function. The aim of this study was to investigate volumetric grey matter (GM) changes in the substantia innominata from structural T1 images in Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and healthy older participants using voxel‐based morphometry. Methods Participants (41 DLB, 47 AD and 39 controls) underwent 3 T T1 magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive assessments. Voxel‐based morphometry analysis used SPM8 with a substantia innominata brain mask to define the subspace for voxel GM analyses. Group differences, and selected behavioural and clinical correlates, were assessed. Results Compared with that in controls, bilateral GM loss in the substantia innominata was apparent in both AD and DLB. Relative to controls, significant bilateral GM loss in the substantia innominata was observed in DLB and AD. In DLB, significant associations were also observed between substantia innominata GM volume loss, and the levels of cognitive impairment and severity of cognitive fluctuations. Conclusions Relative to that controls, atrophy of the substantia innominata was apparent in DLB and AD, and is associated with specific clinical manifestations in DLB. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
    May 19, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4500   open full text
  • Is the naturalistic course of depression in older people related to received support over time? Results from a longitudinal population‐based study.
    Wim Houtjes, Dorly Deeg, Peter M. Ven, Berno Meijel, Theo Tilburg, Aartjan Beekman.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 19, 2016
    Objectives To test the interrelation of the naturalistic course of depression in older people with long‐term support received. Design Longitudinal cohort study. Methods A sample of 277 adults age 55–85 years participating in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, with clinically relevant depressive symptoms at baseline (scores ≥16 on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale) were followed up over a period of 13 years. General estimating equations were used to examine the relation between depression course and emotional/instrumental support received over time. In addition, partner status, gender, and age were tested as modifiers. Results A 2‐way interaction between depression courses types and time showed significant differences in instrumental support received over time in older people with a late‐life depression. Three‐way interactions showed that associations between depression course and support variables were modified by gender and partner status. Conclusion Both men and singles, with a chronic course of depression may be at risk to lose emotional and instrumental support over time. Professional attention is needed to prevent a chronic course of late‐life depression, and to preserve personal social networks. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 19, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4508   open full text
  • Loneliness, depression and cognitive function in older U.S. adults.
    Nancy J. Donovan, Qiong Wu, Dorene M. Rentz, Reisa A. Sperling, Gad A. Marshall, M. Maria Glymour.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 09, 2016
    Objective To examine reciprocal relations of loneliness and cognitive function in older adults. Methods Data were analyzed from 8382 men and women, age 65 and older, participating in the US Health and Retirement Study from 1998 to 2010. Participants underwent biennial assessments of loneliness and depression (classified as no, low or high depression) determined by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (8‐item version), cognition (a derived memory score based on a word list memory task and proxy‐rated memory and global cognitive function), health status and social and demographic characteristics from 1998 to 2010. We used repeated measures analysis to examine the reciprocal relations of loneliness and cognitive function in separate models controlling sequentially and cumulatively for socio‐demographic factors, social network, health conditions and depression. Results Loneliness at baseline predicted accelerated cognitive decline over 12 years independent of baseline socio‐demographic factors, social network, health conditions and depression (β = −0.2, p = 0.002). After adjustment for depression interacting with time, both low and high depression categories were related to faster cognitive decline and the estimated effect of loneliness became marginally significant. Reciprocally, poorer cognition at baseline was associated with greater odds of loneliness over time in adjusted analyses (OR 1.3, 95% CI (1.1–1.5) p = 0.005), but not when controlling for baseline depression. Furthermore, cognition did not predict change in loneliness over time. Conclusion Examining longitudinal data across a broad range of cognitive abilities, loneliness and depressive symptoms appear to be related risk factors for worsening cognition but low cognitive function does not lead to worsening loneliness over time. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 09, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4495   open full text
  • Neural basis for the relationship between frequency of going outdoors and depressive mood in older adults.
    Ryota Sakurai, Hiroyuki Suzuki, Yoshinori Fujiwara, Masashi Yasunaga, Rumi Takeuchi, Yoh Murayama, Kimi Estela Kobayashi Cuya, Kazuyuki Kanosue, Kenji Ishii.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 09, 2016
    Objective Low frequency of going outdoors (e.g. being homebound) is associated with depressive mood; however, the underlying neural mechanism of this association is unclear. We therefore investigated the neural substrate involved in the relationship between frequency of going outdoors and depressive mood using positron emission tomography (PET), focusing on the frontal lobe and the limbic system. Methods One hundred fifty‐eight community‐dwelling older adults aged 65–85 years underwent PET with 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose to evaluate regional cerebral metabolic rates of glucose normalized in reference to cerebellar glucose metabolic value (normalized‐rCMRglc) in six regions of interest. We also assessed depressive mood, frequency of going outdoors, and potential covariates. Depressive mood was assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Results The proportion of participants who reported low frequency of going outdoors (LG, every 2–3 days or less) was 36.1%. The LG group showed significantly higher GDS scores than those who reported high (once a day or more) frequency of going outdoors. A multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for potential covariates showed higher GDS scores were associated with lower normalized‐rCMRglc in the ventrolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices. Adjusting for frequency of going outdoors, the association between GDS score and normalized‐rCMRglc in the orbitofrontal cortex was attenuated. Conclusions Our results suggest that the orbitofrontal cortex may mediate the relationship between low frequency of going outdoors and depressive mood among community‐dwelling older adults. These findings may help disentangle the role of going outdoors in regulating brain function to improve and/or maintain mental health among community‐dwelling older adults. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 09, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4497   open full text
  • Treatment Emergent Suicidal Ideation in depressed older adults.
    Pilar Cristancho, Brendan O'Connor, Eric J Lenze, Daniel M. Blumberger, Charles F Reynolds, David Dixon, Benoit H. Mulsant.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 09, 2016
    Background Treatment‐Emergent Suicidal Ideation (TESI) in older adults is poorly understood. We characterized TESI in older depressed adults during treatment with venlafaxine and explored whether TESI is related to antidepressant exposure versus dimensions of the psychiatric illness. We examined the relationship among medication exposure, onset of TESI, and clinical characteristics. Methods We analyzed data on 233 clinical trial participants with major depression and no baseline suicidal ideation who were treated for up to 12 weeks with venlafaxine XR (target dose: 150–300 mg/day). Suicidal ideation was assessed weekly with the Scale for Suicide Ideation. A Kaplan‐Meier curve displayed the time course of TESI. Differences in baseline demographic and clinical variables between the TESI and Non‐TESI groups were assessed with analyses of covariance or logistic regression. A final multivariate logistic regression model indicated baseline predictors of TESI. Depression treatment outcomes in subjects developing TESI versus those who did not were examined with a mixed effects model. Results TESI occurred in 10% of participants, typically with onset within 4 weeks of the start of treatment. Anxiety, and depression severity at baseline were predictors of TESI. Most TESI was mild and transient, with 6/233 participants having TESI considered clinically meaningful. TESI was not associated with venlafaxine blood levels or side effects. Conclusions In older depressed adults, TESI is relatively uncommon and it is likely related to the underlying illness rather than to a medication adverse effect. This suggests that TESI requires continuing rather than discontinuing antidepressant treatment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 09, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4498   open full text
  • Depression and the risk of vascular dementia: a population‐based retrospective cohort study.
    Wei‐Chen Lin, Li‐Yu Hu, Shih‐Jen Tsai, Albert C. Yang, Cheng‐Che Shen.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 09, 2016
    Objective To examine the association between the risks of depression and vascular dementia (VaD) based on Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Methods This retrospective longitudinal matched‐cohort study used National Health Insurance Research Database data from 49,955 participants (9,991 with new onset depression, 39,964 controls). A Cox regression analysis was performed on the whole sample and the subgroup of patients with depression. We further excluded patients who developed VaD within 3 or 5 years after enrollment to evaluate depression as an independent risk factor for or a prodrome of VaD. Results During the 10‐year follow‐up period, the incidence rate ratio of VaD between patients with depression and controls was 4.24 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.90–6.21, P < 0.001]. After adjustment for covariates, the hazard ratio (HR) of VaD in patients with depression was 3.10 (95% CI 2.13–4.52, P < 0.001). In the whole sample, risk factors for VaD besides depression were aged ≥60 years (HR = 20.08), hypertension (HR = 1.70), diabetes (HR = 1.61), coronary artery disease (HR = 2.26), head injury (HR = 2.20), and cerebrovascular disease (HR = 3.02). In patients with depression, aged ≥60 years (HR = 32.16), coronary artery disease (HR = 2.82), head injury (HR = 2.06), and cerebrovascular disease (HR = 2.37) remained risk factors for VaD. After excluding those who developed VaD within 3 or 5 years, HRs remained high (3.28, 95% CI 2.03–5.31, P < 0.001; 2.12, 95% CI 1.05–4.25, P = 0.035, respectively). Conclusions Our findings suggest that depression is an independent risk factor for subsequent VaD. Older age, cerebrovascular disease, head injury, and coronary artery disease might increase the risk of VaD among patients with depression.
    May 09, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4493   open full text
  • The impact of staff training on staff outcomes in dementia care: a systematic review.
    Aimee Spector, Catherine Revolta, Martin Orrell.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 09, 2016
    Objective Caring for people with dementia can be emotionally challenging and is often linked to low job satisfaction and burnout in care staff. Staff training within care settings is potentially valuable in improving well‐being and quality of care. This review aimed to (i) establish the impact of training on staff outcomes; (ii) compare the impact of different training approaches; (iii) explore the influence of training intensity; and (iv) explore potential barriers to success. Method A database search of staff training interventions revealed 207 papers, 188 of which were excluded based on prespecified criteria. Nineteen studies were included and appraised using a quality rating tool. Results Overall, the studies were found to be of variable quality; however, 16 studies found a significant change following training in at least one staff domain, with knowledge improving most frequently. Approaches focusing on managing challenging behaviours appeared to be the most effective. Conclusion Training staff can be an effective method of improving well‐being, and programmes helping staff to manage challenging behaviour appear to be the most beneficial. There is no clear relationship between training intensity and outcome. Most studies point to the importance of addressing organisational factors as a barrier to change. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 09, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4488   open full text
  • Comparison of social functioning in community‐living older individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a catchment area‐based study.
    Saskia Liempt, Annemiek Dols, Sigfried Schouws, Max L. Stek, Paul D. Meesters.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 27, 2016
    Objective Preserved social functioning is of utmost importance for older individuals living in the community to maintain independency. However, in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, it remains unclear which factors influence social functioning in later life. Methods In a catchment area‐based study in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 120 older (>60 years) community‐living patients with schizophrenia (n = 73) and with bipolar disorder (n = 47) were included. Clinical interviews on social functioning and psychometric measurements were applied. Results Patients with schizophrenia scored lower on all social measures (social functioning, social participation, network size, availability of confidants) compared with their peers with bipolar disorder. In patients with schizophrenia, lower social functioning was associated with having more negative symptoms and depressive symptoms. Age of onset was also associated with social functioning in schizophrenia, with higher scores in very late‐onset schizophrenia‐like psychosis. Unfavourable social functioning in patients with bipolar disorder was associated with lower cognitive functioning. Furthermore, in both groups, social functioning was not related to age, having offspring or the presence of a partner. Conclusions In community‐living older patients, schizophrenia has a more disruptive effect on social functioning than bipolar disorder, except in those with a very late‐onset schizophrenia‐like psychosis. Minimizing residual depressive symptoms and optimizing cognitive functioning may be targets for improving social functioning and independent‐living in older patients with severe mental illness. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 27, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4490   open full text
  • Genetic and environmental factors associated with delirium severity in older adults with dementia.
    Lauren Massimo, Elizabeth Munoz, Nikki Hill, Jacqueline Mogle, Paula Mulhall, Corey T. McMillan, Linda Clare, David Vandenbergh, Donna Fick, Ann Kolanowski.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 27, 2016
    Objective To determine (1) whether delirium severity was associated with Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype status and occupational complexity, a measure of cognitive reserve, in individuals with delirium superimposed on dementia; and (2) whether decline in delirium severity was associated with these same factors over a post‐acute care (PAC) stay. Methods Control group data (n = 142) from a completed randomized clinical trial were used to address the aims of the study. Delirium severity was calculated by combining items from the Confusion Assessment Method and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. APOE ε4 carriers versus non‐carriers were considered. Occupational complexity, a measure of cognitive reserve, was derived from the Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire. Covariates examined included age, gender, education, Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, and the Charlson comorbidity score. Data were nested (i.e., days nested within persons) and analyzed using multilevel models. Results The presence of an APOE ε4 allele and higher Clinical Dementia Rating Scale were associated with greater delirium severity at baseline. The presence of an APOE ε4 allele was also associated with greater delirium severity averaged across the PAC stay. Occupational complexity was not associated with baseline delirium severity or average daily delirium severity; however, individuals with low occupational complexity showed a significant decreased in delirium severity during the course of their PAC stay. Conclusions Individual differences, including genetic factors and level of cognitive reserve, contribute to the severity of delirium in older adults with dementia. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 27, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4496   open full text
  • Enhancing latent cognitive capacity in mild cognitive impairment with gist reasoning training: a pilot study.
    Raksha A. Mudar, Sandra B. Chapman, Audette Rackley, Justin Eroh, Hsueh‐Sheng Chiang, Alison Perez, Erin Venza, Jeffrey S. Spence.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 25, 2016
    Objective Cognitive training offers a promising way to mitigate cognitive deterioration in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This randomized control pilot trial examined the effects of Gist Reasoning Training on cognition as compared with a training involving New Learning in a well‐characterized MCI group. Methods Fifty participants with amnestic MCI were randomly assigned to the experimental Gist Training group or an active control New Learning group. Both groups received 8 h of training over a 4‐week period. We compared pre‐training with post‐training changes in cognitive functions between the two training groups. Results The Gist Training group showed higher performance in executive function (strategic control and concept abstraction) and memory span compared with the New Learning group. Conversely, the New Learning group showed gains in memory for details. Conclusion These findings suggest that cognitive training in general yields benefits, and more specifically, training programs that target top–down cognitive functions such as gist reasoning may have a broad impact on improving cognition in MCI. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
    April 25, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4492   open full text
  • Poorer outcomes and greater healthcare costs for hospitalised older people with dementia and delirium: a retrospective cohort study.
    Joanne Tropea, Dina LoGiudice, Danny Liew, Alexandra Gorelik, Caroline Brand.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 25, 2016
    Objective To compare healthcare utilisation outcomes among older hospitalised patients with and without cognitive impairment, and to compare the costs associated with these outcomes. Methods Retrospective cohort study of administrative data from a large teaching hospital in Melbourne, Australia from 1 July 2006 to 30 June 2012. People with cognitive impairment were defined as having dementia or delirium coded during the admission. Outcome measures included length of stay, unplanned readmissions within 28 days and costs associated with these outcomes. Regression analysis was used to compare differences between those with and without cognitive impairment. Results There were 93 300 hospital admissions included in the analysis. 6459 (6.9%) involved cognitively impaired patients. The adjusted median length of stay was significantly higher for the cognitively impaired group compared with the non‐cognitively impaired group (7.4 days 6.7–10.0 vs 6.6 days, interquartile range 5.7–8.3; p < 0.001). There were no differences in odds of 28‐day readmission. When only those discharged back to their usual residence were included in the analysis, the risk of 28‐day readmission was significantly higher for those with cognitive impairment compared with those without. The cost of admissions involving patients with cognitive impairment was 51% higher than the cost of those without cognitive impairment. Conclusions Hospitalised people with cognitive impairment experience significantly greater length of stay and when discharged to their usual residence are more likely to be readmitted to hospital within 28 days compared with those without cognitive impairment. The costs associated with hospital episodes and 28‐day readmissions are significantly higher for those with cognitive impairment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 25, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4491   open full text
  • Amyloid burden and incident depressive symptoms in cognitively normal older adults.
    Karra D. Harrington, Emma Gould, Yen Ying Lim, David Ames, Robert H. Pietrzak, Alan Rembach, Stephanie Rainey‐Smith, Ralph N. Martins, Olivier Salvado, Victor L. Villemagne, Christopher C. Rowe, Colin L. Masters, Paul Maruff,.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 25, 2016
    Objective Several studies have reported that non‐demented older adults with clinical depression show changes in amyloid‐β (Aβ) levels in blood, cerebrospinal fluid and on neuroimaging that are consistent with those observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease. These findings suggest that Aβ may be one of the mechanisms underlying the relation between the two conditions. We sought to determine the relation between elevated cerebral Aβ and the presence of depression across a 54‐month prospective observation period. Methods Cognitively normal older adults from the Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle study who were not depressed and had undergone a positron emission tomography scan to classify them as either high Aβ (n = 81) or low Aβ (n = 278) participated. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale — Short Form at 18‐month intervals over 54 months. Results Whilst there was no difference in probable depression between groups at baseline, incidence was 4.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–16.4) times greater within the high Aβ group (9%) than the low Aβ group (2%) by the 54‐month assessment. Conclusions Results of this study suggest that elevated Aβ levels are associated with a 4.5‐fold increased likelihood of developing clinically significant depressive symptoms on follow‐up in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. This underscores the importance of assessing, monitoring and treating depressive symptoms in older adults with elevated Aβ. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 25, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4489   open full text
  • Late‐onset major depression is associated with age‐related white matter lesions in the brainstem.
    Johannes Schwichtenberg, Mansour Al‐Zghloul, Hans U. Kerl, Holger Wenz, Lucrezia Hausner, Lutz Frölich, Christoph Groden, Alex Förster.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 25, 2016
    Objective Age‐related white matter lesions (ARWMLs) have been identified in various clinical conditions such as reduced gait speed, cognitive impairment, urogenital dysfunction, and mood disturbances. Previous studies indicated an association between ARWML and late‐onset major depression. However, most of these focused on the extent of supratentorial ARWML and neglected presence and degree of infratentorial lesions. Methods In 45 patients (mean age 73.7 ± 6.3 years, 17 (37.8%) men, 28 (62.2%) women) with late‐onset major depression, MRI findings (3.0‐T MR system, Magnetom Trio, Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany) were analyzed with emphasis on the extent of supratentorial and infratentorial, as well as brainstem ARWMLs, and compared with control subjects. ARWMLs were determined by semiquantitative rating scales (modified Fazekas rating scale, Scheltens' rating scale), as well as a semiautomatic volumetric assessment, using a specific software (MRIcron). Supratentorial and infratentorial, as well as brainstem ARWMLs, were assessed both on fluid attenuated inversion recovery and T2‐weighted images. Results Patients with late‐onset major depression had significantly higher infratentorial ARWML rating scores (5 (5–7) vs 4.5 (3–6), p = 0.003) on T2‐weighted images and volumes (1.58 ± 1.35 mL vs 1.05 ± 0.81 mL, p = 0.03) on T2‐weighted images, as well as fluid attenuated inversion recovery images (2.07 ± 1.35 mL vs 1.52 ± 1.10 mL, p = 0.04), than normal controls. In more detail, in particular, the pontine ARWML rating subscore was significantly higher in patients with late‐onset major depression (1 (1–2) vs 1 (1–1), p = 0.004). Conclusions The extent and localization of brainstem ARWML might be of importance for the pathophysiology of late‐onset major depression. In particular, this may hold true for pontine ARWML. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 25, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4487   open full text
  • Psychotropic drugs and the risk of fall injuries, hospitalisations and mortality among older adults.
    Kristina Johnell, Gudrun Jonasdottir Bergman, Johan Fastbom, Bengt Danielsson, Natalia Borg, Peter Salmi.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 25, 2016
    Objective To investigate whether psychotropics are associated with an increased risk of fall injuries, hospitalizations, and mortality in a large general population of older adults. Methods We performed a nationwide matched (age, sex, and case event day) case–control study between 1 January and 31 December 2011 based on several Swedish registers (n = 1,288,875 persons aged ≥65 years). We used multivariate conditional logistic regression adjusted for education, number of inpatient days, Charlson co‐morbidity index, dementia and number of other drugs. Results Antidepressants were the psychotropic most strongly related to fall injuries (ORadjusted: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.38–1.45) and antipsychotics to hospitalizations (ORadjusted: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.19–1.24) and death (ORadjusted: 2.10; 95% CI: 2.02–2.17). Number of psychotropics was associated with increased the risk of fall injuries, (4 psychotropics vs 0: ORadjusted: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.39–1.68), hospitalization (4 psychotropics vs 0: ORadjusted: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.22–1.33) and death (4 psychotropics vs 0: ORadjusted: 2.50; 95% CI: 2.33–2.69) in a dose–response manner. Among persons with dementia (n = 58,984), a dose–response relationship was found between number of psychotropics and mortality risk (4 psychotropics vs 0: ORadjusted: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.76–2.25). Conclusions Our findings support a cautious prescribing of multiple psychotropic drugs to older patients. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 25, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4483   open full text
  • REM sleep without atonia in middle‐aged and older psychiatric patients and Lewy body disease: a case series.
    Hiroshige Fujishiro, Masato Okuda, Kunihiro Iwamoto, Seiko Miyata, Hironao Otake, Akiko Noda, Shuji Iritani, Norio Ozaki.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 24, 2016
    Objective Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is commonly associated with Lewy body disease, narcolepsy, or depression. In contrast, the relationship between REM sleep without atonia (RWA), which is a hallmark of RBD on polysomnography, and clinical characteristics remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical features of psychiatric patients exhibiting RWA and its relevance to Lewy body disease. Methods Of 55 consecutive patients who underwent polysomnography at the psychiatric ward, 25 patients with sleep apnea syndrome were excluded, and 12 patients exhibiting RWA were identified. The clinical profiles were compared between the groups with and without RWA. Results The mean age and the frequency of neurocognitive disorders were significantly higher in 12 patients with RWA than in 18 without. Only five of the 12 patients exhibiting RWA had episodes of dream‐enactment behavior, and fulfilled the clinical criteria for RBD. Two young patients were diagnosed with narcolepsy, while the other middle‐aged and older patients fulfilled the clinical criteria for Parkinson's disease (n = 1), dementia with Lewy bodies (n = 4), idiopathic RBD (n = 2), and major depressive disorder (MDD) (n = 3). The patients with MDD exhibited constipation and/or olfactory dysfunction. Moreover, neuroimaging examinations in the patients with MDD revealed isolated occipital hypoperfusion in three patients and mild dopamine transporter deficit in one patient. Conclusions Rapid eye movement sleep without atonia itself may be associated with specific clinical profiles, even when dream‐enactment behavior is absent. Continued follow‐up of the patients with MDD exhibiting RWA is warranted to determine if they represent the prodromal Parkinson's disease/dementia with Lewy bodies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 24, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4477   open full text
  • A systematic review and meta‐analysis of music therapy for the older adults with depression.
    K. Zhao, Z.G. Bai, A. Bo, I. Chi.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 19, 2016
    Objectives To determine the efficacy of music therapy in the management of depression in the elderly. Method We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Change in depressive symptoms was measured with various scales. Standardized mean differences were calculated for each therapy–control contrast. Results A comprehensive search yielded 2,692 citations; 19 articles met inclusion criteria. Meta‐analysis suggests that music therapy plus standard treatment has statistical significance in reducing depressive symptoms among older adults (standardized mean differences = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.87, 1.17). Conclusions This systematic review and meta‐analysis suggests that music therapy has an effect on reducing depressive symptoms to some extent. However, high‐quality trials evaluating the effects of music therapy on depression are required. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 19, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4494   open full text
  • Peripheral inflammation related to lower fMRI activation during a working memory task and resting functional connectivity among older adults: a preliminary study.
    Sheena I. Dev, Raeanne C. Moore, Benchawanna Soontornniyomkij, Cristian L. Achim, Dilip V. Jeste, Lisa T. Eyler.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 19, 2016
    Objective Peripheral inflammation has been associated with adverse effects on cognition and brain structure in late life, a process called ‘inflammaging.’ Identifying biomarkers of preclinical cognitive decline is critical in the development of preventative therapies, and peripheral inflammation may be able to serve as an indicator of cognitive decline. However, little is known regarding the relationship between peripheral inflammation and brain structure and function among older adults. Methods Twenty−four older adults (mean age = 78) underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) resting state functional connectivity scan, and a subset (n = 14) completed the n‐Back working memory task in the scanner. All participants completed a blood draw, and inflammation was measured with interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and C‐Reactive Protein (CRP). Results Surprisingly, age was unrelated to measures of inflammation (IL‐6, CRP) or brain function (default mode network (DMN) connectivity; working memory performance; blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) activation with higher working memory load). However, lower functional connectivity between the left parietal seed and all other DMN regions was associated with higher levels of IL‐6 and CRP. Additionally, greater plasma concentration of IL‐6 was associated with lower BOLD activation in the left middle frontal gyrus in response to increased working memory load. Conclusions These preliminary findings support the importance of IL‐6 and CRP in brain function among older adults. Frontal and parietal regions may be particularly sensitive to the effects of inflammation. Additionally, these findings provide preliminary evidence of inflammatory contributions to level of neural activity, even after accounting for vascular risk factors.
    April 19, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4482   open full text
  • Neural basis of visual perception and reasoning ability in Alzheimer's disease: correlation between Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices test and 123I‐IMP SPECT imaging results.
    Taku Yoshida, Takaaki Mori, Hideaki Shimizu, Yuta Yoshino, Naomi Sonobe, Teruhisa Matsumoto, Keiichi Kikuchi, Masao Miyagawa, Junichi Iga, Teruhito Mochizuki, Shu‐ichi Ueno.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 19, 2016
    Objective Impairment of visual perception frequently occurs in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and can cause severe constraints in daily activities. The nonverbal Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM) test consists of sets A, AB, and B and is easily performed in a short time to evaluate both visual perception and reasoning ability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neural basis of visual perception and reasoning ability in patients with AD using RCPM and single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Methods Fifty patients who fulfilled the National Institute on Aging/Alzheimer's Association criteria for probable AD dementia were examined with RCPM and SPECT. All SPECTs were performed using N‐isopropyl‐p‐[123I]‐iodoamphetamine. A multiple regression model was used to perform multivariate analyses of the relationships between regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and RCPM scores. Results There was a significant positive correlation between RCPM total score and rCBF in the inferior parietal lobes bilaterally, the right inferior temporal gyrus, and the right middle frontal gyrus. Set A was positively correlated with rCBF in the right temporal and right parietal lobes. Set AB was positively correlated with rCBF in the right temporal, right parietal, and right frontal lobes. Set B was positively correlated with rCBF in the right parietal and right frontal lobes. Conclusion Our findings suggest that deteriorations of specific brain regions are associated with dysfunction of visual perception and reasoning ability in AD. RCPM is another informative assessment scale of cognition for use in patients with AD. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 19, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4481   open full text
  • Validity of the three apathy items of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS‐3A) in measuring apathy in older persons.
    Anne Suzanne Bertens, Justine E.F. Moonen, Margot W.M. Waal, Jessica C. Foster‐Dingley, Wouter Ruijter, Jacobijn Gussekloo, Roos C. Mast, Anton J.M. Craen.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 07, 2016
    Objective The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)‐3A, a three‐item subset of the GDS‐15, is increasingly used as a measure for apathy in research settings to assess factors associating with this neuropsychiatric syndrome. We aimed to assess how accurately the GDS‐3A discriminates between presence and absence of apathy in two populations of community‐dwelling older persons, using the Apathy Scale as reference standard. Methods Baseline data were used from 427 participants of the Discontinuation of Antihypertensive Treatment in Elderly people (DANTE) Study Leiden and 1118 participants of the PROactive Management Of Depression in the Elderly (PROMODE) Study, all ≥75 years and with available GDS‐3A and Apathy Scale measurements. A cut‐off score of ≥14 was used for presence of apathy according to the Apathy Scale. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated. Based on the likelihood ratios for GDS‐3A scores, a cut‐off of ≥2 was used for presence of apathy according to the GDS‐3A to calculate test characteristics. Results The AUC was 0.68 (95% confidence interval 0.62–0.73) in the DANTE Study and 0.72 (0.67–0.77) in the PROMODE Study. In the DANTE Study sensitivity was 29.3% (21.4–38.1) and specificity was 88.5% (84.4–91.8), whereas in the PROMODE Study sensitivity was 32.8% (24.5–41.1) and specificity 92.6% (90.9–94.2). Stratification on population characteristics did not yield more favourable test characteristics. Conclusion The GDS‐3A has low sensitivity and high specificity as a measure of apathy in two populations of older persons. Using the GDS‐3A in research might yield estimates biassed towards the null in case of non‐differential misclassification. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 07, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4484   open full text
  • Personality and reported quality of life in Parkinson's disease.
    Gregory M. Pontone, Zoltan Mari, Kate Perepezko, Howard D Weiss, Susan S Bassett.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 05, 2016
    Objective Personality affects an individual's ability to cope with the burden of chronic disease. However, the impact of personality on quality of life (QoL) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is not well characterized. The goal of this study is to determine the effect of personality on QoL in PD. Methods The study included 92 patients with idiopathic PD from Baltimore‐Washington area movement disorder neurology clinics. QoL was assessed using the 37‐item Parkinson's disease Quality of Life Questionnaire (PDQL) total score, and the Neuroticism–Extraversion–Openness Inventory was used to determine personality traits. Results Step‐wise regression models examined the contribution of personality, depression, demographic, and PD variables on PDQL‐assessed QoL. Neuroticism, conscientiousness, years of education, and depression explained 42% of the variance in the PDQL total score after adjusting for other disease variables. High neuroticism (β = −0.727, 95% confidence interval (CI) −1.125, −0.328, p < 0.0001) and depression (β = −9.058, 95%CI −17.46, −0.657, p = 0.035) negatively affected the PDQL, while high conscientiousness (β = 0.468, 95%CI 0.078, 0.858, p = 0.019), and years of education (β = 1.441, 95%CI 0.371, 2.510, p = 0.009) were positive factors. Conclusions Personality can have a positive or negative influence on QoL in PD. PD patients with otherwise similar disease burdens and depressive symptoms may experience different levels of QoL depending on the level of neurotic or conscientious personality traits. Therefore, when interpreting patient responses on the PDQL, it is important to understand whether they reflect aspects of PD, that is, motor impairment and depression, which are amenable to treatment or whether they reflect personality traits.
    April 05, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4475   open full text
  • Perceived stress and cognitive function in older adults: which aspect of perceived stress is important?
    Nicole C.M. Korten, Hannie C. Comijs, Brenda W.J.H. Penninx, Dorly J.H. Deeg.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 05, 2016
    Objective Few studies examined the association between perceived stress and cognitive function in older adults. This study will examine which aspects of perceived stress especially impact cognitive function. Methods Cross‐sectional data of 1099 older adults between 64 and 100 years from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam were used. Perceived stress and its subscales perceived helplessness and perceived self‐efficacy were measured with the Perceived Stress Scale. Cognitive function was assessed regarding memory, processing speed and executive function. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed between the stress measures and the domains of cognitive function. Results Perceived stress was associated with worse processing speed, direct and delayed recall, semantic fluency and digit span backwards (range β = −0.10; −0.11; p < 0.01). The subscale perceived helplessness showed negative associations only with processing speed (β = −0.06, p < 0.05) and delayed recall (β = −0.06, p < 0.05), which became nonsignificant after the adjustment for depressive symptoms or sense of mastery. The subscale perceived self‐efficacy was significantly associated with better cognitive function, also after adjustment for depressive symptoms or sense of mastery (range β = 0.10; 0.18; p < 0.01). Conclusions In older adults, especially perceived self‐efficacy showed independent associations with a broad range of cognitive functions. Perceived self‐efficacy might be an important factor in reducing stress and the prevention of cognitive decline. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 05, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4486   open full text
  • Effects of white matter integrity and brain volumes on late life depression in the Framingham Heart Study.
    Wei Qiao Qiu, Jayandra J. Himali, Philip A. Wolf, D. Charles DeCarli, Alexa Beiser, Rhoda Au.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 05, 2016
    Background It is unclear whether brain white matter hyperintensities (WMHI) causes or is a result of late life depression. We used the Framingham Heart Study offspring to examine whether indices of brain aging are related to incident depression in the elderly. Methods The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D) was administered along with a brain MRI scan at baseline and was re‐administered (n = 1212) at an average 6.6 + 0.6 year follow‐up. The outcomes (i) change in CES‐D scores from baseline; (ii) depression defined as CES‐D ≥16; (iii) severe depression defined as CES‐D ≥21; and (iv) CES‐D cutoff scores and/or on antidepressant were used. Results Among those who did not have depression at baseline, 9.1% (n = 110) developed depression, 4.0% (n = 48) developed severe depressive symptoms, and 11.1% (n = 135) were put on antidepressants. When depressive symptoms only was the outcome, we found that baseline WMHI was positively associated with change in CES‐D scores and that those with an extensive WMHI at baseline had a high risk of developing severe depressive symptoms; the relationship was strengthened in the absence of cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, when depressive symptoms or taking antidepressant was the outcome, larger total cerebral brain volume and temporal lobe brain volume, but not WMHI, were negatively associated with the development of depression. Conclusions Brain WMHI is a probable risk factor for vascular depression in the elderly. The depression outcomes with and without antidepressant were related to different brain pathologies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 05, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4469   open full text
  • Predictors of long‐term care placement in persons with dementia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.
    Monica Cepoiu‐Martin, Helen Tam‐Tham, Scott Patten, Colleen J. Maxwell, David B. Hogan.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 04, 2016
    Objective The main objective of this study was to summarize the effects of various individual, caregiver, and system‐related factors on the risk of long‐term care (LTC) placement for persons with dementia. Methods We searched electronic databases for longitudinal studies reporting on predictors of LTC placement for persons with dementia residing in the community or supportive care settings. We performed meta‐analyses with hazard ratios (HRs) of various predictors using random effects models and stratified the HRs with several study variables. Data on predictors not included in the meta‐analyses were summarized descriptively. Results Full‐text reviews of 360 papers were performed with data from 37 papers used to calculate pooled HRs for LTC placement of select person with dementia (age, sex, race, marital status, type of dementia, living arrangement, and relationship to caregiver) and caregiver (age, sex, and depressive symptoms) characteristics. White race [HR = 1.67, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.41–1.99], greater dementia severity (HR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03–1.06), and older age (HR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.03) increased the risk of LTC placement. Married persons with dementia (HR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.16–0.86) and living with their caregiver (HR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.56–0.92) had a lower risk. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, the degree of functional impairment, and caregiver burden had a consistent effect on the risk of LTC placement in our descriptive review. Conclusion We quantified the predictive effect of several risk factors for LTC placement. These estimates could be used to more precisely categorize the risk of institutionalization and potentially link those at higher risk to appropriate services. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 04, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4449   open full text
  • Depressive symptoms in early‐ and late‐onset older bipolar patients compared with younger ones.
    Aurelio García‐López, Elena Ezquiaga, Consuelo De Dios, Jose Luis Agud.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 27, 2016
    Objectives The aim of this study was to determine clinical and outcome differences between older bipolar patients with early onset (EO) and late onset (LO) of the illness and between younger and EO older patients with a bipolar disorder under long‐term treatment in an outpatient clinical setting. Methods Three hundred ninety‐five bipolar I and II outpatients were followed up for up to 7.7 years. Of these, 213 younger (<50 years) and 88 older (>60 years) patients were included. In the older subsample, 50 EO patients (onset <50 years) versus 38 LO patients (≥50 years) were analyzed. Likewise, younger versus EO older patients were compared. Results The likelihood of LO older patients of being bipolar II was higher than for EO older patients. They were also diagnosed earlier than EO older patients. No other clinical differences at baseline and at the prospective follow‐up were found. Compared with younger patients, EO older patients had more frequent depressive symptoms at baseline, suffered more major depressive episodes in the previous year and in the prospective follow‐up, received more antidepressants at baseline, had higher rates of medical comorbid conditions and were less likely to be tobacco smokers. Conclusions Older patients constitute a meaningful proportion of bipolar patients under treatment. EO older patients suffered significantly from more frequent depressive symptoms than younger ones. LO older patients were predominantly bipolar II. So as bipolar illness progressed, depressive symptomatology became more frequent and manic episodes were less severe. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 27, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4465   open full text
  • Patterns and persistence of behavioural and psychological symptoms in those with cognitive impairment: the importance of apathy.
    Rianne M Linde, Fiona E Matthews, Tom Dening, Carol Brayne.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 27, 2016
    Objective To study the stability and emergence of a range of behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPS), their association with mortality and the effect of covariates on these transitions in a population‐based study of cognitively impaired older people with a long follow‐up period and large sample size, with a particular focus on apathy. Methods Data were from a population‐based, longitudinal cohort study of ageing. Interviews were conducted at 0, 2, 6, 8 and 10 years with 3626 participants aged 65+. The persistence of 11 BPS and their association with mortality in those with cognitive impairment (MMSE 25 or below) was investigated using multi‐state models, allowing us to take into account estimations of the probability of transitions that occurred in the time between interviews. Results Most BPS were persistent. Apathy was one of the most stable symptoms; in those with apathy, the probability of still having apathy after 1 year is 62%. Apathy, sleep problems, depression, irritability and wandering were most likely to develop. BPS are associated with mortality; in those with apathy, mortality is 3.1 times more likely than in those without apathy. Low cognitive function and dementia were associated with emergence of new symptoms. Conclusions This population‐based, multi‐centre study with a follow‐up period of 10 years showed that BPS are associated with mortality and most symptoms are persistent. Apathy was characterised by a high prevalence, a high persistence and a strong association with mortality, and has a negative impact on disability, management of other disease and caregiver burden.
    March 27, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4464   open full text
  • The management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in the acute general medical hospital: a longitudinal cohort study.
    Nicola White, Baptiste Leurent, Kathryn Lord, Sharon Scott, Louise Jones, Elizabeth L Sampson.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 27, 2016
    Background The acute hospital is a challenging place for a person with dementia. Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are common and may be exacerbated by the hospital environment. Concerns have been raised about how BPSD are managed in this setting and about over reliance on neuroleptic medication. This study aimed to investigate how BPSD are managed in UK acute hospitals. Method(s) A longitudinal cohort of 230 patients with dementia admitted to two acute NHS hospitals. BPSD were measured every four days (Behave‐AD scale), as well as documentation of pharmacological prescriptions and non‐pharmacological management. Results The overall prevalence of BPSD was 75%, with aggression and activity disturbance being the most common. Antipsychotics were prescribed for 28 (12%) patients; 70% of these prescriptions were new on admission. Benzodiazepines were prescribed for 27 (12%) patients, antidepressants were prescribed for 37 (16%) patients, and sedatives were prescribed for 14 (3%) patients. Patients who were prescribed antipsychotics, after adjusting for end of life medication, age and dementia severity, were significantly more likely to die (adjusted hazard ratio 5.78, 95% CI 1.57, 21.26, p = 0.008). Non‐pharmacological management was used in 55% of participants, most commonly psychosocial interventions (36%) with little evidence of monitoring their effectiveness. A form of restraint was used during 50 (22%) patients' admissions. Conclusions Antipsychotic medications and psychosocial interventions were the main methods used to manage BPSD; however, these were not implemented or monitored in a systematic fashion.
    March 27, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4463   open full text
  • Use of medications that antagonize mediators of inflammatory responses may reduce the risk of delirium in older adults: a nested case–control study.
    Martin G. Cole, Jane McCusker, Machelle Wilchesky, Philippe Voyer, Johanne Monette, Nathalie Champoux, Minh Vu, Antonio Ciampi, Eric Belzile.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 21, 2016
    Objective The objective of this study is to explore whether the use of medications that antagonize mediators of inflammatory responses reduces the risk of delirium in older adults. Methods A nested case–control study was conducted using data from a prospective study of delirium in older long‐term care residents from 7 long‐term care facilities in Montreal and Quebec City, Canada. The Confusion Assessment Method was used to diagnose incident delirium. The use of medications that antagonize mediators of inflammatory responses was determined by examining facility pharmacy databases and coding medications received daily by each resident. Risk sets were built using incidence density sampling: each risk set consisted of a case with incident delirium and all controls without incident delirium at the same date and facility. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess the association of exposure to inflammation antagonist medications with the incidence of delirium. Results Of 254 residents, 95 developed incident delirium during 24 weeks (cases); each case was matched with up to 35 controls. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of delirium for residents exposed to at least one inflammation antagonist medication were 0.53 (0.34, 0.81) and 0.60 (0.38, 0.92), respectively. Estimates of the risk of incident delirium associated with specific medications and medication classes were mostly protective but not statistically significant. Conclusion The use of medications that antagonize mediators of inflammatory responses may reduce the risk of delirium in older adults. Despite study limitations, the findings merit further investigation using larger patient samples, more precise measures of exposure and better control of potential confounding variables. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 21, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4468   open full text
  • The development of Attitudes of People from Ethnic Minorities to Help‐Seeking for Dementia (APEND): a questionnaire to measure attitudes to help‐seeking for dementia in people from South Asian backgrounds in the UK.
    Julia Hailstone, Naaheed Mukadam, Tamsin Owen, Claudia Cooper, Gill Livingston.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 21, 2016
    Background People from South Asian backgrounds present to dementia services relatively late, often responding to crises. We aimed to devise and validate a theory of planned behaviour questionnaire to measure attitudes that predict medical help‐seeking for UK‐based South Asian people, to assess the effectiveness of future interventions promoting earlier help‐seeking. Methods We used focus groups to establish the content validity of culturally relevant questionnaire items, then asked participants to complete the questionnaire. We analysed reliability and validity and established the concurrent validity of questionnaire attitudes through correlation with willingness to seek help from a doctor for memory problems. We also correlated the scale with knowledge of dementia. Results The strongest predictor of willingness to seek help was perceived social pressure from significant others around help‐seeking; these attitudes were associated with beliefs about the views of family members and embarrassment around help‐seeking. Willingness to seek help was also strongly associated with attitudes about the benefits of seeing a doctor for memory problems, attitudes that were related to specific beliefs about what doctors can do to help. Attitudes in the questionnaire predicted 77% of variance in willingness to seek help, but no relationship was found with dementia knowledge. Conclusions We present the Attitudes of People from Ethnic Minorities to Help‐Seeking for Dementia (APEND) questionnaire, a valid and reliable measure of attitudes that influence help‐seeking for dementia in people from South Asian backgrounds, which could assess the impact of intervention studies. We suggest that interventions target attitudes specified here, rather than dementia knowledge. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 21, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4462   open full text
  • Sleep disturbances are key symptoms of very early stage Alzheimer disease with behavioral and psychological symptoms: a Japan multi‐center cross‐sectional study (J‐BIRD).
    Yasunobu Kabeshita, Hiroyoshi Adachi, Masateru Matsushita, Hideki Kanemoto, Shunsuke Sato, Yukiko Suzuki, Kenji Yoshiyama, Tatsuo Shimomura, Taku Yoshida, Hideaki Shimizu, Teruhisa Matsumoto, Takaaki Mori, Tetsuo Kashibayashi, Hibiki Tanaka, Yutaka Hatada, Mamoru Hashimoto, Yoshiyuki Nishio, Kenjiro Komori, Toshihisa Tanaka, Kazumasa Yokoyama, Satoshi Tanimukai, Manabu Ikeda, Masatoshi Takeda, Etsuro Mori, Takashi Kudo, Hiroaki Kazui.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 21, 2016
    Background Sleep disturbances in Alzheimer disease (AD) may affect behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Our aim was to elucidate the associations between sleep disturbances and other BPSD at different stages of AD. Methods This investigation was part of a multicenter‐retrospective study in Japan (J‐BIRD). Eligible for final analyses were 684 AD patients. Global severity of dementia was estimated using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale. BPSD were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). We analyzed the relationships between sleep disturbances and BPSD at different stages of AD according to the CDR score. Results Among the 684 AD patients, 146 (21.3%) had sleep disturbances. Patients with very early AD (CDR 0.5) and sleep disturbances had significantly more BPSD than those without sleep disturbances, as indicated by the higher prevalence of the following four NPI items: anxiety, euphoria, disinhibition, and aberrant motor behavior. In AD at CDR 2, (moderate AD) only one NPI item (irritability) was affected, while none was affected at CDR 1 (mild AD) and 3 (severe AD). Multiple regression analyses were performed in those with AD having various CDR scores. At CDR 0.5, the presence of sleep disturbances was associated with a high total NPI score (β = 0.32, p < 0.001). However, other factors, including cognitive decline, age, gender, and years of education, were not significantly associated with the NPI score. At CDR 1 and 2, no factor was significantly related to BPSD. Conclusion Sleep disturbances were strongly associated with other BPSD in the very early stage of AD. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 21, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4470   open full text
  • An evaluation of the additional benefit of population screening for dementia beyond a passive case‐finding approach.
    Karen E. Mate, Parker J. Magin, Henry Brodaty, Nigel P. Stocks, Jane Gunn, Peter B. Disler, John E. Marley, C. Dimity Pond.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 14, 2016
    Objective General practitioners (GPs) fail to identify more than 50% of dementia cases using the existing passive case‐finding approach. Using data from the “Ageing in General Practice” study, we sought to establish the additional benefit of screening all patients over the age of 75 for dementia beyond those patients already identified by passive case‐finding. Method Patients were classified as “case‐finding” (n = 425) or “screening” (n = 1006) based on their answers to four subjective memory related questions or their GP's clinical judgement of their dementia status. Cognitive status of each patient was formally assessed by a research nurse using the Cambridge Cognition Examination (CAMCOG‐R). Patients then attended their usual GP for administration of the GP assessment of Cognition (GPCOG) dementia screening instrument, and follow‐up care and/or referral as necessary in light of the outcome. Results The prevalence of dementia was significantly higher in the case‐finding group (13.6%) compared to the screening group (4.6%; p < 0.01). The GPCOG had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 61% in the case‐finding group and 39% in the screening group; negative predictive value was >95% in both groups. GPs and their patients both found the GPCOG to be an acceptable cognitive assessment tool. The dementia cases missed via case‐finding were younger (p = 0.024) and less cognitively impaired (p = 0.020) than those detected. Conclusion There is a very limited benefit of screening for dementia, as most people with dementia could be detected using a case‐finding approach, and considerable potential for social and economic harm because of the low PPV associated with screening.
    March 14, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4466   open full text
  • Perceived needs for support among care home staff providing end of life care for people with dementia: a qualitative study.
    T. Vandrevala, K. Samsi, C. Rose, C. Adenrele, C. Barnes, J. Manthorpe.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 14, 2016
    Objective The aim of the current exploratory study was to investigate the impact on care home staff when working with people with dementia at the end of life and to explore how they cope with this aspect of their work. With UK policy encouraging death in the place of residence, rather than hospital, more people with dementia are dying in care homes. Method A qualitative approach was employed; 20 care home staff working in five English care homes were interviewed. Thematic Analysis was used to analyse the data. Results Care home staff found the external demands on them and difficulties associated with interacting with people with dementia sometimes challenging, stressful and anxiety‐provoking, particularly as residents approached end of life. Emotional aspects of caring for dying residents were sometimes heightened by close attachments with residents and their families. Staff were able to recognise these unmet needs and identified a need for further training and emotional support to manage these stressors. Conclusions This study revealed rich and complex understandings of the practice dimensions of caring for people with dementia at the end of life and the impact these have on staff. There is a need to develop effective psychosocial interventions that focus on emotional support for care home staff. There will be challenges in providing this in employment settings that are generally low paid, low status, have high turnover and are reliant on temporary or migrant staff, where training is not rewarded, mandatory or culturally valued. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 14, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4451   open full text
  • Prospective associations between sedentary behaviour and incident depressive symptoms in older people: a 15‐month longitudinal cohort study.
    Kota Tsutsumimoto, Hyuma Makizako, Takehiko Doi, Ryo Hotta, Sho Nakakubo, Hiroyuki Shimada, Takao Suzuki.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 14, 2016
    Objective This study aimed to investigate whether sitting time, as a form of sedentary behaviour, is related to incident depressive symptoms in older people. Methods This study included 3503 participants (mean age 71.7 years, 50.1% female) from the ‘Obu Study of Health Promotion for the Elderly' cohort study. At baseline and then 15 months later, the participants reported their status of depressive symptoms using the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale. During the baseline assessment, the participants were also asked about their sedentary behaviour on weekdays over the past 7 days and, from there, categorized into three groups (<240, 240–480, ≥480 min/day). Demographic data and the other health behaviours were also assessed at the baseline. Results Cross‐sectional analysis revealed that 437 participants (12.0%) had depressive symptoms. In a prospective analysis, the logistic regression model revealed that the odds ratio for depressive symptom incidence was higher in participants who, at baseline, spent 480 min or more per day sitting (1.636; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.015 to 2.636, p = 0.043), and in those who spent 240–480 min (1.605; 95% CI 1.085 to 2.375, p = 0.018) in comparison with those who spent less than 240 min. Conclusions Sedentary behaviour significantly affects the risk of incident depressive symptoms. Further research is needed to develop an intervention strategy to manage depressive symptoms, as the second most common cause of burden of disease among older adults. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 14, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4461   open full text
  • Comparison of service utilisation and costs of working age adults and older adults receiving treatment for psychosis and severe non‐psychotic conditions in England: implications for commissioning.
    Ramin Nilforooshan, Lee Benson, Heather Gage, Peter Williams, Mo Zoha, James Warner.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 10, 2016
    Objective Current plans in the English National Health Service are to replace block contracts for mental health providers with a single tariff for each ‘cluster’ of conditions. A single tariff will not take into account the potential additional complexity and costs inherent in caring for older people. To examine the basis for a uniform tariff, differences in service utilisation and costs between working age adults and older adults in two populous clusters (non‐psychotic, psychotic) were investigated across five mental health healthcare providers in and around London. Methods Retrospective review of records over 3 months assessing service utilisation and costs using the Client Services Receipt Inventory. Results Records of 362 patients were reviewed, 179 older adults (90 non‐psychotic, 89 psychotic) and 183 adults of working age (83 non‐psychotic, 100 psychotic). Older adults in both clusters had more tests, assessments and home visits. Overall costs of care of older adults were significantly higher in the non‐psychotic cluster (£5634, vs £4405 psychotic, p = 0.044). Conclusions An appropriate age‐related tariff is required for each cluster. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 10, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4455   open full text
  • Benefits in tasks related to everyday life competences after a working memory training in older adults.
    Alessandra Cantarella, Erika Borella, Barbara Carretti, Matthias Kliegel, Rossana Beni.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 10, 2016
    Objective The impact of working memory (WM) training on everyday life functioning has rarely been examined, and it is not clear whether WM training gains are transferred to reasoning abilities. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a verbal WM training in older adults, in terms of specific gains and transfer effects to everyday life and reasoning abilities. Method Thirty‐six community dwelling older adults (from 65 to 75 years of age) were randomly assigned to a training or an active control group. The specific gains in a WM task similar to the one trained were assessed. Transfer effects to everyday life and reasoning abilities were also examined using (i) objective performance‐based tasks (the Everyday Problem Test and the Timed Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale) and (ii) the Cattell test and Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices, respectively. Results Only the trained group showed specific benefits and transfer effects to one of the everyday abilities measures (the Everyday Problem Test) and in the two reasoning tasks. Conclusion These results suggest that WM training can positively impact cognitive functioning and, more importantly, older adults' abilities in everyday living. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 10, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4448   open full text
  • Are premorbid abnormal personality traits associated with behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia?
    Jack Prior, Rajesh Abraham, Helen Nicholas, Tom Chan, Jeremy Vanvlymen, Simon Lovestone, Harry Boothby.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 10, 2016
    Objective The study aims to investigate associations between behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and abnormal premorbid personality traits. Methods Data were obtained from 217 patients with a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease. Behavioural and psychological symptoms of late‐onset dementia were assessed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Premorbid personality traits were assessed using the Standardised Assessment of Personality. Abnormal premorbid personality traits were categorised with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems—10 diagnostic criteria for personality disorders. Results Abnormal premorbid personality traits were associated with increased behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia. Cluster A (solitary/paranoid) premorbid personality traits were associated with anxiety, depression and hallucinations. Cluster C (anxious/dependent) traits were associated with a syndrome of depression. Conclusions The presence of Clusters A (solitary/paranoid) and C (anxious/dependent) abnormal premorbid personality traits seems to affect the expression of certain behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia, depression in particular. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    March 10, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4418   open full text
  • Potentially inappropriate medications and drug–drug interactions in home‐dwelling people with mild dementia.
    Ragnhild Oesterhus, Dag Aarsland, Hogne Soennesyn, Arvid Rongve, Geir Selbaek, Svein R. Kjosavik.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 28, 2016
    Objectives The objectives of this study were to describe the use of psychotropic drugs among home‐dwelling people with mild dementia, to identify potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) and drug–drug interactions (DDI), and to analyze potential variables associated with having PIM and DDI. Methods Patients (n = 251) with a first‐time diagnosis of mild dementia (defined as a mini‐mental state examination score >20) were included from outpatient clinics. Prevalence of psychotropic drug use, polypharmacy, and psychotropic polypharmacy were investigated. The prevalence of PIM and DDI were defined using the Norwegian general practice criteria and an interactions database, respectively. Variables associated with having PIM and DDI were assessed using a multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusting for relevant demographic and clinical variables. Results Almost 96% of the patients used one or more medications. Polypharmacy was found in 45% of the patients, and nearly 70% of the patients were using one or more psychotropic drugs. Psychotropic polypharmacy was found in seven patients. PIM were identified in 35 patients (14%), while only four severe DDI were found. Female sex and number of medications were significantly associated with having PIM, whereas only number of medications was significantly associated with having DDI. Conclusion Few patients had PIM or severe DDI, indicating that the quality of prescribing was acceptable. However, psychotropic drug use was common in home‐dwelling people with mild dementia despite limited evidence of benefit in dementia. More knowledge is needed about the potential risks associated with psychotropic drug use and having PIM and DDI in people with mild dementia. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 28, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4456   open full text
  • Discrimination and psychiatric disorders among older African Americans.
    Dawne M. Mouzon, Robert Joseph Taylor, Verna M. Keith, Emily J. Nicklett, Linda M. Chatters.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 28, 2016
    Objectives This study examined the impact of everyday discrimination (both racial and non‐racial) on the mental health of older African Americans. Methods This analysis is based on the older African American subsample of the National Survey of American Life (NSAL) (n = 773). We examined the associations between everyday discrimination and both general distress and psychiatric disorders as measured by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐IV). Six dependent variables were examined: lifetime mood disorders, lifetime anxiety disorders, any lifetime disorder, number of lifetime disorders, depressive symptoms as measured by the 12‐item Center for Epidemiological Scale of Depression (CES‐D), and serious psychological distress as measured by the Kessler 6 (K6). Results Overall, racial and non‐racial everyday discrimination were consistently associated with worse mental health for older African Americans. Older African Americans who experienced higher levels of overall everyday discrimination had higher odds of any psychiatric disorder, any lifetime mood disorder, any lifetime anxiety disorder, and more lifetime DSM‐IV disorders, in addition to elevated levels of depressive symptoms and serious psychological distress. These findings were similar for both racial discrimination and non‐racial discrimination. Conclusions This study documents the harmful association of not only racial discrimination, but also non‐racial (and overall) discrimination with the mental health of older African Americans. Specifically, discrimination is negatively associated with mood and anxiety disorders as well as depressive symptoms and psychological distress. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 28, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4454   open full text
  • Cognitive behavior therapy for late‐life generalized anxiety disorder delivered by lay and expert providers has lasting benefits.
    Jessica S. Freshour, Amber B. Amspoker, Misung Yi, Mark E. Kunik, Nancy Wilson, Cynthia Kraus‐Schuman, Jeffrey A. Cully, Ellen Teng, Susan Williams, Nicholas Masozera, Matthew Horsfield, Melinda Stanley.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 28, 2016
    Objective Peaceful Living, a cognitive‐behavioral treatment (CBT) for late‐life generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), produced positive outcomes in GAD severity, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and mental health quality of life relative to usual care with treatment delivered by either bachelor‐level lay providers (BLPs) or PhD‐level expert providers (PLPs). We examined long‐term maintenance of gains during 12 months following CBT for patients in this trial who received the intervention delivered by BLPs and PLPs and completed post‐treatment assessments. Methods Participants were 112 older adults (mean age, 66.83 years) with GAD recruited from primary care who received CBT from BLPs (n = 52) or PLPs (n = 60) and completed post‐treatment assessments. Assessments were given at post‐treatment and at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up. Primary outcomes assessed long‐term maintenance of gains in worry (Generalized Anxiety Disorder Severity Scale) and anxiety (State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory, Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Anxiety Scale). Secondary outcomes assessed depression (Patient Health Questionnaire), mental health quality of life (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form – mental wellness scale), and sleep (Insomnia Severity Index). Results At 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐ups, post‐treatment reductions in GAD severity, anxiety, depression, and improvements in mental health quality of life and sleep were maintained for patients in both groups. No differences were found, based on provider group. Conclusion Treatment of late‐life anxiety delivered by nonexpert lay providers working under supervision of licensed providers has lasting benefits. These findings support the potential of new models of care for older adults that may expand reach of mental health services. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 28, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4431   open full text
  • Incidence of antidepressant use in community‐dwelling persons with and without Alzheimer's disease: 13‐year follow‐up.
    Arto Puranen, Heidi Taipale, Marjaana Koponen, Antti Tanskanen, Anna‐Maija Tolppanen, Jari Tiihonen, Sirpa Hartikainen.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 28, 2016
    Objectives The study aimed to investigate the incidence of antidepressant use in persons with and without Alzheimer's disease (AD) from 9 years before to 4 years after AD diagnosis and to examine the incidence of different antidepressant groups. Methods We used register‐based data from the Medication use and Alzheimer's disease cohort including all Finnish persons diagnosed with AD in 2005–2011 with their age‐matched and gender‐matched comparison persons without AD. In this study, 62,104 persons with AD and 62,104 comparison persons were included. Data on dispensed antidepressants during 1995–2012 were collected from the Prescription Register. A 1‐year washout period was utilized to measure the rate of new antidepressant users every 6‐month period starting from 9 years before and until 4 years after the AD diagnoses. The incidence rate between persons with and without AD was compared with Poisson regression. Results The incidence of antidepressant use in persons with AD was higher during the whole study period compared with that in persons without AD. The incidence rate was highest at 6 months after AD diagnosis (incidence rate ratio = 5.22, 95% confidence interval 4.77–5.72). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were the most frequently initiated group (61.3% of initiations in persons with AD). Conclusions The incidence of antidepressant use was higher in persons with AD than in comparison persons, and it was not explained by history of hospital‐treated psychiatric disorders. Widespread use of antidepressants in persons with AD is concerning as their efficacy is controversial and their use is associated with adverse events. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 28, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4450   open full text
  • Geriatric characteristics in randomised controlled trials on antidepressant drugs for older adults: a systematic review.
    Carolien E. M. Benraad, Floor Kamerman‐Celie, Barbara C. Munster, Richard C. Oude Voshaar, Jan Spijker, Marcel G.M. Olde Rikkert.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 28, 2016
    Objective Meta‐analyses of antidepressant drug treatment trials have found that increasing age is associated with a less favourable outcome. Because the prevalence of geriatric characteristics, like disability, medical co‐morbidity, malnutrition, cognitive (dys)function and frailty increase with age and are associated with depression, these characteristics are likely to modify the treatment outcome of antidepressant drugs in late‐life depression. This review examines how these five characteristics are taken into account in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with antidepressant drugs for major depressive disorder in patients aged 60 years or above. Design A systematic search in PubMED, PsychInfo and EMBASE, from the year 2000 onwards, yielded 27 RCTs, with a total of 6356 subjects with a median age of 71 years. Two reviewers independently assessed whether each characteristic was considered as inclusion or exclusion criterion, descriptive variable, stratification variable, co‐variable, outcome measure, or in adverse effect monitoring. Results Malnutrition and frailty were not taken into account in any study. Disability was used as an outcome measure in five studies. Two studies explicitly included a population with possibly serious medical co‐morbidity. Cognitive status was the only condition taken into account as co‐variable (n = 3) or stratifying variable (n = 1) and was used as outcome measure in seven studies. Conclusions We conclude that geriatric characteristics are rarely taken into account in RCTs on antidepressant drugs in late‐life depression, and studies including the oldest adults are underrepresented. This warrants recruitment of the oldest adults and adjustment of treatment strategies in future studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 28, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4443   open full text
  • Mild cognitive impairment in a Spanish representative sample: prevalence and associated factors.
    Elvira Lara, Ai Koyanagi, Beatriz Olaya, Antonio Lobo, Marta Miret, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Jose Luis Ayuso‐Mateos, Josep Maria Haro.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 28, 2016
    Objective Given the limitations of treatments for dementia, the characterisation of the early stages of dementia is crucial for the development of preventive programmes and interventions. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and examine its medical and lifestyle correlates in a nationally representative sample of the Spanish population. Methods A total of 3625 participants (≥50 years of age) were interviewed in a cross‐sectional study. MCI was defined as the presence of cognitive concerns, the objective evidence of impairment in one or more cognitive domains, the preservation of independence in functional abilities and no dementia. Participants were also asked to provide sociodemographic, health status and lifestyle information. Logistic regression analyses were performed using the overall sample and by age groups. Results The overall prevalence of MCI was 9.6%, with higher rates in older people and women. In the overall model, after adjustment for potential confounders, depression [odds ratio (OR) = 1.79; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.21, 2.66], diabetes (OR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.05, 1.95), sleep disturbances (OR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.09, 2.55) and low level of physical activity (OR = 1.71; 95% CI = 1.26, 2.31) were associated with significantly higher odds for MCI. When stratified by age groups, depression (OR = 2.41; 95% CI = 1.35, 4.31), stroke (OR = 3.77; 95% CI = 1.44, 9.83) and obesity (OR = 2.06; 95% CI = 1.20, 3.53) were significantly associated with MCI in middle‐aged participants (50–64 years), whereas low level of physical activity (OR = 1.85; 95% CI = 1.32, 2.59) and sleep disturbances (OR = 1.79; 95% CI = 1.05, 3.05) were associated with MCI in individuals aged 65+ years. Conclusions Significant associations between MCI and psychological, cardiovascular and lifestyle factors were found. Targeting modifiable risk factors might reduce the risk for MCI and subsequent dementia.
    February 28, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4398   open full text
  • An association between belief in life after death and serum oxytocin in older people in rural Japan.
    Yoshiomi Imamura, Yoshito Mizoguchi, Hiromi Nabeta, Yoshinori Haraguchi, Jun Matsushima, Naoki Kojima, Toshiro Kawashima, Shigeto Yamada, Akira Monji.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 21, 2016
    Objective Previous research suggests that spirituality/religiosity has benefits for both mental and physical health, measured using biological indices such as cortisol and IL‐6. However, there have been few studies concerning the association of religious beliefs with oxytocin, a neuropeptide hormone secreted by the pituitary. Levels of peripheral oxytocin are thought to reflect the strength of bonding and stress regulation in social relationships. As such, the oxytocin system may underpin the biological mechanisms by which belief in life after death is associated with good mental and physical health. Here, we examine associations between oxytocin and belief in life after death. Methods We recruited 317 community‐dwelling people, aged 65 or older, without cognitive or mental deficits, and living in rural Japan. We recorded demographics, belief in life after death, and logical memory using the Wechsler Memory Scale. Levels of serum oxytocin were obtained using an enzyme immunoassay method. Results Serum oxytocin levels were higher among women than men and were negatively associated with strength of belief in life after death. Conclusions Our findings could be interpreted differently depending on whether the anxiogenic or anxiolytic function of the oxytocin system is considered. Greater endorsement of afterlife beliefs may reduce secure attachment. Alternatively, based on the literature suggesting that basal levels of oxytocin are lower in those with reduced relational distress or anxiety, afterlife beliefs may play a role in these reductions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 21, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4453   open full text
  • Psychometric properties and feasibility of instruments for the detection of delirium in older hospitalized patients: a systematic review.
    Eveline L. Velthuijsen, Sandra M.G. Zwakhalen, Ron M.J. Warnier, Wubbo J. Mulder, Frans R.J. Verhey, Gertrudis I.J.M. Kempen.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 21, 2016
    Objective Delirium is a serious and common complication among older hospitalized patients and is a predictor of many adverse outcomes. However, up to 72% of delirium incidents are unrecognized or misdiagnosed. The aim of this systematic review is to determine the validity, reliability, and feasibility of instruments for the detection of delirium in older hospitalized patients. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted. The inclusion criteria were a mean or median age of 65+ years, the use of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or International Classification of Diseases‐10 as a reference standard, and publication in English. All included studies underwent a quality assessment (QUADAS‐2). Results Forty‐three of the 3.790 identified studies were relevant to the review, describing 28 instruments. Quality assessment resulted in 37 studies with a positive quality assessment, describing 23 instruments. Five instruments (Delirium Observation Scale (DOS), Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu‐DESC), Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), CAM‐Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and Delirium Rating Scale‐Revised‐98) were described in three or more methodologically sound studies. The Delirium Observation Screening Scale (DOS) and Nu‐DESC are observational instruments with good psychometric properties, but the Nu‐DESC is shorter and has been validated in more languages. The CAM, CAM‐ICU, and Delirium Rating Scale‐Revised‐98 (DRS‐R‐98) are instruments with both observational and interactive components. The CAM is the most widely studied and demonstrates the best psychometric properties. Conclusion Timely detection of delirium might reduce the negative outcomes of delirium in the long term. The Nu‐DESC and CAM appear to be the most adequate instruments for detecting delirium. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 21, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4441   open full text
  • The landscape of pain management in people with dementia living in care homes: a mixed methods study.
    Anne Corbett, Kayleigh‐Marie Nunez, Emily Smeaton, Ingelin Testad, Alan J Thomas, S. Jose Closs, Michelle Briggs, Lei Clifton, Martha Therese Gjestsen, Vanessa Lawrence.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 21, 2016
    Objectives The aim of this study is to explore the current landscape of pain management in people with dementia living in care home settings. Pain is extremely common in this patient group, yet there is very limited guidance for healthcare professionals. Methods Triangulation of stakeholder consultation and quality review of pain management guidance were performed. A review of existing pain management guidance was conducted using published quality criteria adapted for the field. Three focus group discussions were held with care home staff and two focus group discussions and an online survey with family carers. Data were subjected to thematic analysis to identify themes and sub‐themes. Outcomes were reviewed by an expert panel, which gave recommendations. Results Fifteen existing guidelines were identified, of which three were designed for use in dementia and none were tailored for care home settings. Thematic analysis revealed six major themes in current pain management in dementia: importance of person‐centredness, current lack of pain awareness in staff, communication as a core element, disparities in staff responsibility and confidence, the need for consistency of care and current lack of staff training. In addition to the needs for practice, the expert panel identified promising pharmacological treatment candidates, which warrant clinical evaluation. Conclusions The findings of this study clearly articulate a need for an evidence‐based pain management programme for care homes, which is informed by stakeholder input and based within a conceptual framework for this setting. There are novel opportunities for clinical trials of alternative analgesics for use in this patient group. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 21, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4445   open full text
  • Brain levels of high‐energy phosphate metabolites and executive function in geriatric depression.
    David G. Harper, Elizabeth B. Joe, J.Eric Jensen, Caitlin Ravichandran, Brent P. Forester.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 18, 2016
    Objectives Depression in late life has been associated with difficulties in cognitive processing, particularly in the domains of executive function, processing speed and memory, and increases the risk of developing dementia suggesting a neurodegenerative phenotype. Mitochondrial dysfunction is frequently an early event in neurodegenerative illnesses and may be operative in patients with late life depression. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) allows for the quantification of bioenergetic molecules produced by mitochondria. Methods Ten patients with late life depression and eight normal elderly controls were studied with Stroop color and interference tests, which are widely used measures of processing speed and executive function, respectively, followed by (31P) MRS 3‐dimensional chemical‐shift imaging measuring levels of adenosine triphosphate, phosphocreatine, inorganic phosphate, and pH over the whole brain. Results In all subjects, gray matter phosphocreatine was positively associated with Stroop interference. Levels of white matter adenosine triphosphate were associated with Stroop interference in subjects with late life depression but not normal elderly. There was also a complementary association between white matter inorganic phosphate and Stroop interference in late life depression patients. Conclusions These findings suggest two independent sources of executive function dependence on bioenergetic state in the aging brain. The dependence of executive function performance in subjects with late life depression on ATP in white matter may be associated with mitochondrial impairment and is consistent with predictions of the vascular depression hypothesis. Further research with wider neuropsychological testing targeting bioenergetic markers could help clarify the scope of these effects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    February 18, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4439   open full text
  • Psychotropic use and associated neuropsychiatric symptoms among patients with dementia in the USA.
    Donovan T. Maust, Kenneth M. Langa, Frederic C. Blow, Helen C. Kales.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 18, 2016
    Objective To determine the national prevalence of psychotropic use and association with neuropsychiatric symptoms among patients with dementia. Methods Participants diagnosed with dementia (n = 414) in the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study, a nationally representative survey of US adults >70 years old. Diagnosis was based on in‐person clinical assessment and informant interview. Information collected included demographics, place of residence, 10‐item Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), and prescribed medications (antipsychotic, sedative‐hypnotic, antidepressant, mood stabilizer). Results Of 414 participants with dementia, 41.4% were prescribed a psychotropic medication, including 84.0% of nursing home residents and 28.6% of community‐dwellers. Of participants, 23.5% were prescribed an antidepressant. Compared with the total NPI score of those on no medication (4.5), those on antipsychotics and those on sedative‐hypnotics had much higher scores (respectively: 12.6, p < 0.001; 11.8, p = 0.03), although those antidepressants did not (6.9, p = 0.15). A larger proportion of patients on antipsychotics exhibited psychosis and agitation compared with those on no medication, while those on antidepressants exhibited more depressive symptoms. In multivariable logistic regression that included dementia severity and nursing home residence, nursing home residence was the characteristic most strongly associated with psychotropic use (odds ratio ranging from 8.96 [p < 0.001] for antipsychotics to 15.59 [p < 0.001] for sedative‐hypnotics). More intense psychotic symptoms and agitation were associated with antipsychotic use; more intense anxiety and agitation were associated with sedative‐hypnotic use. More intense depression and apathy were not associated with antidepressant use. Conclusions In this nationally representative sample, 41.4% of patients were taking psychotropic medication. While associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms, nursing home residence was most strongly tied to use. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 18, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4452   open full text
  • A systematic review of the diagnostic test accuracy of brief cognitive tests to detect amnestic mild cognitive impairment.
    Seline Ozer, John Young, Claire Champ, Melanie Burke.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 18, 2016
    Objective People with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) are at an increased risk of developing dementia. Efficient ways of identifying this ‘at risk’ population are required for larger‐scale research studies. This systematic review describes the diagnostic accuracy of brief cognitive tests for detecting aMCI. Methods Fifteen databases were searched from 1999 to July 2013 to identify papers for inclusion. Prospective studies assessing the diagnostic test accuracy of simple and brief cognitive tests for identifying people with aMCI against a reference standard (Petersen criteria) were included. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and likelihood ratios were calculated. Predictive validity and test–retest reliability were also extracted, when provided. Risk of bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool. Results Thirty‐nine studies assessing 42 index tests were included. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment was the most comprehensively assessed test with evidence of high sensitivity for aMCI and good test–retest reliability, but low specificity was reported by the only study judged to be at low risk of bias. Other brief cognitive tests that include an assessment of word recall and multi‐task tests that assess several cognitive domains were also found to exhibit high sensitivities and reasonable specificities. However, the confidence of the findings was affected by overall low quality of the contributing studies. Conclusion Several brief cognitive tests have shown promising diagnostic test accuracy results for identifying aMCI. However, concerns over the quality of the constituent studies and lack of evidence on the predictive validity of these tests mean that new validation studies are warranted. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 18, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4444   open full text
  • Cognitive impairment and mortality among the oldest‐old Chinese.
    Ruopeng An, Gordon G. Liu.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 18, 2016
    Objective This study examined the relationship between cognitive impairment status and all‐cause mortality among the oldest‐old Chinese. Methods A total of 7474 survey participants 80 years of age and above came from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey 1998–2012 waves. Baseline cognitive impairment status was assessed using the Chinese version of the mini‐mental state examination (MMSE), with total score ranging from 0 to 30. Cox proportional hazards regressions were performed to examine the relationship between baseline cognitive impairment status in 1998 and subsequent all‐cause mortality during 1998–2012, adjusting for various individual characteristics at baseline. Results Compared with those with no or mild cognitive impairment (18 ≤ MMSE score ≤ 30) at baseline, participants with moderate‐to‐severe cognitive impairment (0 ≤ MMSE score ≤ 17) were 28% (95% confidence interval = 20%, 37%) more likely to die during the follow‐up period from 1998 to 2012. A dose–response relationship between baseline severity level of cognitive impairment and mortality was evident. Compared with those without cognitive impairment (25 ≤ MMSE score ≤ 30) at baseline, those having mild cognitive impairment (18 ≤ MMSE score ≤ 24), moderate cognitive impairment (10 ≤ MMSE score ≤ 17), and severe cognitive impairment (0 ≤ MMSE score ≤ 9), were 20% (13%, 28%), 38% (27%, 51%), and 47% (33%, 62%) more likely to die during the follow‐up period. No statistically significant gender differences in the relationship between cognitive impairment status and mortality were found. Conclusion Baseline cognitive impairment was inversely associated with longevity among the oldest‐old Chinese. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 18, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4442   open full text
  • The contribution of caregiver psychosocial factors to distress associated with behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia.
    Alexandra Feast, Martin Orrell, Ian Russell, Georgina Charlesworth, Esme Moniz‐Cook.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 18, 2016
    Objective The objective of the study is to examine caregiver factors as predictors of BPSD‐related distress and their potential mechanisms. Method Informal caregivers of people with dementia (n = 157) recruited from 28 community mental health teams in six NHS Trusts across England completed questionnaires regarding psychosocial factors (relationship quality, competence, guilt, health‐related quality of life in the caregiver and person with dementia, reactivity to behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia [BPSD] and burden) and frequency of BPSD. Analyses of BPSD‐related distress include hierarchical multiple regression, mediation, moderation and path analysis. Results Caregiver psychosocial factors explained 56% of the variance in BPSD‐related distress. After controlling for these factors, frequency of BPSD was not a significant predictor of BPSD‐related distress. Caregiver reactivity to BPSD, burden, competence and relationship quality directly influenced BPSD‐related distress. Guilt influenced distress indirectly via competence, burden and reactivity to BPSD. The final model accounted for 41% of the variance in BPSD‐related distress and achieved a good fit to the data (χ2 = 23.920, df = 19, p = 0.199). Conclusions Caregiver psychosocial factors including sense of competence, guilt, burden and reactivity to BPSD contribute to BPSD‐related distress. Tailored interventions for managing behaviour problems in family settings could focus on these factors associated with BPSD‐related distress to minimise distress in families. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 18, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4447   open full text
  • The diagnostic accuracy of brief versions of the Geriatric Depression Scale: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.
    Claire Pocklington, Simon Gilbody, Laura Manea, Dean McMillan.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 18, 2016
    Background Depression in older adults is often under recognised despite it being the most common mental health illness in this age group. An increasing older adult population highlights the need for improved diagnostic rates. Brief versions (15 items or less) of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), which are suitable for busy clinical practice, could improve detection rates. Objective Our aim is to establish the diagnostic accuracy of brief versions of the GDS. Methods Twelve electronic databases of published and unpublished literature were searched. Study selection was in accordance with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A recognised gold‐standard diagnostic instrument was used as a comparator against data pertaining to the use of a brief version of the GDS in an older adult population. The QUADAS‐II was utilised for quality assessment. Narrative analysis and, where possible, meta‐analysis were performed. Results Thirty‐two studies were identified that provided diagnostic data regarding seven brief versions of the GDS (1, 4, 5, 7 8, 10 and 15‐item versions). Pooled sensitivity was 0.89 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80–0.94), and specificity was 0.77 (95% CI 0.65–0.86) for the GDS‐15 at the recommended cut‐off score of 5. Meta‐analysis of other brief versions was not possible because of an insufficient number of studies with standardised items. Conclusions Results suggest the possibility of selective reporting of cut‐off scores, and therefore, findings should be approached cautiously. Studies should report all cut‐off scores, and all brief GDS versions should be compiled of standardised items. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 18, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4407   open full text
  • Association between DCHS2 gene and mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in an elderly Brazilian sample.
    Renalice Neves Vieira, Rafaela Ávila, Jonas Jardim Paula, Marco Túlio Gualberto Cintra, Renan Pedra Souza, Rodrigo Nicolato, Leandro Malloy‐Diniz, Débora Marques Miranda, Edgar Nunes Moraes, Luiz Armando Marco, Marco Aurélio Romano‐Silva, Maria Aparecida Camargos Bicalho.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 14, 2016
    Objectives In 2012, Kamboh and colleagues published a genome‐wide association study that identified the DCHS2 gene (rs1466662 T/A) influencing the age at onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to investigate if there is association between the DCHS2 gene and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and AD in a sample of the Brazilian population. Methods 143 controls, 79 aMCI and 299 AD patients were selected and submitted to the same protocol of tests. Genotyping was performed using the Real Time PCR Results Amnestic MCI patients showed a higher prevalence of AA than controls and a lower frequency of TT when compared with controls. We also stratified the sample according to the APOE ε4 status. No difference in DCHS2 genotype or allelic frequency occurred in the APOE ε4 allele carrier subgroup. Amnestic MCI patients showed a higher frequency of AA genotype and a lower frequency of TA and TT when compared with controls in APOE ε4 allele non‐carrier subgroup. The allelic distribution followed the same pattern. In AD group, we observed a significant difference with a higher A allelic frequency in AD in this subgroup. A multiple logistic regression demonstrated that in APOE ε4 non‐carriers, allele rs1466662 was associated to aMCI group. Different variables were associated with aMCI and AD according to APOE ε4 status in our sample. Low level of education was associated with AD, while diabetes mellitus type 2 was associated with aMCI. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Conclusions Our findings suggest a possible role for DCHS2 gene in aMCI and AD.
    February 14, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4440   open full text
  • The relationship between age and neurocognitive and daily functioning in adults with hoarding disorder.
    Mary E. Dozier, Julie L. Wetherell, Elizabeth W. Twamley, Dawn M. Schiehser, Catherine R. Ayers.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 14, 2016
    Objective Given the increase in hoarding symptoms with age, there is a pressing need for understanding the clinical features as they relate to potential interventions for older adults with hoarding disorder (HD). The aim of the current investigation was to explore age‐related differences in the level of functional and cognitive impairment in individuals with HD. Methods The current study utilized the baseline assessments of 122 adults with HD. Age‐related differences in the raw scores of psychiatric, cognitive, and daily functioning were analyzed using a series of multiple regression models controlling for the possible age‐related differences in premorbid IQ. Results Our results suggested that older adults with HD may experience increased levels of impairment in skills related to executive functioning and everyday functioning when compared with younger adults with HD. Conclusions Given these difficulties with neurocognitive functioning, older HD patients may require interventions that focus more on behavioral and functional skills, rather than focusing on changing thought processes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 14, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4438   open full text
  • The prevalence and characteristics of hallucinations, delusions and minor phenomena in a non‐demented population sample aged 60 years and over.
    Thierry Soulas, Laurent Cleret de Langavant, Valérie Monod, Gilles Fénelon.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 14, 2016
    Objective Psychotic phenomena can occur in non‐clinical subjects. The goals of this study were to assess the prevalence of delusions, hallucinations and minor ‘psychotic’ phenomena (visual illusions, feeling of presence and passage hallucinations) and to describe the characteristics of the latter in a non‐clinical older population. Methods Three hundred and thirteen individuals aged 60 years and older, without cognitive deficits (according to mini‐mental state examination scores) or patent psychotic disease, answered a structured questionnaire focusing on delusions, hallucinations and minor phenomena that they had experienced in the previous month. The study sample was stratified by age and gender according to French demographic characteristics. Results Twenty per cent of participants reported one or more psychotic phenomena. These subjects did not differ from those without psychotic symptoms as regards their age, mini‐mental state examination scores or education. Minor phenomena were the most common (13%). Hallucinations, in any sensory modality, occurred in 9% of participants. No verbal auditory hallucinations or delusions were reported. The prevalence of minor phenomena increased with age and was associated with the use of psychoactive drugs. Conclusion By extending the spectrum of psychotic symptoms to minor phenomena, we found that psychotic symptoms were common in a non‐clinical older population. Whether the increasing prevalence of minor phenomena with age is due to prodromal neurodegenerative disease or to other factors remains to be investigated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 14, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4437   open full text
  • Clinicopathological correlates of depression in early Alzheimer's disease in the NACC.
    Sarah T. McCutcheon, Dingfen Han, Juan Troncoso, Vassilis E. Koliatsos, Marilyn Albert, Constantine G. Lyketsos, Jeannie‐Marie S. Leoutsakos.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 14, 2016
    Objective Depression may be a prodrome to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We assessed whether AD neuropathology is associated with depression in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild dementia (dAD). Methods All clinical and neuropathological data for this study came from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC). Healthy control (HC, n = 120), MCI (n = 77), and mild dAD (n = 93) patients who underwent brain autopsy were included. In regression models with Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) as the outcome, neuritic plaque (NP) score or Braak Stages of neurofibrillary (NF) pathology were covariates. Results GDS was not associated with cognitive status, NP score, Braak Stages, or their interaction. In both models, a history of TIAs, depression within the last 2 years, current benzodiazepine use, and greater severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms were associated with greater depression. In the Braak Stages model, less education was another significant predictor. Conclusions Depression in early AD appears to be independent of NP and NF pathology. Studies are needed to investigate other mechanisms that may be responsible for depression in MCI and dAD.
    February 14, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4435   open full text
  • Dysphoria is a risk factor for depression in medically ill older people.
    E. B. Mukaetova‐Ladinska, M. Steel, M. Coppock, G. Cosker, P. James, A. Scully, R. J. McNally.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 02, 2016
    Objectives Depression in older people is commonly under diagnosed and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Because older people currently occupy 65% of acute hospital beds, it is crucial for them to be properly assessed for depression to optimise their medical care. The aim of this study was to identify potential risk factors for depression in the medically ill in order to improve their inpatient care. Methods This was a 2‐year observational study of consequent referrals to the Newcastle Liaison Team for Older Adults. Out of a total number of 1586 referred patients, 1197 were included in the final analysis of data. Information about their age, main medical history, cognitive impairment and use of antidepressants was collected. All subjects were screened for dementia, depression and delirium. Proportions were compared using the chi‐squared test. Clinical depression as a binary variable was modelled using logistic regression. Results Higher risk for depression was associated with pain (odds ratio (OR) = 1.76; p = 0.033) and a previous history of depression (OR = 2.22; p < 0.001). Cognitive impairment (OR = 0.44, p < 0.001) and delirium (OR = 0.49; p < 0.001) decreased the likelihood for having depression. Subjective feelings of emptiness, being unhappy and depressed alone (R2 = 37.4%) and cognitive impairment (R2 = 39.5%) were the best multivariable model to explain depression in medically ill people. Conclusion Dysphoric mood results in depression in older people with medical health problems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 02, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4432   open full text
  • Is integrated care associated with service costs and admission rates to institutional settings? An observational study of community mental health teams for older people in England.
    Mark Wilberforce, Sue Tucker, Christian Brand, Michele Abendstern, Rowan Jasper, David Challis.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 02, 2016
    Objectives To evaluate the association between the degree of integration in community mental health teams (CMHTs) and: (i) the costs of service provision; (ii) rates of mental health inpatient and care home admission. Methods An observational study of service use and admissions to institutional care was undertaken for a prospectively‐sampled cohort of patients from eight CMHTs in England. Teams were chosen to represent ‘high’ or ‘low’ levels of integrated working practice and patients were followed‐up for seven months. General linear models were used to estimate service costs and the likelihood of institutional admission. Results Patients supported by high integration teams received services costing an estimated 44% more than comparable patients in low integration teams. However, after controlling for case mix, no significant differences were found in the likelihood of admission to mental health inpatient wards or care homes between team types. Conclusions Integrated mental health and social care teams appeared to facilitate greater access to community care services, but no consequent association was found with community tenure. Further research is required to identify the necessary and sufficient components of integrated community mental health care, and its effect on a wider range of outcomes using patient‐reported measures. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 02, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4424   open full text
  • Community validation of the IDEA study cognitive screen in rural Tanzania.
    William K. Gray, Stella Maria Paddick, Cecilia Collingwood, Aloyce Kisoli, Godfrey Mbowe, Sarah Mkenda, Carolyn Lissu, Jane Rogathi, John Kissima, Richard W. Walker, Declare Mushi, Paul Chaote, Adesola Ogunniyi, Catherine L. Dotchin.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 02, 2016
    Objectives The dementia diagnosis gap in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) is large, partly because of difficulties in screening for cognitive impairment in the community. As part of the Identification and Intervention for Dementia in Elderly Africans (IDEA) study, we aimed to validate the IDEA cognitive screen in a community‐based sample in rural Tanzania Methods Study participants were recruited from people who attended screening days held in villages within the rural Hai district of Tanzania. Criterion validity was assessed against the gold standard clinical dementia diagnosis using DSM‐IV criteria. Construct validity was assessed against, age, education, sex and grip strength and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Internal consistency and floor and ceiling effects were also examined. Results During community screening, the IDEA cognitive screen had high criterion validity, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.855 (95% CI 0.794 to 0.915). Higher scores on the screen were significantly correlated with lower age, male sex, having attended school, better grip strength and improved performance in activities of daily living. Factor analysis revealed a single factor with an eigenvalue greater than one, although internal consistency was only moderate (Cronbach's alpha = 0.534). Conclusions The IDEA cognitive screen had high criterion and construct validity and is suitable for use as a cognitive screening instrument in a community setting in SSA. Only moderate internal consistency may partly reflect the multi‐domain nature of dementia as diagnosed clinically. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 02, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4415   open full text
  • Impact of caregiver readiness on outcomes of a nonpharmacological intervention to address behavioral symptoms in persons with dementia.
    Laura N. Gitlin, Karen Rose.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 02, 2016
    Background Previous research shows that nonpharmacological strategies may effectively manage behavioral symptoms (agitation, wandering) in persons with dementia and improve caregiver wellbeing. However, strategies depend upon caregivers for their implementation. We examine the impact of caregiver readiness to use nonpharmacological strategies on treatment outcomes. Methods Data were from a randomized trial involving 110 family caregivers in the treatment group which received nonpharmacologic strategies for managing behavioral symptoms. Interventionists rated caregiver readiness to use nonpharmacologic strategies as pre‐action (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation) or action at treatment initiation and conclusion. Caregivers in pre‐action and action stages by treatment conclusion (16 weeks) were compared on proximal (frequency of, and caregiver upset and confidence with targeted behaviors) and more distal (caregiver burden and wellbeing) outcomes at 16 and 24‐week follow‐ups. Results By treatment conclusion, 28.2% (n = 31) and 71.8% (n = 79) of caregivers were rated at pre‐action and action respectively. Means for proximal outcomes differed between the groups at 16 and 24 weeks; those at action showed greater improvement on all proximal and distal outcomes. Hierarchical regressions showed significant relationships of readiness to targeted outcomes. By 24 weeks, caregiver readiness predicted lower frequency estimates of targeted behaviors (β = −.180, p = .041) and higher confidence (β = .27, p = .009). Readiness was not a significant predictor of caregiver burden and wellbeing at 16 or 24 weeks. Conclusion By treatment conclusion, >25% of participants were not activated to use nonpharmacologic strategies. Activated caregivers reported greater decline in distressing behavioral symptoms, and more confidence than non‐activated participants. Activation is needed to impact behavioral management but not other caregiver outcomes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 02, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4422   open full text
  • The bicaudate index inversely associates with performance in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in older adults living in rural Ecuador. The Atahualpa project.
    Oscar H. Del Brutto, Robertino M. Mera, Victor J. Del Brutto, Mark J. Sedler.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 02, 2016
    Objective Assessment of cognitive impairment in rural areas of developing countries is complicated by illiteracy and cross‐cultural factors. A better way to estimate the usefulness of cognitive screening instruments is to evaluate their correlation with imaging biomarkers. The bicaudate index (a marker of central atrophy) correlates with cognitive performance. We assessed the relationship of the bicaudate index with the MoCA to estimate the usefulness of this test to detect individuals with cognitive decline in these regions. Methods Atahualpa residents aged ≥60 years identified during door‐to‐door surveys were evaluated with the MoCA and invited to undergo brain MRI. Using generalized linear models, we estimated whether the bicaudate index correlates with MoCA scores, after adjusting for demographics and relevant clinical and neuroimaging confounders. Results Out of 385 eligible persons, 290 (75%) were enrolled. Mean bicaudate index was 0.14 ± 0.03, and mean total MoCA score was 19 ± 5 points. Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing showed a nearly linear inverse relationship between the bicaudate index and the total MoCA score. In the fully adjusted generalized linear model, the bicaudate index was inversely associated with the total MoCA score (p < 0.001), which dropped by 5.3% (95% C.I.: 1.7%–8.8%) for every standard deviation of the bicaudate index. In addition, most domain‐specific MoCA scores were inversely associated with the bicaudate index. Conclusions The inverse relationship between the bicaudate index and the MoCA score provides evidence that the MoCA is reliable to detect structural brain damage and useful to assess cognitive performance in less educated individuals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 02, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4419   open full text
  • The mental health and mortality impact of death of a partner with dementia.
    Sunil M. Shah, Iain M. Carey, Tess Harris, Stephen DeWilde, Christina R. Victor, Derek G. Cook.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 02, 2016
    Objective Caring for a partner with dementia and partner bereavement are independently associated with poor health. An understanding of the health effects of living with a partner dying with dementia can help optimise support. We describe health in the year before and after loss of a partner with dementia compared with other bereavements. Methods In a UK primary care database, 2624 older individuals whose partner died with dementia during 2005–2012 were matched with 7512 individuals experiencing bereavement where the deceased partner had no dementia recorded. Results Prior to bereavement, partners of the deceased with dementia were more likely to be diagnosed with depression (OR 2.31, 1.69–3.14) and receive psychotropic medication (OR 1.34, 1.21–1.49) than partners from bereavements without dementia. In contrast, psychotropic medication initiation two months after dementia bereavement was lower (HR 0.69, 0.56–0.85). Compared with other bereaved individuals, mortality after bereavement was lower in men experiencing a dementia bereavement (HR 0.68, 0.49–0.94) but similar in women (HR 1.02, 0.75–1.38). Prior to bereavement, those who died with dementia were less likely to receive palliative care (OR 0.47, 0.41–0.54). Conclusion In the year before bereavement, partners of individuals dying with dementia experience poorer mental health than those facing bereavement from other causes, and their partner is less likely to receive palliative care. In the year after, individuals whose partner died with dementia experience some attenuation of the adverse health effects of bereavement. Services need to address the needs of carers for individuals dying with dementia and improve access to palliative care. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 02, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4411   open full text
  • A change in social activity affect cognitive function in middle‐aged and older Koreans: analysis of a Korean longitudinal study on aging (2006–2012).
    Young Choi, Sohee Park, Kyoung Hee Cho, Sung‐Youn Chun, Eun‐Cheol Park.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 02, 2016
    Objective To examine the association between a changes in social activity and cognitive function in Koreans aged 45 years or older. Methods Data were obtained from 6076 participants aged 45 years and older included in the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006–2012). Cognitive function was measured using the mini‐mental state examination—Korean version (MMSE‐K). Participation in social activities was classified as “consistent participation,” “consistent non‐participation,” “participation to non‐participation,” and “non‐participation to participation.” Linear mixed models were used to investigate the relationship between type of social activity (religious organizations, friendship organizations, leisure/culture/sports clubs, family or school reunion, volunteering work, and political organizations), and cognitive function. Results Individuals who reported “no participation to participation” (b = 0.778, p < 0.0001) and “consistent participation” (b = 0.968, p < 0.0001) were more likely to show reduced cognitive decline than those who reported “consistent non‐participation” (p < 0.0001 for trend). The positive association between cognitive function and consistent participation in religious activities, friendship organizations, and family/school reunions was particularly strong (b = 0.325, p < 0.0001; b = 0.570, p < 0.0001; b = 0.234, p = 0.0004; respectively, versus consistent non‐participation). Conclusions Promotion of participation in religious organizations, friendship organizations, and family/school reunions (only for older persons) may help preserve cognitive function in individuals aged 45 years or older in Korea. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 02, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4408   open full text
  • Time to diagnosis in young‐onset dementia and its determinants: the INSPIRED study.
    Brian Draper, Monica Cations, Fiona White, Julian Trollor, Clement Loy, Henry Brodaty, Perminder Sachdev, Peter Gonski, Apo Demirkol, Robert G. Cumming, Adrienne Withall.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 25, 2016
    Objective The objective of this study is to identify factors determining the time to diagnosis for young‐onset dementia (YOD), defined as dementia with symptom onset before age 65 years, by mapping the diagnostic pathways. Methods Participants were recruited via healthcare professionals, community support organisations or were self‐referred. Information was obtained by interviews with the person with YOD and their carer, and medical record reviews. Clinical dementia diagnoses were independently ratified by consensus review. Results Participants included 88 people with YOD (mean age of onset = 55.4 years), due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) (53.4%, n = 47), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) (15.9%, n = 14) and other causes (30.7%, n = 27). Median time from symptom onset to first consultation was 2.3 years, to dementia diagnosis 3.2 years, to family awareness of dementia diagnosis 3.5 years and to final diagnosis of the type of dementia 4.7 years. Non‐dementia diagnoses occurred in 48.9%, including depression (30.7%) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (17.0%). Participants with younger age of onset had significantly longer time to first consultation and family awareness of the dementia diagnosis. The time to dementia diagnosis was significantly longer when the participant presented with MCI or depression and when the dementia was other than AD or FTD. MCI was associated with significantly longer time to family awareness of dementia diagnosis. Conclusions Factors impacting on time to diagnosis vary with the stage of diagnosis in YOD. Longer time to dementia diagnosis occurred in people who were younger at symptom onset, when MCI or depression was present, and in dementias other than AD and FTD. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 25, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4430   open full text
  • Amyloid deposition in semantic dementia: a positron emission tomography study.
    Eric E. Brown, Ariel Graff‐Guerrero, Sylvain Houle, Romina Mizrahi, Alan A. Wilson, Bruce G. Pollock, Benoit H. Mulsant, Daniel Felsky, Aristotle N. Voineskos, David F. Tang‐Wai, Nicolaas P. L. G. Verhoeff, Morris Freedman, Zahinoor Ismail, Tiffany W. Chow.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 25, 2016
    Background Pittsburgh compound B ([11C]‐PIB) identifies amyloid‐β (Aβ) deposition in vivo. Asymptomatic Aβ deposition has been reported consistently in some healthy older subjects. Of patients with frontotemporal dementia, those who have later onset have a higher potential for Aβ deposition. Objective Comparison of Aβ deposition in Alzheimer's disease (AD), healthy older controls, and patients with early‐ and late‐onset semantic dementia (SD), a subtype of frontotemporal dementia. Methods Subjects were recruited from tertiary academic care centers specializing in assessment and management of patients with neurodegenerative disease. We used the radiotracer [11C]‐PIB in a high‐resolution positron emission tomography scanner to evaluate 11 participants with SD (six with onset before age 65 and five with later onset), 9 with probable AD, and 10 controls over age 60. The main outcome measures were frontal, temporal, parietal, and total [11C]‐PIB standardized uptake value ratios to establish PIB‐positive (PIB+) cutoff. Results The five patients with late‐onset SD were PIB‐negative. Two of six with early‐onset SD, seven of nine with AD, and 1 of 10 controls were PIB+. The SD participants who were PIB+ did not have memory or visuospatial deficits that are typical in AD. Conclusions Aβ deposition does not seem to be associated with late‐onset SD. Future larger studies might confirm whether a significant minority of early‐onset SD patients exhibit Aβ deposition. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 25, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4423   open full text
  • Cognitive performance in depressed older persons: the impact of vascular burden and remission. A two‐year follow‐up study.
    Marij Zuidersma, Hannie C. Comijs, Paul Naarding, Richard C. Oude Voshaar.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 25, 2016
    Objectives Depression is associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline. The present study compared two‐year change in cognitive performance between depressed older persons and a non‐depressed control group, between remitted and non‐remitted patients, and evaluated whether vascular burden at baseline was associated with more cognitive decline in depressed older persons. Methods Depressed patients (n = 378) aged ≥60 were recruited from mental healthcare institutes and general practices, and a non‐depressed control group (n = 132) was recruited from general practices. A DSM‐IV depressive episode was established with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and processing speed, working memory, verbal memory and interference control were evaluated with three neurocognitive tasks at baseline and 2 years later. A modified Framingham Risk Score, ankle‐brachial index, and history of a vascular event defined vascular burden at baseline. Results After adjusting for baseline cognitive performance, age, sex, and education level, depressed older persons had worse processing speed and verbal memory scores at follow‐up than controls (regression coefficients: −0.172; p = 0.042 and −0.309; p = 0.001, respectively) but did not differ in the other two‐cognitive outcomes. In the sample of depressed patients, remission status at 2 years follow‐up and baseline vascular burden did not predict cognitive performance at follow‐up, after adjustment for baseline cognitive performance, age, sex and education level. Conclusions Our findings suggest that cognitive deficits in depressed older persons are not just a manifestation of depression. In addition, vascular burden was not associated with worse cognitive decline in a sample of depressed older persons. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 25, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4416   open full text
  • Latent class analysis of the Apathy Scale does not identify subtypes of apathy in general population‐based older persons.
    Isis Groeneweg‐Koolhoven, Lotte J. Huitema, Margot W. M. Waal, Max L. Stek, Jacobijn Gussekloo, Roos C. Mast, Didi Rhebergen.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 25, 2016
    Objectives To identify clinically relevant subtypes of apathy in older persons using latent class analysis (LCA) and investigate the distribution of different characteristics across these subtypes. Measurements: Cross‐sectional data of 122 older persons (mean age 84 years, 60% female) participating in the general population‐based PROactive Management Of Depression in the Elderly study, with apathy according to a score of 14 or higher on the Apathy Scale, were included for LCA. All 14 items of the Apathy Scale were used as indicator variables. Several characteristics were examined including sociodemographics, depressive, and anxiety symptoms; global cognitive function; quality of life indicators; hazardous alcohol intake (drinking ≥ 14 consumptions per week); and perceived chronic pain. Results Three distinct LCA classes were found classifying 17%, 7%, and 76% of the participants respectively. Individuals in the first class had a higher level of education and were less likely to live alone. Those in the second class had higher apathy and depression scores, lived more frequently alone and used more alcohol. Individuals in the third class showed a lower level of education and worse cognitive function. In multivariable multinomial analyses, only a lower educational level and higher scores on the Apathy Scale were significant predictors for class membership. Conclusion Differences between LCA‐derived classes were minimal, suggesting that in a general population‐based cohort the Apathy Scale measures a homogeneous construct. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 25, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4413   open full text
  • Effect of animal‐assisted interventions on depression, agitation and quality of life in nursing home residents suffering from cognitive impairment or dementia: a cluster randomized controlled trial.
    Christine Olsen, Ingeborg Pedersen, Astrid Bergland, Marie‐José Enders‐Slegers, Grete Patil, Camilla Ihlebæk.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 25, 2016
    Objectives The prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in cognitively impaired nursing home residents is known to be very high, with depression and agitation being the most common symptoms. The possible effects of a 12‐week intervention with animal‐assisted activities (AAA) in nursing homes were studied. The primary outcomes related to depression, agitation and quality of life (QoL). Method A prospective, cluster randomized multicentre trial with a follow‐up measurement 3 months after end of intervention was used. Inclusion criteria were men and women aged 65 years or older, with a diagnosis of dementia or having a cognitive deficit. Ten nursing homes were randomized to either AAA with a dog or a control group with treatment as usual. In total, 58 participants were recruited: 28 in the intervention group and 30 in the control group. The intervention consisted of a 30‐min session with AAA twice weekly for 12 weeks in groups of three to six participants, led by a qualified dog handler. Norwegian versions of the Cornell Scale for Depression, the Brief Agitation Rating Scale and the Quality of Life in Late‐stage Dementia scale were used. Results A significant effect on depression and QoL was found for participants with severe dementia at follow‐up. For QoL, a significant effect of AAA was also found immediately after the intervention. No effects on agitation were found. Conclusions Animal‐assisted activities may have a positive effect on symptoms of depression and QoL in older people with dementia, especially those in a late stage. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 25, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4436   open full text
  • Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in older non‐western immigrants in the Netherlands: a cross‐sectional study.
    J. L. Parlevliet, Ö. Uysal‐Bozkir, M. Goudsmit, J. P. Campen, R. M. Kok, G. Riet, B. Schmand, S. E. Rooij.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 21, 2016
    Objective In the Netherlands, persons of Turkish, Moroccan and Surinamese descent form the largest groups of non‐western immigrants. A high prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia has been described in immigrant populations in the United States of America and the United Kingdom. We determined the prevalence of MCI and dementia in older community‐dwelling adults from the largest non‐western immigrant groups in the Netherlands. Methods Participants, aged 55 years and older, of Turkish, Moroccan (Arabic or Berber), Surinamese (Creole or Hindustani) or Dutch descent were recruited via their general practitioners. Cognitive deficits were assessed using the Cross‐Cultural Dementia screening instrument, which was validated in poorly educated people from different cultures. Differences in prevalence rates of MCI and dementia between the immigrant groups and a native Dutch group were analysed using chi‐square tests. Results We included 2254 participants. Their mean age was 65.0 years (standard deviation, 7.5), and 44.4% were male. The prevalence of MCI was 13.0% in Turkish, 10.1% in Moroccan–Arabic, 9.4% in Moroccan–Berber and 11.9% in Surinamese–Hindustani participants, compared to 5.9% in Surinamese–Creoles and 3.3% in native Dutch. The prevalence of dementia was 14.8% in Turkish, 12.2% in Moroccan Arabic, 11.3% in Moroccan Berber and 12.6% in Surinamese–Hindustani participants, compared to 4.0% in Surinamese–Creoles and 3.5% in native Dutch. Conclusions MCI and dementia were three to four times more prevalent in the majority of non‐western immigrant groups when compared to the native Dutch population. These differences are important for planning and improving healthcare facilities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 21, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4417   open full text
  • Systematic review of dyadic and family‐oriented interventions for late‐life depression.
    Sarah T. Stahl, Juleen Rodakowski, Ester M. Saghafi, Mijung Park, Charles F. Reynolds, Mary Amanda Dew.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 21, 2016
    Objective Supportive behaviors (both instrumental and emotional) from spouses and close family members can impact the trajectory of older adults' depressive symptoms. Interventions that target both the patient and support person may be more effective than interventions that target the patient only, in terms of alleviating mood symptoms in the identified patient. The purpose of this paper was to review the characteristics and findings of dyadic and family‐oriented interventions for late‐life mood disorders to determine if they are effective and beneficial. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of reports in the literature on dyadic or family‐oriented interventions for late‐life mood disorders. We searched PubMed, OVID PsycINFO, and EMBASE for peer‐reviewed journal articles in English through October 2014. Results We identified 13 articles, representing a total of 10 independent investigations. Identified studies focused on spouses and close family members as support persons. Effect sizes for dyadic interventions that treated major depressive disorder were, on average, moderately strong, while effect sizes for dyadic interventions that reduced depressive symptoms were generally small. We did not identify any dyadic studies that treated bipolar disorder. Conclusions This review showed that dyadic interventions are feasible and that these interventions can decrease symptomatology in individuals who have major depressive disorder. Research is needed to understand the relative efficacy of a dyadic approach over a single‐target approach in treating depression. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 21, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4434   open full text
  • Caregiver burden in family carers of people with dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease.
    Ellen Svendsboe, Toril Terum, Ingelin Testad, Dag Aarsland, Ingun Ulstein, Anne Corbett, Arvid Rongve.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 14, 2016
    Objective To characterise the differences in caregiver distress between carers of people diagnosed with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and people with Alzheimer's disease (AD), with a view to differentiating and improving support for caregivers. Methods This study is a part of two larger Norwegian studies, DemVest (n = 265) and The Norwegian Dementia Register (n = 2220), with data from caregivers and people diagnosed with AD (n = 100) and DLB (n = 86) between 2005 and 2013. The average age was 74.9 years (SD = 7.8). Caregiver distress was rated by the Relative Stress Scale. Diagnosis of the person receiving care was based on a comprehensive standardised assessment program (International Classification of Diseases, Revision 10 or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, fourth edition). Additional data collected from people receiving care were neuropsychiatric symptoms, comorbidity and activities of daily living (ADL) score. Linear regression analyses were applied, first unadjusted and then in stepwise‐adjusts in addition to descriptive analyses. Results Caregivers to people with AD (20.2%) and 40% of caregivers for people with DLB experienced moderate or high caregiver burden with an increased risk of psychiatric disorders in the early stage of dementia. High Relative Stress Scale (RSS) total scores in caregivers was significantly associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms (Neuropsychiatric Inventory, p = 0.004) and also with impaired ADL functioning (Rapid Disability Rating Scale‐2, p < 0.0005). Conclusion Caregiver distress differed (RSS total, p = 0.005) between people caring for someone with AD (15.0) and those caring for someone with DLB (19.9). These findings have direct implications for the needs and resources that could be available for these individuals and indicate the need for further research into caregiver burden in carers to people with DLB. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Ethics and dissemination Cohorts were ethically approved by the Regional Ethics Committee for Medical Research Ethics in Eastern and Western Norway.
    January 14, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4433   open full text
  • Screening for cognitive dysfunction in Huntington's disease with the clock drawing test.
    Paul W. Terwindt, Anna A.M. Hubers, Erik J. Giltay, Rose C. Mast, Erik Duijn.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 14, 2016
    Background The aim of the study is to investigate the performance of the clock drawing test as a screening tool for cognitive impairment in Huntington's disease (HD) mutation carriers. Methods The performance of the clock drawing test was assessed in 65 mutation carriers using the Shulman and the Freund scoring systems. The mini‐mental state examination, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, the Verbal Fluency Test, and the Stroop tests were used as comparisons for the evaluation of cognitive functioning. Correlations of the clock drawing test with various cognitive tests (convergent validity), neuropsychiatric characteristics (divergent validity) and clinical characteristics were analysed using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Receiver‐operator characteristic analyses were performed for the clock drawing test against both the mini‐mental state examination and against a composite variable for executive cognitive functioning to assess optimal cut‐off scores. Results Inter‐rater reliability was high for both the Shulman and Freund scoring systems (ICC = 0.95 and ICC = 0.90 respectively). The clock drawing tests showed moderate to high correlations with the composite variable for executive cognitive functioning (mean ρ = 0.75) and weaker correlations with the mini‐mental state examination (mean ρ = 0.62). Mean sensitivity of the clock drawing tests was 0.82 and mean specificity was 0.79, whereas the mean positive predictive value was 0.66 and the mean negative predictive value was 0.87. Conclusion The clock drawing test is a suitable screening instrument for cognitive dysfunction in HD, because it was shown to be accurate, particularly so with respect to executive cognitive functioning, and is easy and quick to use. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 14, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4412   open full text
  • Racial and ethnic differences in cognitive function among older adults in the USA.
    Carlos Díaz‐Venegas, Brian Downer, Kenneth M. Langa, Rebeca Wong.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 14, 2016
    Objective Examine differences in cognition between Hispanic, non‐Hispanic black (NHB), and non‐Hispanic white (NHW) older adults in the United States. Data/Methods The final sample includes 18 982 participants aged 51 or older who received a modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status during the 2010 Health and Retirement Study follow‐up. Ordinary least squares will be used to examine differences in overall cognition according to race/ethnicity. Results Hispanics and NHB had lower cognition than NHW for all age groups (51‐59, 60‐69, 70‐79, 80+). Hispanics had higher cognition than NHB for all age groups but these differences were all within one point. The lower cognition among NHB compared to NHW remained significant after controlling for age, gender, and education, whereas the differences in cognition between Hispanics and NHW were no longer significant after controlling for these covariates. Cognitive scores increased with greater educational attainment for all race/ethnic groups, but Hispanics exhibited the least benefit. Discussion Our results highlight the role of education in race/ethnic differences in cognitive function during old age. Education seems beneficial for cognition in old age for all race/ethnic groups, but Hispanics appear to receive a lower benefit compared to other race/ethnic groups. Further research is needed on the racial and ethnic differences in the pathways of the benefits of educational attainment for late‐life cognitive function. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 14, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4410   open full text
  • Estimating the prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) and proportions of patients with associated dementia and depression among the older adults based on secondary claims data.
    O. Riedel, D. Bitters, U. Amann, E. Garbe, I. Langner.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 14, 2016
    Objectives While the epidemiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been extensively studied, data on the prevalence of PD among the older adults in Germany are scarce, based on small samples, and limited to primary data designs. This study estimated the PD prevalence among the older adults in Germany in 2006 using secondary data. Methods We included 815,573 health insurance members aged ≥65 years from all regions in Germany. PD was identified in case of at least one inpatient or outpatient diagnosis. An outpatient diagnosis had to be confirmed by either a subsequent diagnosis or an antiparkinsonian drug within 12 months. PD was also assumed if a first prescription was confirmed by a diagnosis within 12 months. Cases were checked for a diagnosis of dementia or depression. Results The standardized prevalence of PD was 1680 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1644–1716) cases per 100,000 persons. The prevalence increased with age and peaked in the age group of ≥90 years (4633 cases; 95% CI: 4227–5068) with higher rates in men (1729; 95% CI: 1684–1776) than in women (1644; 95% CI: 1593–1697). Dementia and depression occurred in 26.6% (95% CI: 25.8–27.5) and 32.6 (95% CI: 31.7–33.5) of PD cases, respectively. Conclusions The age‐related increase of PD prevalence and the age‐specific prevalence estimates are in line with other European studies, stressing the public health relevance related to PD. In addition to the minimization of biases that might occur in primary data studies, further strengths of our findings are the large underlying sample size and the coverage of Germany.
    January 14, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4414   open full text
  • High amyloid‐β deposition related to depressive symptoms in older individuals with normal cognition: a pilot study.
    Fumihiko Yasuno, Hiroaki Kazui, Naomi Morita, Katsufumi Kajimoto, Masafumi Ihara, Akihiko Taguchi, Akihide Yamamoto, Kiwamu Matsuoka, Jun Kosaka, Takashi Kudo, Hidehiro Iida, Toshifumi Kishimoto, Kazuyuki Nagatsuka.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 14, 2016
    Objective Previous studies have reported depressive symptoms in the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The objective of this study was to determine whether depressive symptoms are associated with cortical amyloid burden. In order to do this, we measured cortical amyloid via 11C‐labeled Pittsburgh Compound B ([11C]PIB) uptake using positron emission tomography (PET) in cognitively normal subjects. Methods We performed [11C]PIB‐PET in 29 cognitively normal, older participants. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Aβ deposition was quantified by binding potential (BPND), and the association between cortical mean BPND values and GDS scores was evaluated. Analysis of parametric BPND images was performed to examine the relationship between regional BPND and GDS scores. Results We found a positive correlation between depressive symptoms and mean cortical PIB‐BPND in groups of subjects with middle to high PIB‐BPND. There was little change in GDS‐depression score between subjects with low and middle PIB‐BPND levels, while an increase in GDS was shown in the high PIB‐BPND group. The main BPND increase was localized to the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCu/PCC) in subjects with high PIB‐BPND, and we found a significant positive relationship between PIB‐BPND in this area and depressive symptoms. Conclusions Emotional dysregulation because of Aβ neuropathology in the PCu/PCC may relate to depressive symptoms. More specifically, we found that older, cognitively normal patients with depressive episodes were more likely to have underlying AD pathology. Thus, depressive symptoms may increase the predictive ability of the identification of future AD cases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 14, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4409   open full text
  • Activity, balance, learning, and exposure (ABLE): a new intervention for fear of falling.
    Julie Loebach Wetherell, Kristen Johnson, Douglas Chang, Samuel R. Ward, Emily S. Bower, Caroline Merz, Andrew J. Petkus.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 04, 2016
    Objective Fear of falling is an important problem among older adults, even those with relatively low rates of objective fall risk, who are often overlooked as targets for intervention. Method We developed and pilot tested a new intervention, Activity, Balance, Learning, and Exposure (ABLE), in a sample of 10 older adults with excessive fear of falling. The ABLE intervention integrates exposure therapy and cognitive restructuring with a home safety evaluation and an exercise program and is conducted in the home. In this pilot project, ABLE was jointly conducted by a physical therapist and a psychologist with expertise in geriatric anxiety disorders. Results The intervention was feasible and acceptable and resulted in decreases in fear and activity avoidance for most participants. One participant experienced an injurious fall. Discussion We learned a number of important lessons resulting in modifications to the inclusion criteria, assessments, and intervention over the course of this pilot study. Results suggest that ABLE has promise for treating excessive fear of falling in the elderly and support testing the intervention in a larger randomized trial. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 04, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4393   open full text
  • Association between depression and neuropathy in people with type 2 diabetes: a meta‐analysis.
    Francesco Bartoli, Giuseppe Carrà, Cristina Crocamo, Daniele Carretta, Davide La Tegola, Tommaso Tabacchi, Pierluigi Gamba, Massimo Clerici.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 04, 2016
    Objective Depression and neuropathy are frequent complications of type 2 diabetes. The current meta‐analysis aimed to estimate the association between depression and neuropathy in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Methods We systematically searched electronic databases for articles published up to February 2015, providing data on the association between depression and neuropathy in individuals with type 2 diabetes. No language restrictions were applied. The meta‐analysis generated random‐effect odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Risk of publication bias and heterogeneity were estimated using the Egger test and I2 index, respectively. Leave‐one‐out analysis was performed. Data were analysed using stata. Results Thirteen studies were included in the meta‐analysis. Data on the association between depression and neuropathy were available for 3898 individuals with type 2 diabetes. Pooled analysis showed an association between depression and neuropathy, with an odds ratio of 2.01 (95% CI: 1.60–2.54; p < 0.001). There was no risk of publication bias (p = 0.064), and heterogeneity was moderate (I2 = 44.5%). Leave‐one‐out analysis confirmed consistency of the findings. The association appeared partly influenced by age, because studies selecting older people (sample mean age > 65 years) showed a slightly higher estimate for the association. Conclusions We found an association between depression and neuropathy among people with type 2 diabetes. Because of the cross‐sectional nature of included studies, the relationship between these two conditions might be bidirectional. Further research exploring factors that might moderate or mediate this association is needed. Targeted interventions for comorbid depression and neuropathy should be implemented in clinical practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 04, 2016   doi: 10.1002/gps.4397   open full text
  • Factors related to prevalence, persistence, and incidence of depressive symptoms in mild cognitive impairment: vascular depression construct.
    Sangha Kim, Sook Young Woo, Hyo Shin Kang, Shin Won Lim, Seong Hye Choi, Woojae Myung, Jee Hyang Jeong, Yunhwan Lee, Chang Hyung Hong, Jong Hun Kim, HaeRi Na, Bernard J. Carroll, Doh Kwan Kim.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 17, 2015
    Objective Depression is prevalent among elders with cognitive impairment. Cerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMH) have consistently been implicated in late‐life depression and in cognitive impairment. This study aims to clarify the factors related to prevalence, persistence, and new onset of depressive symptoms in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods As part of a multicenter prospective study, the Clinical Research Center for Dementia of South Korea (CREDOS) Study, we enrolled 590 subjects diagnosed with MCI and with no prior history of depression. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale short form (SGDS‐K) at baseline and at follow‐up visits. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was performed at baseline to quantify WMH using a visual rating scale. Results The baseline prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms (SGDS‐K ≥5) was 51.4%, and this feature was associated with younger age, lower educational achievement, and higher Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes (CDR‐SB) scores. Persistence of depressive symptoms across the study period was significantly associated with baseline CDR‐SB and depression scores. New onset of depression (SGDS‐K ≥8; incidence 15.7%) among subjects free of depressive symptoms (SGDS‐K <5) at baseline was associated with severe deep subcortical, but not periventricular, WMH. Conclusions In patients with MCI aged 50 years or older, depressive symptoms were highly prevalent. Cognitive status was closely related to both prevalence and persistence of depressive symptoms, while new onset of depression was associated with deep subcortical WMH severity in this MCI cohort. Our findings provide prospective evidence consistent with the vascular depression hypothesis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 17, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4400   open full text
  • Older adults with poor self‐rated memory have less depressive symptoms and better memory performance when perceived self‐efficacy is high.
    Deirdre M. O'Shea, Vonetta M. Dotson, Robert A. Fieo, Angeliki Tsapanou, Laura Zahodne, Yaakov Stern.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 17, 2015
    Objective To investigate whether self‐efficacy moderates the association between self‐rated memory and depressive symptoms in a large sample of older adults. The influence of self‐efficacy and depressive symptoms on memory performance was also examined in a subsample of individuals who reported poor memory. Methods Non‐demented participants (n = 3766) were selected from the 2012 wave of the Health and Retirement Study. Depressive symptomatology was assessed with the 8‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. A modified version of the Midlife Developmental Inventory Questionnaire was used as the measure of self‐efficacy. Participants were asked to rate their memory presently on a five‐point scale from Excellent (1) to Poor (5). Immediate memory and delayed memory (after a 5‐min interval) were measured by the number of correct words recalled from a 10‐item word list. Results Multiple regression analyses revealed that negative ratings of memory were significantly associated with greater levels of depressive symptoms, with this effect being greatest in those with low levels of self‐efficacy. Additionally, greater self‐efficacy was associated with optimal objective memory performances but only when depressive symptoms were low in individuals who reported poor memory function (n = 1196). Conclusion Self‐efficacy moderates the relationship between self‐rated memory function and depressive symptoms. Higher self‐efficacy may buffer against the impact of subjective memory difficulty on one's mood and thereby mitigating the effect of depressive symptoms on memory. Interventions should focus on increasing perceived self‐efficacy in older adults reporting poor memory function to potentially minimize memory impairment.
    December 17, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4392   open full text
  • Comparing the risk of tardive dyskinesia in older adults with first‐generation and second‐generation antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.
    Angela O'Brien.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 17, 2015
    Objective The advent of second‐generation antipsychotics (SGAs) in the 1990s brought optimism that neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (TD) may become relegated to history. Whether or not this is the case remains inconclusive, and this review aims to compare the risk of TD in older adults treated with first‐generation antipsychotics (FGAs) versus SGAs. Methods Relevant papers were sourced via a range of electronic databases, with a date range from 1957 to January 2015. Included studies used both a validated rating scale and research diagnostic criteria to report on the prevalence or incidence of TD in older adults exposed to antipsychotic medications. Results For FGAs, the prevalence estimate was 53% (95% confidence interval [CI] [39.0, 68.4]) for mild TD and 38% (95% CI [25.9, 50.3]) for probable TD. Incidence estimates for probable TD with FGAs were 23% (95% CI [15.3, 30.6]) at 1 year, 42% (95% CI [24.8, 58.4]) at 2 years and 57% (95% CI [45.3, 69.1]) at 3 years. For SGAs, the incidence estimates at 1 year were 7% (95% CI [4.4, 10.2]) for probable TD and 3% (95% CI [1.5, 4.2]) for persistent TD. Conclusions The risk of probable TD is more than three times lower in older adults receiving SGAs in comparison with FGAs after 1 year of treatment (23% vs 7%). The risk of persistent TD at 1 year with SGAs is particularly low. Evidence is lacking in regard to the longer‐term risk of TD with SGAs, although the rates associated with the prolonged use of FGAs are high. Caution is therefore still required, particularly with the protracted use of both FGAs and SGAs.
    December 17, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4399   open full text
  • Depressive symptoms increase the risk of progression to dementia in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta‐analysis.
    Raimundo J. Mourao, Guilherme Mansur, Leandro F. Malloy‐Diniz, Erico Castro Costa, Breno S. Diniz.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 17, 2015
    Objective There is a long‐standing debate in the literature whether depressive symptoms increase the risk of dementia in older with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We aim to conduct a meta‐analysis of studies that evaluated the risk of dementia in subjects with MCI and depressive symptoms compared with subjects with MCI and no depressive symptoms. Methods We calculated the relative risk of progression to dementia in subjects with MCI and depressive symptoms compared with subjects with MCI and no depressive symptoms using a generic inverse variance method with random effect models. Results Eighteen studies were included in the meta‐analysis, with a sample size of 10,861 MCI subjects. The pooled relative risk of progressing to dementia was 1.28 CI95% [1.09–1.52] (p = 0.003) in the group of MCI subjects with depressive symptoms compared with the MCI subjects with no depressive symptoms. Discussion Our results provide additional evidence that depressive symptoms determine an additive risk effect to the progression to dementia in subjects with MCI. The comorbidity between depression and cognitive impairment can be an intervention target for prevention of dementia in MCI subjects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 17, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4406   open full text
  • The comparative efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in patients with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease: a Bayesian network meta‐analysis.
    Hisanori Kobayashi, Takashi Ohnishi, Ryoko Nakagawa, Kazutake Yoshizawa.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 17, 2015
    Background Comparative evidence for efficacy and safety of second‐generation cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) is still sparse. Objectives The purpose of this research is to compare three ChEIs, donepezil, galantamine and rivastigmine, in patients with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods We conducted a systematic review for published articles and included randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials and head‐to‐head randomised trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of ChEIs in patients with AD. We examined Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, cognitive subscale (ADAS‐Cog), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Clinician's Interview‐Based Impression of Change plus caregiver's input (CIBIC+) and Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) as efficacy endpoints. Withdrawals due to adverse events and number of patients experiencing nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and dizziness were examined as safety profiles. Network meta‐analyses were sequentially performed for efficacy and safety outcomes based on drug/dose treatment conditions. Results Among the 21 trials included, network meta‐analysis showed that all treatments were significantly more efficacious than placebo in cognition measured by ADAS‐Cog. All treatments except galantamine were significantly more efficacious than placebo in global change in CIBIC+ or CGIC. Across all conditions, no significant efficacy was observed in neuropsychiatric symptoms measured by NPI. Derived hierarchies in the efficacy of treatment conditions were variables across efficacy and safety. Conclusions Our analysis is the first attempt to incorporate available direct and indirect evidence. The results suggest that ChEIs should have significant efficacy for cognition and global change assessment, but the efficacy on neuropsychiatric symptoms is questionable in patients with mild‐to‐moderate AD.
    December 17, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4405   open full text
  • Cognitive function and disability in late life: an ecological validation of the 10/66 battery of cognitive tests among community‐dwelling older adults in South India.
    Murali Krishna, Eunice Beulah, Steven Jones, Rajesh Sundarachari, Saroja A, Kalyanaraman Kumaran, S. C. Karat, J. R. M. Copeland, Martin Prince, Caroline Fall.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 17, 2015
    Background The 10/66 Dementia Research Group developed and validated a culture and education fair battery of cognitive tests for diagnosis of dementia in population‐based studies in low‐income and middle‐income countries including India. Aims This study examined the association between individual domains of the 10/66 battery of cognitive tests and ‘disability’ and ‘functional impairment’ in community‐dwelling older adults in South India. Methods One hundred twenty‐nine adults aged 60–90 years residing in Karunapura, in the city of Mysore, were interviewed in their own homes. Cognitive functioning was measured by administering the 10/66 battery of cognitive tests that composes of Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSI'D' COGSCORE), verbal fluency (VF) and word list memory recall (WLMR). A reliable informant was interviewed to ascertain if the subject's cognitive problems have resulted in functional impairment. Disability was measured by WHO Disability Schedule‐II (DAS). Results The women had significantly lower CSI'D' COGSCORE score when compared with men (p = 0.002). The presence of ‘functional impairment’ resulting from cognitive decline was significantly associated with lower scores on VF (p = 0.03), WLMR (p = 0.03) and CSI'D' COGSCOREs (p < 0.01). There was a significant inverse association between WHO DAS II score and WLMR (p = 0.004), VF (0.006) and CSI'D' COGSCORE scores (p ≤ 0.001) even after adjusting for self‐reported ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive airway disease, hypertension and diabetes. Conclusions Lower scores on individual domains of the 10/66 battery of cognitive tests are associated with higher levels of disability and functional impairment in community‐dwelling older adults. These culture and education fair tests are suitable for use in population‐based research in India. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 17, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4404   open full text
  • Does targeted cognitive training reduce educational disparities in cognitive function among cognitively normal older adults?
    Daniel O. Clark, Huiping Xu, Frederick W. Unverzagt, Hugh Hendrie.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 07, 2015
    Objective The aim of this study was to investigate educational differences in treatment responses to memory, reasoning, and speed of processing cognitive training relative to no‐contact control. Methods Secondary analyses of the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly trial were conducted. Two thousand eight hundred older adults were randomized to memory, reasoning, or speed of processing training or no‐contact control. A repeated‐measures mixed‐effects model was used to investigate immediate post‐training and 1‐year outcomes with sensitivity analyses out to 10 years. Outcomes were as follows: (1) memory composite of Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test; (2) reasoning composite of letter series, letter sets, and word series; and (3) speed of processing measured using three trials of useful field of view and the digit symbol substitution test. Results The effects of reasoning and memory training did not differ by educational attainment. The effect of speed of processing training did. Those with fewer than 12 years of education experienced a 50% greater effect on the useful field of view test compared with those with 16 or more years of education. The training advantage for those with fewer than 12 years of education was maintained to 3 years post‐training. Conclusion Older adults with less than a secondary education are at elevated risk of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. The analyses here indicate that speed of processing training is effective in older adults with low educational attainment.
    December 07, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4395   open full text
  • Anosognosia increases caregiver burden in mild cognitive impairment.
    Mary Kelleher, Magdalena I. Tolea, James E. Galvin.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 07, 2015
    Objective Our aim is to determine the clinical correlates of impaired insight in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) by examining its impact on cognition, functional status, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and caregiver burden. Methods The study involved 75 patients with MCI and their caregivers. Patients and caregivers underwent a comprehensive evaluation including the Clinical Dementia Rating, memory tests, and the Functional Assessment Questionnaire. Behavioral symptoms were assessed by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, caregiver burden by the Zarit Burden Inventory, and insight by comparing self‐report on the AD8 dementia screening tool to informant collateral. Patients were asked about their perceptions of their memory, and answers were compared with informants' responses. Patient mood was assessed with the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. Results There was a significant difference in AD8 scores among patients who retained versus lacked insight. Zarit Burden Inventory scores showed a significant rise as patient insight declined; the burden appeared greater on spouse versus non‐spouse caregivers. Patients with poor insight had significantly worse ratings in Clinical Dementia Rating domains of personal care and judgment, while patients who retained insight had significantly higher depression and anxiety. Insight impairment was associated with worse caregiver mood. Conclusions Decreased patient awareness for cognitive problems was significantly associated with higher caregiver burden, independent of neuropsychiatric symptoms, functional abilities, and cognition. Personal care, judgment, and problem‐solving skills could contribute to caregiver burden. Increased awareness seemed a source of patient depression and anxiety. The research highlights the need to focus on the needs of MCI caregivers and to incorporate psychosocial assessments of caregiver–patient dyads into office visits.
    December 07, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4394   open full text
  • Effects of a high‐intensity functional exercise program on depressive symptoms among people with dementia in residential care: a randomized controlled trial.
    Gustaf Boström, Mia Conradsson, Carl Hörnsten, Erik Rosendahl, Nina Lindelöf, Henrik Holmberg, Peter Nordström, Yngve Gustafson, Håkan Littbrand.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 07, 2015
    Objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a high‐intensity functional exercise program on depressive symptoms among older care facility residents with dementia. Methods Residents (n = 186) with a diagnosis of dementia, age ≥ 65 years, Mini‐Mental State Examination score ≥ 10, and dependence in activities of daily living were included. Participants were randomized to a high‐intensity functional exercise program or a non‐exercise control activity conducted 45 min every other weekday for 4 months. The 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) were administered by blinded assessors at baseline, 4, and 7 months. Results No difference between the exercise and control activity was found in GDS or MADRS score at 4 or 7 months. Among participants with GDS scores ≥ 5, reductions in GDS score were observed in the exercise and control groups at 4 months (–1.58, P = 0.001 and –1.54, P = 0.004) and 7 months (–1.25, P = 0.01 and –1.45, P = 0.007). Among participants with MADRS scores ≥ 7, a reduction in MADRS score was observed at 4 months in the control group (–2.80, P = 0.009) and at 7 months in the exercise and control groups (–3.17, P = 0.003 and –3.34, P = 0.002). Conclusions A 4‐month high‐intensity functional exercise program has no superior effect on depressive symptoms relative to a control activity among older people with dementia living in residential care facilities. Exercise and non‐exercise group activities may reduce high levels of depressive symptoms.
    December 07, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4401   open full text
  • Impact of lifestyle‐related disease on conversion and reversion in patients with mild cognitive impairment: after 12 months of follow‐up.
    Akira Osone, Reiko Arai, Rina Hakamada, Kazutaka Shimoda.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 22, 2015
    Objective The objective of the study is to investigate whether the lifestyle‐related disease (LSRD) hypertension, type II diabetes mellitus, and lipid abnormality are associated with conversion and reversion in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) over 12 months of follow‐up. Methods One hundred and thirteen patients with MCI were prospectively enrolled and longitudinally assessed. Methods used include mini‐mental state examination, the Japanese version of the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, the Clinical Dementia Rating, the Frontal Assessment Battery, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, magnetic resonance imaging, and quantitative single‐photon emission computed tomography. In addition, laboratory examinations of glucose and lipids were also performed. All measurements were performed at first intake and again at the end of the 12‐month follow‐up. Conversion was identified as a change in Clinical Dementia Rating from 0.5 to 1 and reversion as a change from 0.5 to 0. Results Patients with MCI with reversion had lower comorbid lipid abnormality at baseline and higher cognitive and behaviour function across the 12‐month follow‐up compared with those with no change or conversion. Patients without comorbid LSRD had lower systolic pressure and lower glucose and triglyceride levels at baseline, as well as less cognitive decline compared with other groups across the follow‐up period. Conclusions The absence of lipid abnormality at baseline may contribute to reversion in patients with MCI. The presence of multiple LSRD was associated with cognitive decline. Our results highlight the contribution of multiple LSRD on increasing conversion and decreasing reversion in patients with MCI. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 22, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4386   open full text
  • Combined treatment with memantine/es‐citalopram for older depressed patients with cognitive impairment: a pilot study.
    Gregory H. Pelton, Oliver L. Harper, Steven P. Roose, Karen Marder, Kristina D'Antonio, D. P. Devanand.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 11, 2015
    Objective The objective of the study is to assess combined antidepressant and memantine treatment in older patients presenting with depression and cognitive impairment. Methods Thirty‐five depressed patients with cognitive impairment participated in this open‐label pilot study. We evaluated whether, over a 48‐week period, combined antidepressant (primarily es‐citalopram) and memantine treatment was effective in the treatment of cognitive impairment and depression. Neuropsychological testing was performed, and antidepressant response monitored at baseline and at the 12, 24, and 48‐week time points. Results Treatment with escitalopram (mean daily dose 18.62 mg, SD 5.15) and memantine (mean daily dose 13.62 mg, SD 6.67) was associated with improvement in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores over the 48‐week study period. Patients demonstrated significant improvement in the primary outcome of cognitive performance (Selective Reminding Test total immediate recall; SRT‐IR) over the 48‐week treatment period (p = 0.0147). Significant improvement was also observed in measures of naming and verbal fluency but not in the other cognitive domains. One of the 35 patients (2.9%) converted to Alzheimer's disease over the 48‐week treatment period. In the amnestic mild cognitive impairment subsample (n = 22), the conversion rate was 4.5%, a rate lower than in other reports of patients with DEP‐CI. Conclusions In this open‐label trial, combined antidepressant and memantine treatment in patients with DEP‐CI was associated with improved cognition and a low rate of conversion to dementia compared with published studies in patients with DEP‐CI. Although limited by the open‐label study design that incorporates practice effects that can improve cognitive test performance, the findings suggest the need for a larger randomized placebo‐controlled trial. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 11, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4375   open full text
  • Heterogeneity in the three‐year course of major depression among older adults.
    Celia F. Hybels, Carl F. Pieper, Dan G. Blazer, David C. Steffens.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 11, 2015
    Objective The objective of this research was to identify distinct trajectories of recovery in older depressed patients in order to identify optimal samples and points for interventions. Methods: The sample was 368 patients ages 60 years and older diagnosed with major depression and enrolled in a naturalistic treatment study and followed for up to 3 years. Results: A model with four trajectory classes fit the data best: a quick recovery class (43%), a persistent moderate symptom class (27%), a persistent high symptom class (15%), and a slow recovery class (15%). Compared with patients in the quick recovery class, patients in the persistent moderate symptom class had more instrumental activities of daily living/mobility limitations and lower levels of subjective social support. Patients in the persistent high symptom class had higher levels of perceived stress and lower levels of social support compared with those with a quick recovery. Patients in the slow recovery class had a younger age of onset compared with those in the quick recovery group. In multinomial logistic regression, levels of perceived stress and social support at baseline significantly differed across classes controlling for demographic and health variables. Conclusions: Older patients diagnosed with major depression can have varying patterns of response to treatment. Interventions targeting those patients with higher levels of perceived stress and lower levels of subjective social support at the time of the index episode may lead to more favorable long‐term trajectories. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 11, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4391   open full text
  • Assessing the role of physical illness in young old and older old suicide attempters.
    Stefan Wiktorsson, Anne I. Berg, Katarina Wilhelmson, Madeleine Mellqvist Fässberg, Kimberly Van Orden, Paul Duberstein, Margda Waern.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 11, 2015
    Objectives Attributions for attempting suicide were explored in older adults with and without serious physical illness. Methods An open‐ended question was used to explore attributions for attempting suicide in 101 hospitalized persons aged 70+. Serious physical illness was defined as a score of 3 or 4 on any of the 13 non‐psychiatric organ categories in the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics. Results Roughly one‐third of hospitalized persons with (22/62) and without (12/39) serious physical illness attributed the suicide attempt to somatic distress. Among 70‐ to 79‐year‐olds, seriously physically ill patients were more likely than healthier patients to attribute their attempt to psychological pain (84% vs. 48%, p = 0.013). There were no significant differences in attributions in persons with and without serious health problems in the 80+ group. Conclusions The processes by which physical illness confers risk for attempted suicide in older adulthood may be age dependent. Interventions are needed to mitigate psychological pain in physically ill older patients, especially those in their seventies. Research is needed to understand how the psychological processes that influence the desire for suicide change across older adulthood. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 11, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4390   open full text
  • Depressive symptoms are associated with daytime sleepiness and subjective sleep quality in dementia with Lewy bodies.
    Greg J. Elder, Sean J. Colloby, Debra J. Lett, John T. O'Brien, Kirstie N. Anderson, David J. Burn, Ian G. McKeith, John‐Paul Taylor.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 11, 2015
    Objective Sleep problems and depression are common symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), where patients typically experience subjectively poor sleep quality, fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness. However, whilst sleep disturbances have been linked to depression, this relationship has not received much attention in DLB. The present cross‐sectional study addresses this by examining whether depressive symptoms are specifically associated with subjective sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in DLB, and by examining other contributory factors. Methods DLB patients (n = 32) completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS‐15). Motor and cognitive functioning was also assessed. Pearson correlations were used to assess the relationship between GDS‐15, ESS and PSQI scores. Results GDS‐15 scores were positively associated with both ESS (r = 0.51, p < 0.01) and PSQI (r = 0.59, p < 0.001) scores. Conclusions Subjective poor sleep and daytime sleepiness were associated with depressive symptoms in DLB. Given the cross‐sectional nature of the present study, the directionality of this relationship cannot be determined, although this association did not appear to be mediated by sleep quality or daytime sleepiness. Nevertheless, these findings have clinical relevance; daytime sleepiness or poor sleep quality might indicate depression in DLB, and subsequent work should examine whether the treatment of depression can reduce excessive daytime sleepiness and improve sleep quality in DLB patients. Alternatively, more rigorous screening for sleep problems in DLB might assist the treatment of depression. © 2015 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 11, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4389   open full text
  • Knowledge translation regarding financial abuse and dementia for the banking sector: the development and testing of an education tool.
    Carmelle Peisah, Sangita Bhatia, Jenna Macnab, Henry Brodaty.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 11, 2015
    Objective Financial abuse is the most common form of elder abuse. Capacity Australia, established to promote education regarding capacity and abuse prevention across health, legal and financial sectors, was awarded a grant by the Dementia Collaborative Research Centre to educate the banking sector on financial abuse and dementia. We aimed to develop a knowledge translation tool for bank staff on this issue. Methods The banking sector across Australia was engaged and consulted to develop a tailored education tool based on Australian Banking Association's Guidelines on Financial Abuse Prevention, supplemented by information related to dementia, financial capacity and supported decision‐making. The tool was tested on 69 banking staff across Australia from two major banks. Results An online education tool using adaptive learning was developed, comprising a pretest of 15 multiple choice questions, followed by a learning module tailored to the individual's performance on the pretest, and a post‐test to assess knowledge translation. A significant increase in scores was demonstrated when baseline scores were compared with post‐course scores (mean difference in scores = 3.5; SD = 1.94; t = 15.1; df = 68; p < 0.001). The tool took approximately 10–20 min to complete depending on the knowledge of participant and continuity of completion. Conclusions The Australian banking industry was amenable to assist in the development of a tailored education tool on dementia, abuse and financial capacity. This online e‐tool provides an effective medium for knowledge translation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 11, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4379   open full text
  • Development and preliminary validation of an Observation List for detecting mental disorders and social Problems in the elderly in primary and home care (OLP).
    Erwin C. P. M. Tak, Ariëtte T. H. Hespen, Peter F. M. Verhaak, Just Eekhof, Marijke Hopman‐Rock.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 10, 2015
    Objective Even though the prevalence of mental disorders and social problems is high among elderly patients, it is difficult to detect these in a primary (home) care setting. Goal was the development and preliminary validation of a short observation list to detect six problem areas: anxiety, depression, cognition, suspicion, loneliness, and somatisation. Methods A draft list of indicators identified from a short review of the literature and the opinions of 22 experts was evaluated by general practitioners (GPs) and home care organisations for feasibility. It was then used by GPs and home care personnel to observe patients, who also completed validated tests for psychological disorders (General Health Questionnaire 12 item version (GHQ‐12)), depression (Geriatric Depression Scale 15‐item version (GDS‐15)), anxiety and suspicion (Symptom Checklist‐90 (SCL‐90)), loneliness (University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)), somatisation (Illness Attitude Scale (IAS)), and cognition (Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE)). Results GPs and home care personnel observed 180 patients (mean age 78.4 years; 66% female) and evaluated the draft list during a regular visit. Cronbach's α was 0.87 for the draft list and ≥0.80 for the draft problem areas (loneliness and suspicion excepted). Principal component analysis identified six components (cognition, depression + loneliness, somatisation, anxiety + suspicion, depression (other signs), and an ambiguous component). Convergent validity was shown for the indicators list as a whole (using the GHQ‐12), and the subscales of depression, anxiety, loneliness, cognition, and somatisation. Using pre‐set agreed criteria, the list was reduced to 14 final indicators divided over five problem areas. Conclusion The Observation List for mental disorders and social Problems (OLP) proved to be preliminarily valid, reliable, and feasible for use in primary and home care settings. Copyright © John Wliey & Sons, Ltd.
    November 10, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4388   open full text
  • Applicability of the pre‐death grief concept to dementia family caregivers in Asia.
    Tau Ming Liew.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 10, 2015
    Objective Pre‐death grief is prevalent among dementia family caregivers. When unaddressed, it produces adverse outcomes. With its research primarily conducted in Caucasians, its applicability to non‐Caucasians is uncertain. We explore the existence and the characteristics of pre‐death grief in a multi‐ethnic Asian population using an established pre‐death grief scale—Marwit–Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory (MM‐CGI). Methods Seventy‐two dementia family caregivers were recruited from a tertiary hospital. Existence of pre‐death grief was shown by its measurability on MM‐CGI, together with good internal consistency reliability and construct validity. Characteristics of pre‐death grief were explored through multivariate linear regression of MM‐CGI and by comparing MM‐CGI scores with those from the original US study using one‐sample T‐test. Results In the Asian context, pre‐death grief was measurable in a reliable and valid manner. Risk factors of pre‐death grief included caring for patients with severe dementia, spousal relationship and secondary or below education. Influence of culture was palpable—Asians had more worries and felt isolation, and certain ethnicity showed more pre‐death grief. Conclusions Pre‐death grief is applicable even to the non‐Caucasian population. It bears much similarity to that in Caucasians. Yet, its expression is modified by culture. Clinicians working with non‐Caucasian populations need to be sensitive to its presence and to the influence of culture on its expression. © 2015 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 10, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4387   open full text
  • Patients' and carers' experiences of UK memory services.
    Emma Hailey, Sophie Hodge, Alistair Burns, Martin Orrell.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 09, 2015
    Objective The objective of this study is to test the validity of an accreditation programme for memory services in the UK by investigating whether different levels of accreditation status (excellent compared with accredited) are reflected in patients' and carers' reported satisfaction. Method A comparison of survey data from patient and carer feedback questionnaires collected from services as part of the accreditation process. Results Five hundred and eighty‐three patient questionnaires and 663 carer questionnaires were returned from 41 services. Patients and carers who attended memory services which were later ‘accredited as excellent’, were more likely than those who had visited ‘accredited’ services to have: been given written information about a variety of topics; been asked for feedback about using the memory service; and had found it easier to get to their appointments. Carers attending services accredited as excellent were more likely to have been offered an assessment of their needs. Conclusion Patients and carers had very good experiences of memory services overall whether they had standard or excellent accreditation. However, ‘excellent’ services were consistently better on a number of factors. This provides further support that the accreditation process is an important indicator of the quality of memory services. Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 09, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4380   open full text
  • The prevalence of anxiety among older adults in nursing homes and other residential aged care facilities: a systematic review.
    Alexandra S. Creighton, Tanya E. Davison, David W. Kissane.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 09, 2015
    Objectives To synthesize and summarize the studies examining the prevalence rate of anxiety disorders and symptoms in older adults living in residential aged care. Methods Using the PRISMA guidelines, five electronic databases were searched using key terms and subject headings, as well as reference lists of relevant papers. The search was limited to literature published in English. Eligible studies examined the prevalence of anxiety disorders or symptoms in aged care residents aged 50+ years. Results A total of 2249 articles were identified, of which 18 studies (with a total of 5927 participants) were included in this review. The rate of overall anxiety disorders ranged from 3.2% to 20%, with the highest quality studies estimating a prevalence rate of 5% to 5.7%. Generalized anxiety disorder and specific phobias were found to be the most common anxiety disorders among aged care residents, while clinically significant anxiety symptoms were found to be more frequent (6.5% to 58.4%) than threshold disorders. Conclusions Anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms are common in older aged care residents. Given the paucity and overall quality of research examining anxiety within this population and the heterogeneity found in studies, further research is needed to help clarify this issue. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 09, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4378   open full text
  • Multicenter, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind clinical trial of escitalopram on the progression‐delaying effects in Alzheimer's disease.
    Young Min Choe, Ki Woong Kim, Jin Hyeong Jhoo, Seung Ho Ryu, Eun Hyun Seo, Bo Kyung Sohn, Min Soo Byun, Jae‐Hwa Bak, Jong‐Min Lee, Hyuk Jin Yun, Myeong‐il Han, Jong Inn Woo, Dong Young Lee.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 09, 2015
    Objectives A series of preclinical studies have suggested that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants not only stimulate neurogenesis but also have neuroprotective effects. The present study primarily aimed to investigate whether escitalopram would decelerate the brain atrophy of patients with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). We also assessed the effects of escitalopram on the cognitive function and neuropsychiatric symptoms of these participants. Methods Seventy‐four probable AD patients without major depression were recruited from four dementia clinics of university hospitals and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio. Each group received 20 mg/day of escitalopram or placebo for 52 weeks. The primary outcome measures were the change rates of hippocampal and whole brain volume on magnetic resonance imaging for 52 weeks. The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale—cognitive subscale, Mini‐Mental State Examination, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, and Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) were also applied. Results We did not find any significant differences in the changes of hippocampal or whole brain volume between the groups. Escitalopram showed significant beneficial effects on the CSDD score at 28 weeks compared with placebo (t = −2.17, df = 50.42, p = 0.035), but this finding did not persist throughout the study. Conclusion The findings of the present study do not support the role of escitalopram as a progression‐delaying treatment for AD. However, the negative results of the present trial should be interpreted cautiously because of the relatively small sample size. Further large‐scale escitalopram trials targeting the earlier stages of AD, even prodromal AD, are still needed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 09, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4384   open full text
  • Association of homocysteine level and vascular burden and cognitive function in middle‐aged and older adults with chronic kidney disease.
    Yi‐Chun Yeh, Mei‐Feng Huang, Shang‐Jyh Hwang, Jer‐Chia Tsai, Tai‐Ling Liu, Shih‐Ming Hsiao, Yi‐Hsin Yang, Mei‐Chuan Kuo, Cheng‐Sheng Chen.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 09, 2015
    Objectives Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been found to have cognitive impairment. However, the core features and clinical correlates of cognitive impairment are still unclear. Elevated homocysteine levels are present in CKD, and this is a risk factor for cognitive impairment and vascular diseases in the general population. Thus, this study investigated the core domains of cognitive impairment and investigated the associations of homocysteine level and vascular burden with cognitive function in patients with CKD. Methods Patients with CKD aged ≥ 50 years and age‐ and sex‐matched normal comparisons were enrolled. The total fasting serum homocysteine level was measured. Vascular burden was assessed using the Framingham Cardiovascular Risk Scale. Cognitive function was evaluated using comprehensive neuropsychological tests. Results A total of 230 patients with CKD and 92 comparisons completed the study. Memory impairment and executive dysfunction were identified as core features of cognitive impairment in the CKD patients. Among the patients with CKD, higher serum homocysteine levels (β = −0.17, p = 0.035) and higher Framingham Cardiovascular Risk Scale scores (β = −0.18, p = 0.013) were correlated with poor executive function independently. However, an association with memory function was not noted. Our results showed that an elevated homocysteine level and an increased vascular burden were independently associated with executive function, but not memory, in CKD patients. Conclusions This findings suggested the co‐existence of vascular and non‐vascular hypotheses regarding executive dysfunction in CKD patients. Meanwhile, other risk factors related to CKD itself should be investigated in the future. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 09, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4383   open full text
  • Prevalence and predictors of tobacco use in the elderly.
    Shirlene Pang, Mythily Subramaniam, Edimansyah Abdin, Siau Pheng Lee, Boon Yiang Chua, Saleha Binte Shafie, Janhavi Vaingankar, Louisa Picco, Yun‐Jue Zhang, Siow Ann Chong.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 09, 2015
    Objective Smoking is a well‐established public health issue, which has not been examined previously among the elderly in Singapore. This paper describes and identifies the current prevalence and predictors of tobacco use among the older resident population. Methods Data were derived from the Well‐being of the Singapore Elderly study, a cross‐sectional epidemiological study of the elderly in Singapore. Sociodemographic data from 2565 Singapore residents aged 60 years and above were collected through face‐to‐face interviews. Multinomial logistic regression analyses identified predictors of tobacco use. Results A total of 236 respondents were current tobacco users (9.5%). The majority of older tobacco users were men (88.1%). Significant predictors of tobacco use were gender, marital status, and education level. Younger age (60–74 years old) was associated with more tobacco use, and the completion of tertiary education with lower rates of use. Conclusions Smoking prevalence among the elderly was lower than that of the Singapore general adult population (16%). However, the rate is still high and is of concern given the likelihood of a higher rate of physical disorders, which could be worsened with tobacco use. The identification of those at risk enables them to be targeted for smoking cessation programs and other interventions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 09, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4382   open full text
  • Reducing suicidal ideation in home health care: results from the CAREPATH depression care management trial.
    Matthew C. Lohman, Patrick J. Raue, Rebecca L. Greenberg, Martha L. Bruce.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 09, 2015
    Objectives The study evaluated the effectiveness of a depression care management intervention in reducing suicidal ideation (SI) among home health patients. Methods Data come from the cluster‐randomized effectiveness trial of the Depression Care for Patients at Home (Depression CAREPATH), an intervention that integrates depression care management into the routine nursing visits of Medicare home health patients screening positive for depression. Patients were interviewed at baseline, 3, 6, and 12‐month follow‐up. SI was measured using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression item. We compared likelihood of any level of SI between intervention and usual care patients using longitudinal logistic mixed‐effects models. Results A total of 306 eligible patients enrolled in the trial. Among them, 70 patients (22.9%) reported SI at baseline. Among patients with SI, patients under the care of nurses randomized to CAREPATH were less likely to report SI over the study period (odds ratio = 0.51, 95% CI; 0.24–1.07), with 63.6% of usual care versus 31.3% of CAREPATH participants continuing to report SI after one year. Baseline major depression, greater perceived burdensomeness, and greater functional disability were associated with greater likelihood of SI. Conclusion SI is reported in more than 10% of Medicare home health patients. The Depression CAREPATH intervention was associated with a reduction in patients reporting SI at one year, compared to enhanced usual care. Given relative low burden on nursing staff, depression care management may be an important component of routine home health practices producing long‐term reduction in SI among high‐risk patients. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 09, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4381   open full text
  • Prevalence of pseudobulbar affect symptoms and clinical correlates in nursing home residents.
    Kevin Foley, R. Tamara Konetzka, Anthony Bunin, Charles Yonan.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 02, 2015
    Objective Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) is a neurological disorder of emotional expression, characterized by uncontrollable episodes of crying or laughing in patients with certain neurological disorders affecting the brain. The purposes of this study were to estimate the prevalence of PBA in US nursing home residents and examine the relationship between PBA symptoms and other clinical correlates, including the use of psychopharmacological medications. Methods A retrospective study was conducted between 2013 and 2014 with a convenience sample of residents from nine Michigan nursing homes. Chronic‐care residents were included in the “predisposed population” if they had a neurological disorder affecting the brain and no evidence of psychosis, delirium, or disruptive behavior (per chart review). Residents were screened for PBA symptoms by a geropsychologist using the Center for Neurologic Study‐Lability Scale (CNS‐LS). Additional clinical information was collected using a diagnostic evaluation checklist and the most recent Minimum Data Set 3.0 assessment. Results Of 811 residents screened, complete data were available for 804, and 412 (51%) met the criteria for the “predisposed population.” PBA symptom prevalence, based on having a CNS‐LS score ≥13, was 17.5% in the predisposed population and 9.0% among all nursing home residents. Those with PBA symptoms were more likely to have a documented mood disorder and be using a psychopharmacological medication, including antipsychotics, than those without PBA symptoms. Conclusions Pseudobulbar affect symptoms were present in 17.5% of nursing home residents with neurological conditions, and 9.0% of residents overall. Increasing awareness and improving diagnostic accuracy of PBA may help optimize treatment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 02, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4374   open full text
  • The Test Your Memory cognitive screening tool: sociodemographic and cardiometabolic risk correlates in a population‐based study of older British men.
    Efstathios Papachristou, Sheena E. Ramsay, Olia Papacosta, Lucy T. Lennon, Steve Iliffe, Peter H. Whincup, S. Goya Wannamethee.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 21, 2015
    Objective This study aimed to examine the association of Test Your Memory (TYM)‐defined cognitive impairment groups with known sociodemographic and cardiometabolic correlates of cognitive impairment in a population‐based study of older adults. Methods Participants were members of the British Regional Heart Study, a cohort across 24 British towns initiated in 1978–1980. Data stemmed from 1570 British men examined in 2010–2012, aged 71–92 years. Sociodemographic and cardiometabolic factors were compared between participants defined as having TYM scores in the normal cognitive ageing, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and severe cognitive impairment (SCI) groups, defined as ≥46 (45 if ≥80 years of age), ≥33 and <33, respectively. Results Among 1570 men, 636 (41%) were classified in the MCI and 133 (8%) in the SCI groups. Compared with participants in the normal cognitive ageing category, individuals with SCI were characterized primarily by lower socio‐economic position (odds ratio (OR) = 6.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.00–9.46), slower average walking speed (OR = 3.36, 95% CI 2.21–5.10), mobility problems (OR = 4.61, 95% CI 3.04–6.97), poorer self‐reported overall health (OR = 2.63, 95% CI 1.79–3.87), obesity (OR = 2.59, 95% CI 1.72–3.91) and impaired lung function (OR = 2.25, 95% CI 1.47–3.45). A similar albeit slightly weaker pattern was observed for participants with MCI. Conclusion Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors as well as adiposity measures, lung function and poor overall health are associated with cognitive impairments in late life. The correlates of cognitive abilities in the MCI and SCI groups, as defined by the TYM, resemble the risk profile for MCI and Alzheimer's disease outlined in current epidemiological models. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 21, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4377   open full text
  • Cost‐effectiveness of exercise as a therapy for behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia within the EVIDEM‐E randomised controlled trial.
    Francesco D'Amico, Amritpal Rehill, Martin Knapp, David Lowery, Arlinda Cerga‐Pashoja, Mark Griffin, Steve Iliffe, James Warner.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 21, 2015
    Objective Although available evidence is modest, exercise could be beneficial in reducing behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. We aim to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of a dyadic exercise regimen for individuals with dementia and their main carer as therapy for behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. Methods Cost‐effectiveness analysis within a two‐arm, pragmatic, randomised, controlled, single‐blind, parallel‐group trial of a dyadic exercise regimen (individually tailored, for 20–30 min at least five times per week). The study randomised 131 community‐dwelling individuals with dementia and clinically significant behavioural and psychological symptoms with a carer willing and able to participate in the exercise regimen; 52 dyads provided sufficient cost data for analyses. Results Mean intervention cost was £284 per dyad. For the subsample of 52 dyads, the intervention group had significantly higher mean cost from a societal perspective (mean difference £2728.60, p = 0.05), but costs were not significantly different from a health and social care perspective. The exercise intervention was more cost‐effective than treatment as usual from both societal and health and social care perspectives for the measure of behavioural and psychological symptoms (Neuropsychiatric Inventory). It does not appear cost‐effective in terms of cost per quality‐adjusted life year gain. Conclusions The exercise intervention has the potential to be seen as cost‐effective when considering behavioural and psychological symptoms but did not appear cost‐effective when considering quality‐adjusted life year gains. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 21, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4376   open full text
  • Identifying the causes, prevention and management of crises in dementia. An online survey of stakeholders.
    Ritchard Ledgerd, Juanita Hoe, Zoë Hoare, Mike Devine, Sandeep Toot, David Challis, Martin Orrell.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 21, 2015
    Background Crisis situations in dementia can lead to hospital admission or institutionalisation. Offering immediate interventions may help avoid admission, whilst stabilising measures can help prevent future crises. Objective Our objective was to identify the main causes of crisis and interventions to treat or prevent crisis in persons with dementia based on different stakeholder perspectives. Methods An online questionnaire was developed to identify the causes of crisis and appropriate interventions in a crisis. Participants included people with dementia, family carers and staff working in health and social care, including emergency and voluntary sectors, and academia. Results The results ranked the main causes of crisis, interventions that can prevent a crisis and interventions that can be useful in a crisis. Wandering, falls and infection were highly rated as risk factors for crises across all stakeholder groups. Consumers rated aggression as less important but severity of memory impairment as much more important than the other groups did. Education and support for family carers and home care staff were highly valued for preventing crises. Well‐trained home care staff, communication equipment, emergency contacts and access to respite were highly valued for managing crises. Conclusions We identified triggers and interventions that different stakeholders see as important for crisis in dementia. Recognition of these may be critical to planning effective and accepted support and care for people with dementia. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 21, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4371   open full text
  • Markers of subsyndromal depression in very old persons.
    Mikael Ludvigsson, Jan Marcusson, Ewa Wressle, Anna Milberg.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 21, 2015
    Objective To investigate factors associated with subsyndromal depression (SSD) in very old persons, and to develop a model for prediction of SSD among very old persons. Methods A cross‐sectional, population‐based study was undertaken on 85‐year‐old persons in Sweden. Data were collected from a postal questionnaire, assessments in the participants' homes and at reception visits. Depressiveness was screened with GDS‐15 (Geriatric Depression Scale), and the results were classified into three outcome categories: non‐depression (ND), SSD and syndromal depression. Data were analysed with binary logistic, ordinal logistic and linear regression. Results With univariate logistic regression 20 factors associated with SSD were identified in very old persons, and the four hypothesized domains—sociodemographic factors, declining physical functioning, neuropsychiatric factors and existential factors—significantly related to SSD. The multivariate logistic model included seven independent factors that increase the likelihood of SSD instead of ND (lower self‐perceived health, life not meaningful, problems with self‐care, use of tranquilizing medication, no contact with neighbours, history of affective disorder and history of stroke). The ordinal logistic and the linear regression models resulted in seven partly different factors for predicting SSD and depressiveness, in the very old. Conclusions The identified markers may help clinicians with the detection, prevention and treatment of SSD in very old persons. The findings indicate the importance of a comprehensive functional approach to diagnosing and treating depressiveness in this population, and the findings might be interpreted as offering support for the coexistence of a dimensional and a categorical view on depressive disorders. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 21, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4369   open full text
  • White matter microstructural damage and depressive symptoms in patients with mild cognitive impairment and cerebral small vessel disease: the VMCI‐Tuscany Study.
    Marco Pasi, Anna Poggesi, Emilia Salvadori, Stefano Diciotti, Laura Ciolli, Alessandra Del Bene, Sandro Marini, Serena Nannucci, Francesca Pescini, Raffaella Valenti, Andrea Ginestroni, Nicola Toschi, Mario Mascalchi, Domenico Inzitari, Leonardo Pantoni.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 21, 2015
    Background and purpose Disruption of cortical‐subcortical circuits related to small vessel disease (SVD) may predispose to depression in the elderly. We aimed to determine the independent association between white matter (WM) microstructural damage, evaluated with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and depressive symptoms in a cohort of elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and SVD. Methods The vascular mild cognitive impairment (VMCI)‐Tuscany Study is an observational multicentric longitudinal study that enrolled patients with MCI and moderate to severe degrees of WM hyperintensities on MRI. Lacunar infarcts, cortical atrophy, medial temporal lobe atrophy, microbleeds, and DTI‐derived indices (mean diffusivity, MD and fractional anisotropy, FA) were evaluated on baseline MRI. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) (score 0–15) was used to assess depressive symptoms. An extensive neuropsychological battery, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale, and the Short Physical Performance Battery were used for cognitive, functional, and motor assessments, respectively. Results Seventy‐six patients (mean age: 75.1 ± 6.8 years) were included. Univariate analyses showed a significant association between GDS score and both DTI‐derived indices (MD: r = 0.307, p = 0.007; FA: r = −0.245; p = 0.033). The association remained significant after adjustment for age, WM hyperintensities severity, global cognitive, functional and motor performances, and antidepressant therapy (MD: r = 0.361, p = 0.002; FA: r = −0.277; p = 0.021). Conclusions These results outline the presence of an association between WM microstructural damage and depressive symptoms in MCI patients with SVD. This relationship does not seem to be mediated by disability, cognitive, and motor impairment, thus supporting the vascular depression hypothesis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 21, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4368   open full text
  • Course of cognitive impairment following attempted suicide in older adults.
    Swathi Gujral, Semhar Ogbagaber, Alexandre Y. Dombrovski, Meryl A. Butters, Jordan F. Karp, Katalin Szanto.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 21, 2015
    Objective Cognitive impairment has been associated with late‐life suicidal behavior. Without longitudinal data it is unclear whether these are transient features of a depressive state or stable impairments. We examined longitudinally the course of cognitive impairment in older adults with depression and a history of suicide attempt. Methods We investigated the persistence of cognitive impairment over time in 198 depressed older adults (age >60); 91 suicide attempters, 39 depressed individuals with suicidal ideation (ideators), and 68 non‐suicidal depressed adults assessed over a 2‐year period at four time points. We used linear mixed effects modeling to examine group differences in trajectories of cognitive decline over 2 years, using the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), and Executive Interview (EXIT). Results Over the 2‐year period, suicide attempters performed significantly worse than both suicide ideators and non‐suicidal depressed older adults on the MMSE (mean difference: from ideators: −0.88, p = 0.02; from non‐suicidal depressed: −1.52, p < 0.01), while on the EXIT and DRS, suicide attempters performed significantly worse than non‐suicidal depressed older adults (mean difference: in EXIT: −1.75, p = 0.01; in DRS: 3.04, p < 0.01; in MMSE: 1.15, p < 0.01). Cognitive impairment in suicide attempters partly resolved, as indicated by a group × time interaction on the DRS (p = 0.039), but not the EXIT (p = 0.58) or the MMSE (p = 0.08). Conclusions Cognitive impairment in late‐life suicidal behavior appears to involve both a stable and a state‐related component. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 21, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4365   open full text
  • The role of cognitive reserve on terminal decline: a cross‐cohort analysis from two European studies: OCTO‐Twin, Sweden, and Newcastle 85+, UK.
    Dorina Cadar, Blossom C. M. Stephan, Carol Jagger, Boo Johansson, Scott M. Hofer, Andrea M. Piccinin, Graciela Muniz‐Terrera.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 15, 2015
    Objective Cognitive performance shows a marked deterioration in close proximity to death, as postulated by the terminal decline hypothesis. The effect of education on the rate of terminal decline in the oldest people (i.e. persons 85+ years) has been controversial and not entirely understood. In the current study, we investigated the rate of decline prior to death with a special focus on the role of education and socioeconomic position, in two European longitudinal studies of ageing: the Origins of Variance in the Old‐Old: Octogenarian Twins (OCTO‐Twin) and the Newcastle 85+ study. Methods A process‐based approach was used in which individuals' cognitive scores were aligned according to distance to death. In a coordinated analysis, multilevel models were employed to examine associations between different markers of cognitive reserve (education and socioeconomic position) and terminal decline using the mini‐mental state examination (MMSE), controlling for age at baseline, sex, dementia incidence and time to death from the study entry to the time of death within each cohort. Results The current findings suggest that education was positively associated with higher MMSE scores prior to death in the OCTO‐Twin, but not in the Newcastle 85+ study, independent of socioeconomic position and other factors such as baseline age, sex and time to death from the study entry. However, education was not associated with the rate of terminal decline in both of these studies. Conclusions Our results offer only partial support to the cognitive reserve hypothesis and cognitive performance prior to death. © 2015 The Authors International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
    October 15, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4366   open full text
  • Stress across the life course and depression in a rapidly developing population: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study.
    Michael Y. Ni, Chaoqiang Jiang, Kar Keung Cheng, Weisen Zhang, Stephen E. Gilman, Tai Hing Lam, Gabriel M. Leung, C. Mary Schooling.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 09, 2015
    Objective The objective of this study was to examine the role of stress across the life course in the development of depression among older adults in a non‐Western developing setting. Methods Multivariable linear and multinomial logistic regression were used in cross‐sectional analyses of 9729 Chinese participants (mean age 60.2 years) from phase 3 of the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study (2006–2008) to investigate the association of childhood adversities and adulthood stressors with depression. Results Childhood adversities were associated with mild depression (odds ratio (OR) 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.58, 2.02) and moderate‐to‐severe depression (OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.68, 3.15), adjusted for age, sex, education and childhood socio‐economic status. Past‐year adulthood stressors were also associated with mild depression (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.54, 2.02) and moderate‐to‐severe depression (OR 3.55, 95% CI 2.21, 5.68), adjusting additionally for occupation and income. Adulthood stressors were more strongly associated with depressive symptoms among individuals with a history of childhood adversities. Conclusions Childhood adversities and adulthood stressors were independently associated with an increased risk of depression among older ambulatory adults, although adulthood stressors were more strongly associated with depression following exposure to childhood adversities. This is consistent with evidence from Western settings in which the social context of risk and protective factors for depression may differ and implies that the role of stress in the aetiology of depression is not context specific. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 09, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4370   open full text
  • The cost‐effectiveness of grip on challenging behaviour: an economic evaluation of a care programme for managing challenging behaviour.
    S. A. Zwijsen, J. E. Bosmans, D. L. Gerritsen, A. M. Pot, C. M. P. M. Hertogh, M. Smalbrugge.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 30, 2015
    Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of implementing the Grip on Challenging Behaviour care programme (GRIP) on dementia special care units in comparison with usual care. Methods A stepped wedge design was used. Challenging behaviour and quality of life were measured using the Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) and the QUALIDEM. Quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) were calculated using the EuroQol‐5D. Psychoactive medication use (range 0–5 per measurement) and sick leave were registered. Costs included medication, time spent on challenging behaviour and education. Costs and effects were analysed using linear multilevel regression. Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios were calculated. Statistical uncertainty was estimated using bootstrapping. Results Seventeen dementia special care units participated. GRIP led to improvement on the QUALIDEM subscale social relations (1.6; 95% CI 0.18 to 3.4) and on the use of psychoactive medication (−0.73; 95% CI −1.1 to −0.46) and to a decrease in QALYs (−0.02; 95% CI −0.06 to −0.003). No significant effects on CMAI, sick leave and other QUALIDEM subscales were found. The intervention was not cost‐effective in comparison with usual care with regard to CMAI score, QALYs and sick leave. The willingness to pay should be 320€/point improvement on the QUALIDEM subscale social relations and 370€/psychoactive medication less to reach a 0.95 probability of cost‐effectiveness. Conclusion It depends on how much society is willing to pay whether GRIP can be considered cost‐effective. Because the appropriateness of the current methods for analysing cost‐effectiveness in this specific population is uncertain, the positive effects on behaviour, medication and job satisfactions should also be taken in account in the decision making. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    September 30, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4360   open full text
  • Reduced prefrontal oxygenation in mild cognitive impairment during memory retrieval.
    Kazuki Uemura, Hiroyuki Shimada, Takehiko Doi, Hyuma Makizako, Kota Tsutsumimoto, Hyuntae Park, Takao Suzuki.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 21, 2015
    Background Memory impairment is considered a hallmark of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and dementia. Emerging evidence suggests that the prefrontal lobe is required to maintain memory functions. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether older adults with aMCI have decreased prefrontal oxygenation during memory encoding and retrieval compared with age‐matched healthy older adults, using multi‐channel near‐infrared spectroscopy. Methods We examined 64 older adults with aMCI (mean 71.8 years) and 66 cognitively healthy control subjects comparable in age and gender (mean 71.7 years). The concentration of oxy‐hemoglobin, which is a reliable biomarker of changes in regional cerebral blood flow, was measured in the prefrontal cortex during encoding and delayed retrieval of a list of 10 target words. Task performance was evaluated as average number of correct answers in the retrieval task. Results Subjects with aMCI showed reduced activation in the bilateral dorsolateral cortex (approximately Brodmann area 9) and provided fewer correct answers in the retrieval period than control subjects. There were no significant differences during encoding. Conclusions Reduced activation in the dorsolateral cortex during retrieval may cause deficits in memory performance, which may be used as a marker of aMCI. Further studies are required to examine the predictive validity of this decreased activation pattern for the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    September 21, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4363   open full text
  • Age as a predictive factor of mental health service use among adults with depression and/or anxiety disorder receiving care through the Veterans Health Administration.
    Elizabeth A. DiNapoli, Jeffery A. Cully, Ernest Wayde, Shubhada Sansgiry, Hong Jen Yu, Mark E. Kunik.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. September 21, 2015
    Objective This study compared mental health service utilization by treatment modality and determined predictive factors of use among younger‐adult (18–35 years), middle‐aged adult (36–64 years), and older‐adult veterans (65+ years) with a newly recognized diagnosis of depression and/or anxiety disorder. Methods This retrospective study used data from the Veterans Health Administration National Patient Care Database outpatient and inpatient treatment files during the 2010 fiscal year (N = 583,692). Results Younger adults were the most likely to use mental health services, followed by middle‐aged adults and then older adults. Age was found to be one of the greatest predictors of utilization of mental health services, with odds of use being threefold among younger adults compared with older adults. Conclusions Continued efforts are needed to improve the awareness of, access to, and receipt of mental health services in veterans, particularly older adults, with depression and anxiety disorders. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
    September 21, 2015   doi: 10.1002/gps.4362   open full text
  • Care professionals' understanding of the new criminal offences created by the Mental Capacity Act 2005.
    Jill Manthorpe, Kritika Samsi.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 30, 2014
    ObjectivesImplemented in 2007, the Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2005 codified decision‐making for adults unable to make decisions for themselves in England and Wales. Among other changes, two new offences of wilful neglect and ill‐treatment were created under Section 44. Our study explored how the MCA was being implemented in community‐based dementia care, focusing on frontline practice. MethodUsing qualitative longitudinal methodology, we interviewed 279 practitioners, in the London and South‐East area of England, two or three times over 3 years. We applied framework analysis to identify and delineate recurrent themes. ResultsViews of the new offences were positive overall, but understanding ranged from partial to non‐existent among some participants. ConclusionsClinicians may be increasingly called upon to provide advice on whether an alleged victim or perpetrator lacks decision‐making capacity in cases of suspected elder abuse. They need to be aware of the new criminal offences to ensure that people with dementia, among others, are not abused and that abusers are brought to account. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 30, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4147   open full text
  • National evaluation of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia among older versus younger veterans.
    Bradley E. Karlin, Mickey Trockel, Adam P. Spira, C. Barr Taylor, Rachel Manber.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 29, 2014
    ObjectivesLimited research has examined the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT‐I) among older adults (age >65 years) receiving treatment in real‐world clinical settings and even less has examined effects on outcomes beyond reducing insomnia, such as improved quality of life. The current article examines and compares outcomes of older versus younger (age 18–64 years) veterans receiving CBT‐I nationally in nonsleep specialty settings. MethodPatient outcomes were assessed using the Insomnia Severity Index, Beck Depression Inventory‐II, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life‐BREF. Therapeutic alliance was assessed using the Working Alliance Inventory—Short Revised. ResultsA total of 536 younger veterans and 121 older veterans received CBT‐I; 77% of older and 64% of younger patients completed all sessions or finished early due to symptom relief. Mean insomnia scores declined from 19.5 to 9.7 in the older group and from 20.9 to 11.1 in the younger group. Within‐group effect sizes were d = 2.3 and 2.2 for older and younger groups, respectively. CBT‐I also yielded significant improvements in depression and quality of life for both age groups. High and increasing levels of therapeutic alliance were observed for both age groups. ConclusionsOlder (and younger) patients receiving CBT‐I from nonsleep specialists experienced large reductions in insomnia and improvements in depression and quality of life. Effects were similar for both age groups, and the rate of dropout was lower among older adults. The results provide strong support for the effectiveness and acceptability of CBT‐I for older adults receiving care in routine treatment settings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 29, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4143   open full text
  • Driving and dementia: a clinical decision pathway.
    Kirsty Carter, Sophie Monaghan, John O'Brien, Andrew Teodorczuk, Urs Mosimann, John‐Paul Taylor.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 27, 2014
    ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop a pathway to bring together current UK legislation, good clinical practice and appropriate management strategies that could be applied across a range of healthcare settings. MethodsThe pathway was constructed by a multidisciplinary clinical team based in a busy Memory Assessment Service. A process of successive iteration was used to develop the pathway, with input and refinement provided via survey and small group meetings with individuals from a wide range of regional clinical networks and diverse clinical backgrounds as well as discussion with mobility centres and Forum of Mobility Centres, UK. ResultsWe present a succinct clinical pathway for patients with dementia, which provides a decision‐making framework for how health professionals across a range of disciplines deal with patients with dementia who drive. ConclusionsBy integrating the latest guidance from diverse roles within older people's health services and key experts in the field, the resulting pathway reflects up‐to‐date policy and encompasses differing perspectives and good practice. It is potentially a generalisable pathway that can be easily adaptable for use internationally, by replacing UK legislation for local regulations. A limitation of this pathway is that it does not address the concern of mild cognitive impairment and how this condition relates to driving safety. © 2014 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 27, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4132   open full text
  • Suicide risk in long‐term care facilities: a systematic review.
    Briana Mezuk, Andrew Rock, Matthew C. Lohman, Moon Choi.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 22, 2014
    ObjectiveSuicide risk is highest in later life; however, little is known about the risk of suicide among older adults in long‐term care facilities (e.g., nursing homes and assisted living facilities). The goal of this paper is to review and synthesize the descriptive and analytic epidemiology of suicide in long‐term care settings over the past 25 years. MethodsFour databases (PubMed, CINAHL Plus, Web of Knowledge, and EBSCOHost Academic Search Complete) were searched for empirical studies of suicide risk in nursing homes, assisted living, and other residential facilities from 1985 to 2013. Of the 4073 unique research articles identified, 37 were selected for inclusion in this review. ResultsOf the included reports, 21 were cross‐sectional, 8 cohort, 3 qualitative, and 5 intervention studies. Most studies indicate that suicidal thoughts (active and passive) are common among residents (prevalence in the past month: 5–33%), although completed suicide is rare. Correlates of suicidal thoughts among long‐term care residents include depression, social isolation, loneliness, and functional decline. Most studies examined only individual‐level correlates of suicide, although there is suggestive evidence that organizational characteristics (e.g., bed size and staffing) may also be relevant. ConclusionsExisting research on suicide risk in long‐term care facilities is limited but suggests that this is an important issue for clinicians and medical directors to be aware of and address. Research is needed on suicide risk in assisted living and other non‐nursing home residential settings, as well as the potential role of organizational characteristics on emotional well‐being for residents. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 22, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4142   open full text
  • Period, birth cohort and prevalence of dementia in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: a meta‐analysis.
    Yu‐Tzu Wu, Hsin‐yi Lee, Samuel Norton, A. Matthew Prina, Jane Fleming, Fiona E. Matthews, Carol Brayne.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 22, 2014
    ObjectiveThere have been dramatic societal changes in East Asia over the last hundred years. Several of the established risk factors could have important period and cohort effects. This study explores temporal variation of dementia prevalence in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan taking study methods into account. MethodsSeventy prevalence studies of dementia in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan were identified from 1980 to 2012. Five period groups (before 1990, 1990 ~ 1994, 1995 ~ 1999, 2000 ~ 2004 and 2005 ~ 2012) and five birth cohort groups (1895 ~ 1909, 1910 ~ 1919, 1920 ~ 1929, 1930 ~ 1939 and 1940 ~ 1950) were categorised using the year of investigation and 5‐year age groups. Pooled prevalence by age, period and birth cohort groups was estimated through meta‐regression model and meta‐analysis taking diagnostic criteria and age structure into account. ResultsAfter adjusting for diagnostic criteria, the study age range and age structure, the prevalence of dementia in the older population aged 60 years and over fluctuated across periods but not reaching significance and were estimated as 1.8%, 2.5%, 2.1%, 2.4% and 3.1% for the five periods from pre‐1990 to 2005 ~ 2012. A potential increasing pattern from less to more recent birth cohort groups was found in the major studies using older diagnostic criteria with wider differences in the age groups over 70 years. ConclusionsThis study found no significant variation across periods but suggested a potential cohort effect. The influence of societal changes might moderate early life experiences across different generations with substantial impact on mental health in older age. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 22, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4148   open full text
  • Clinical profiles of dementia with Lewy bodies with and without Alzheimer's disease‐like hypometabolism.
    Yuhei Chiba, Hiroshige Fujishiro, Kazumi Ota, Koji Kasanuki, Heii Arai, Yoshio Hirayasu, Kiyoshi Sato, Eizo Iseki.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 20, 2014
    ObjectivesIt is well known that Alzheimer's disease (AD)‐type pathology is commonly present in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) brains and that the degree of AD‐type pathology has an influence on the clinical characteristics of DLB. Although significant hypometabolism in the temporoparietal/precuneus on [18F]fluoro‐d‐glucose (18F‐FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) scans is considered to support a diagnosis of AD, some DLB patients also exhibit this metabolic pattern. The clinical significance of the metabolic pattern on DLB remains unknown. MethodsTwenty‐three DLB patients, 10 AD patients, and 11 controls underwent 18F‐FDG PET scans. According to the degree of hypometabolism in the parietal/precuneus regions, representing the AD‐like metabolic pattern, 12 patients were placed in the DLB‐AD(+) group and 11 patients were placed in the DLB‐AD(−) group. The demographics and clinical variables were compared among the four groups. ResultsIn addition to the parietal/precuneus regions, the DLB‐AD(+) group exhibited significantly greater posterior cingulate hypometabolism than the DLB‐AD(−) group, although occipital metabolism did not differ. The prevalence of visual hallucinations and extracampine hallucinations, and the Bender–Gestalt test score were significantly higher in the DLB‐AD(+) group than the DLB‐AD(−) group, although there were no differences in the demographics and other examined clinical variables between the two DLB groups. These clinical differences were absent in the DLB‐AD(−) group, AD group, and controls. ConclusionsParietal/precuneus hypometabolism may be associated with clinical characteristics in DLB patients. Further multiple imaging modalities that are sensitive to AD‐type pathology are needed to reveal the neurobiological basis of the AD‐like metabolic pattern. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 20, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4144   open full text
  • Service utilisation and family support of people with dementia: a cohort study in England.
    Heather Gage, Jerome Cheynel, Peter Williams, Katherine Mitchell, Christopher Stinton, Jeanne Katz, Caroline Holland, Bartley Sheehan.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 16, 2014
    ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare costs of caring for people with dementia in domiciliary and residential settings, central England. MethodsA cohort of people with dementia was recruited during a hospital stay 2008–2010. Data were collected by interview at baseline, and 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up, covering living situation (own home with or without co‐resident carer, care home); cognition, health status and functioning of person with dementia; carer stress; utilisation of health and social services; and informal (unpaid) caring input. Costs of formal services and informal caring (replacement cost method) were calculated. Costs of residential and domiciliary care packages were compared. ResultsData for 109 people with dementia were collected at baseline; 95 (87.2%) entered hospital from their own homes. By 12 months, 40 (36.7%) had died and 85% of the survivors were living in care homes. Over one‐half of people with dementia reported social care packages at baseline; those living alone had larger packages than those living with others. Median caring time for co‐resident carers was 400 min/day and 10 h/week for non co‐resident carers. Residential care was more costly than domiciliary social care for most people. When the value of informal caring was included, the total cost of domiciliary care was higher than residential care, but not significantly so. Carer stress reduced significantly after the person with dementia entered a care home. ConclusionsCaring for people with dementia at home may be more expensive, and more stressful for carers, than care in residential settings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 16, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4118   open full text
  • Neuropsychiatric symptoms in community‐dwelling Mexican‐Americans: results from the Hispanic Established Population for Epidemiological Study of the Elderly (HEPESE) study.
    Ricardo Salazar, Donald R. Royall, Raymond F. Palmer.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 16, 2014
    ObjectiveThe Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) is a well‐established measure of psychopathology and frequently used in dementia studies. Little is known about its psychometric characteristics at a population level, particularly among Hispanics. We report the frequency of NPI symptoms in a community‐dwelling older Mexican‐American (MA) population cohort and the degree of symptom‐related distress experienced by participant informants. MethodsParticipants were 1079 MA age 80 years and over residing in five southwestern states who were administered the NPI as part of wave‐7 of the Hispanic Established Population for Epidemiological Study of the Elderly (HEPESE) conducted from 2010 to 2011. ResultsNine hundred twenty‐five informants rated NPI domains. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) varied by symptom domain and ranged from agitation/aggression (32%) to euphoria/elation (5%). The overall rate of behavioral disturbances was 62.7%. On the other hand, 37.3% of informants reported no NPS. A significant fraction of the informants reported distress from the mood disorder cluster of the scale. ConclusionsA large percentage (>60%) of community‐dwelling older MA have one or more informant‐reported NPS. These symptoms have diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. Although neuropsychiatric disorders may be the initial clinical manifestation of dementia and often appear before cognitive alterations, the high frequency of these symptoms in the HEPESE cohort may reflect a high prevalence of these disorders among community‐dwelling MA. The pattern we observed also suggests relatively advanced stages of dementia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 16, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4141   open full text
  • Safety and utility of acute electroconvulsive therapy for agitation and aggression in dementia.
    Deepa Acharya, David G. Harper, Eric D. Achtyes, Stephen J. Seiner, Jack A. Mahdasian, Louis J. Nykamp, Lesley Adkison, Lori Van der Schuur White, Shawn M. McClintock, Manjola Ujkaj, Donald A. Davidoff, Brent P. Forester.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 16, 2014
    ObjectiveAgitation and aggression are among the most frequent and disruptive behavioral complications of dementia that contribute to increased cost of care, hospitalization, caregiver burden, and risk of premature institutionalization. This current study examined the safety and efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as a treatment for behavioral disturbances in dementia. We hypothesized that ECT would result in reduced agitated and aggressive behaviors between baseline and discharge. MethodsTwenty‐three participants admitted to McLean Hospital (Belmont, MA, USA) and Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services (Grand Rapids, MI, USA), with a diagnosis of dementia who were referred for ECT to treat agitation and/or aggression, were enrolled in the study. We administered the Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory–Short Form, Neuropsychiatric Inventory–Nursing Home Version, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, and the Clinical Global Impression Scale at baseline, during, and after the ECT course. ResultsRegression analyses revealed a significant decrease from baseline to discharge on the Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory (F(4,8) = 13.3; p = 0.006) and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (F(4,31) = 14.6; p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant change in scores on the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. The Clinical Global Impression scores on average changed from a rating of “markedly agitated/aggressive” at baseline to “borderline agitated/aggressive” at discharge. Treatment with ECT was well tolerated by most participants; discontinuation of ECT occurred for two participants because of recurrence of agitation and for three participants because of adverse events. ConclusionsElectroconvulsive therapy may be a safe treatment option to reduce symptoms of agitation and aggression in patients with dementia whose behaviors are refractory to medication management. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 16, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4137   open full text
  • Visual rating and volumetric measurement of medial temporal atrophy in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort: baseline diagnosis and the prediction of MCI outcome.
    Daniel Varon, Warren Barker, David Loewenstein, Maria Greig, Adriana Bohorquez, Isael Santos, Qian Shen, Molly Harper, Tatiana Vallejo‐Luces, Ranjan Duara,.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 12, 2014
    Objective This study aims to determine the clinical utility of visual ratings and volumetric measurements of medial temporal atrophy among subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neurorimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort. Methods A sample of 189 subjects from the ADNI, Phase 1 (ADNI‐1), was chosen as follows: 49 cognitively normal (CN), 89 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 50 with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Structural MRI images were downloaded from the ADNI website, and a visual rating system (VRS) was used to obtain semi‐quantitative ratings of the hippocampus (HPC) and entorhinal cortex (ERC). VRS ratings and FreeSurfer measures of the HPC and ERC were used to predict (i) baseline diagnosis and (ii) progression to AD among subjects with MCI at baseline. Results VRS and FreeSurfer measures of ERC were equivalent in classifying subjects at baseline, but FreeSurfer measures of HPC were superior to VRS measures for classifying CN versus MCI subjects. VRS and FreeSurfer measures of both HPC and ERC were significant predictors of progression from MCI to AD. However, VRS ratings of ERC were superior to other MRI measures. MCI subjects with minimal ERC atrophy by VRS had a threefold lower progression rate to AD at 3.2 years compared with those with mild, moderate, or severe atrophy (23% vs 63%, 69%, and 87%, respectively). Conclusions Visual ratings of HPC and ERC provide useful information to a physician in a clinical setting. Visual ratings of ERC may be especially useful in following patients with MCI. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 12, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4126   open full text
  • Cognitive inhibition in older high‐lethality suicide attempters.
    Stéphane Richard‐Devantoy, Katalin Szanto, Meryl A. Butters, Jan Kalkus, Alexandre Y. Dombrovski.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 12, 2014
    Background People who attempt suicide often display cognitive impairments, particularly poor cognitive control. Could poor cognitive control contribute to high suicide rates in old age? A component of cognitive control, cognitive inhibition—active suppression of task‐irrelevant processing—is very sensitive to aging and has been linked to attempted suicide. We investigated cognitive inhibition in older high‐lethality suicide attempters, closely resembling suicide victims, as well as low‐lethality attempters, and control groups with and without depression and suicidal ideation. Methods A total of 102 participants aged 60 years and older (17 psychiatrically healthy control subjects, 38 depressed control subjects, 16 suicide ideators, 14 low‐lethality suicide attempters, and 17 high‐lethality suicide attempters) underwent comprehensive clinical and cognitive assessments. They completed the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System Color‐Word Interference Test, a validated modification of the Stroop test. Results High‐lethality suicide attempters demonstrated a distinct pattern of cognitive inhibition deficits. Compared with psychiatrically healthy control subjects and suicide ideators, high‐lethality attempters took longer to complete inhibition trials, even after accounting for potential confounding factors (age, education, Mini mental state examination score, information processing speed, and accuracy). Compared with non‐suicidal depressed and healthy control subjects, low‐lethality suicide attempters committed more uncorrected errors; however, this difference was not specific to the inhibition condition. Conclusions Older suicide attempters are a cognitively heterogeneous group. Poor cognitive control in high‐lethality attempters may undermine their ability to solve real‐life problems, precipitating a catastrophic accumulation of stressors. Meanwhile, low‐lethality attempters' poor performance may reflect a careless approach to the task or faulty monitoring. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 12, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4138   open full text
  • Two years' outcome of acute mania in bipolar disorder: different effects of age and age of onset.
    Frits Oostervink, Willem A. Nolen, Rob M. Kok,.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 05, 2014
    Background Information about differences between younger and older patients with bipolar disorder and between older patients with early and late age of onset of illness during long‐term treatment is scarce. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the differences in treatment and treatment outcome between older and younger manic bipolar patients and between early‐onset bipolar (EOB) and late‐onset bipolar (LOB) older patients. Method The European Mania in Bipolar Longitudinal Evaluation of Medication study was a 2‐year prospective, observational study in 3459 bipolar patients on the treatment and outcome of patients with an acute manic or mixed episode. Patients were assessed at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months post‐baseline. We calculated the number of patients with a remission, recovery, relapse, and recurrence and the mean time to achieve this. Results Older patients did not differ from younger bipolar patients in achieving remission and recovery or suffering a relapse and in the time to achieve this. However, more older patients recurred and in shorter time. Older patients used less atypical antipsychotics and more antidepressants and other concomitant psychiatric medication. Older EOB and LOB patients did not differ in treatment, but more older LOB patients tended to recover than older EOB patients. Conclusion Older bipolar manic patients did not differ from younger bipolar patients in short‐term treatment outcome (remission and recovery), but in the long term, this may be more difficult to maintain. Distinguishing age groups in bipolar study populations may be useful when considering treatment and treatment outcome and warrants further study. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 05, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4128   open full text
  • Neuropsychiatric symptom clusters targeted for treatment at earlier versus later stages of dementia.
    Kenneth Rockwood, Arnold Mitnitski, Matthew Richard, Matthias Kurth, Patrick Kesslak, Susan Abushakra.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 05, 2014
    Objective To characterize clusters of neuropsychiatric symptoms targeted for tracking the disease course in people with dementia, in relation to stage. Methods Baseline symptoms from 2922 subjects from two datasets (one clinic based, one online) were aggregated. Common neuropsychiatric symptoms identified by patients/carers as targets of treatment using a dementia SymptomGuide™ were selected. The Global Deterioration Scale was used for clinic staging, and an artificial neural network algorithm, for staging online subjects. Symptom clusters were detected using multiple correspondence analysis and connectivity graph analysis based on relative risk (RR). In a connectivity graph, each pair of nodes (representing symptoms) is connected if their co‐occurrence is statistically significant; direction is indicated as positive if RR > 1 and negative otherwise. Results Neuropsychiatric symptoms were targeted for treatment in 1072 patients (37%). Agitation (37%) and sleep disturbances (28%) were most common symptoms. One cluster (in people with cognitive impairment, no dementia (CIND) or mild dementia) showed significant co‐occurrence of anxiety and restlessness; decreased initiative was chiefly seen in isolation. A second cluster (in moderate/severe dementia) was defined by significant co‐occurrence of delusions and hallucinations with sleep disturbances; in these subjects, decreased initiative was related to aggression. Conclusions Two analytical methods identified neuropsychiatric symptom clusters targeted to track the disease course. In CIND/mild dementia, a profile of decreased initiative distinct from depression suggests possible executive dysfunction. In moderate/severe dementia, targets more reflected psychotic symptoms. Visual data displays allow the relationships between multiple symptoms to be considered simultaneously, which commonly is how they present in patients. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 05, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4136   open full text
  • Diffusion tensor imaging studies in late‐life depression: systematic review and meta‐analysis.
    Ming‐Ching Wen, David C. Steffens, Mei‐Kuang Chen, Nur Hani Zainal.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 05, 2014
    Objectives Late‐life depression (LLD) is the association with more cerebrovascular susceptibilities and white matter damage that can be assessed with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). To better understand the white matter pathological alterations in LLD, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases for DTI studies comparing patients with LLD and healthy controls. For each study, details regarding participants, imaging methods, and results were extracted. Fractional anisotropy, an index of white matter integrity, was the dependent variable for group comparison. Effect sizes indicating the degree of group difference were estimated by random‐effects meta‐analysis. Results A total of 15 eligible studies were included in the qualitative systematic review, nine of which were suitable for quantitative meta‐analyses for the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), corpus callosum, cingulum, and uncinate fasciculus (UF). Compared with the healthy control group, the LLD group showed lower fractional anisotropy in the DLPFC and UF with a large and a medium effect size, respectively, although heterogeneity and publication bias were found in the DLPFC. Conclusion Diffusion tensor imaging studies of LLD consistently showed reduced anisotropy in the DLPFC and UF of patients with LLD. These damaged regions are located with the frontostriatal and limbic networks. Thus, our findings showed that the disruption of frontal and frontal‐to‐limbic white matter tracts contributes to the pathogenesis of LLD. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 05, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4129   open full text
  • Binge drinking and insomnia in middle‐aged and older adults: the Health and Retirement Study.
    Sarah L. Canham, Christopher N. Kaufmann, Pia M. Mauro, Ramin Mojtabai, Adam P. Spira.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 05, 2014
    Objective Alcohol use in later life has been linked to poor sleep. However, the association between binge drinking, which is common among middle‐aged and older adults, and insomnia has not been previously assessed. Methods We studied participants aged 50 years and older (n = 6027) from the 2004 Health and Retirement Study who reported the number of days they had ≥4 drinks on one occasion in the prior 3 months. Participants also reported the frequency of four insomnia symptoms. Logistic regression analyses assessed the association between binge drinking frequency and insomnia. Results Overall, 32.5% of participants had >0 to ≤2 binge drinking days/week; and 3.6% had >2 binge drinking days/week. After adjusting for demographic variables, medical conditions, body mass index, and elevated depressive symptoms, participants who binged >2 days/week had a 64% greater odds of insomnia than non‐binge drinkers (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09–2.47, p = 0.017). Participants reporting >0 to ≤2 binge days/week also had a 35% greater odds of insomnia than non‐binge drinkers (aOR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.15–1.59, p = 0.001). When smoking was added to the regression model, these associations fell just below the level of significance. Conclusions Results suggest that binge drinking is associated with a greater risk of insomnia among adults aged 50 years and older, although this relationship may be driven in part by current smoking behavior. The relatively high prevalence of both binge drinking and sleep complaints among middle‐aged and older populations warrants further investigation into binge drinking as a potential cause of late‐life insomnia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 05, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4139   open full text
  • Depression and antidepressant use moderate association between widowhood and Alzheimer's disease.
    Daniel J. Hatch, Sarah Schwartz, Maria C. Norton.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 04, 2014
    Objective In recent decades, biological evidence has implicated chronic stress in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). As a result, the relationship between widowhood, one of the most stressful life events, and AD has also received attention. This study extends this literature by investigating whether depression, which may indicate proneness to distress, and antidepressant use, which can protect against hippocampal shrinkage, moderate the relationship between widowhood and increased risk for AD. Methods To investigate this, this study utilized data from the Cache County Memory Study, a large population‐based epidemiological study of AD, and the Utah Population Database, one of the world's foremost linked genealogical databases, to regress AD on the interaction between widowhood and history of depression and antidepressant use. Results In Cox regression analyses, history of depression and antidepressant use moderated the association between widowhood and AD (p = 0.007 and p = 0.006, respectively), in that widowhood was associated with 73% and 94% increased hazard of AD among those reporting depression (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.001 to 2.99) and those reporting antidepressant use (HR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.13 to 3.33). A significant three‐way interaction between widowhood, depression, and antidepressant use was also found (p = 0.02), showing depression to moderate the association between widowhood and AD only among those not using antidepressants (p = 0.02). Conclusions These findings advance clinical and scientific knowledge concerning the effects of widowhood on risk for AD and underscore the importance of depression and antidepressant use in understanding vulnerability to and protection from these effects. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 04, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4140   open full text
  • Self and carer perspectives of quality of life in dementia using the QoL‐AD.
    Vasiliki Orgeta, Martin Orrell, Barry Hounsome, Bob Woods,.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 02, 2014
    Objective Quality of life (QoL) is one of the most important outcomes in improving well‐being in people with dementia (PwD). The primary aim of the present study was to compare self and carer ratings of QoL in PwD and to identify the most important factors influencing self and carer ratings. Methods We conducted a cross‐sectional analytic study of 488 dyads using the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease scale, demographics, data on self‐rated health, and clinical characteristics. Results Higher levels of self‐rated health in PwD were associated with higher self‐rated QoL after controlling for depression and activities of daily living. When the carer experienced less stress related to caregiving, the PwD reported better QoL. Higher carer‐rated QoL was associated with less carer stress, better health for the family carer, and the PwD being of younger age. When carers lived with the PwD, and reported lower levels of depression and better functional ability for their relative, carer‐rated QoL was higher. Conclusions The self‐rated health of PwD and carers influences the ratings they make of the QoL of the PwD indicating that it is an important influence on QoL in this population. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 02, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4130   open full text
  • Suicide ideation, dementia and mental disorders among a community sample of older people in Mexico.
    Guilherme Borges, Isaac Acosta, Ana Luisa Sosa.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 01, 2014
    Data on the prevalence of and risk factors for suicide ideation among older people in developing countries is lacking. Objective This study aimed to estimate if dementia and other mental disorders are associated with suicide ideation among the older people controlling for demographic and other suspected risk factors. Methods We report on the Mexican study of dementia, part of the 10/66 international dementia research group, a series of cross‐sectional population‐based surveys in low and middle income countries. A survey was conducted to all residents aged 65 years and older from urban and rural catchment areas in Mexico City and Morelos (January 2006 to June 2007). Results After 18 months of field work, a total of 2003 completed interviews were obtained, with a response rate of 85.1%. We found a lifetime prevalence of suicide ideation of 13.5% and a 2‐week prevalence of 4.2%. The common factors associated with both lifetime and 2‐week prevalence were having a large number of physical disorders (lifetime prevalence ratio = PR and 95% confidence interval = CI; PR = 2.23, CI = 1.63–3.06), depression (PR = 1.92, CI = 1.36–2.70) and anxiety (PR = 2.23, CI = 1.68–2.97) and screening positive for psychosis (PR = 1.64, CI = 1.15–2.34). Conclusion Dementia plays a minor role on suicide ideation after the other aforementioned variables were taken into account and its effect, if any, could be concentrated among those elders with lower severity scores of dementia. These results show the great challenges that Mexico faces in providing services for the older people with suicidality. As the population in the country ages, suicidality will constitute an additional challenge to the healthcare system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 01, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4134   open full text
  • Using problem solving therapy to treat veterans with subsyndromal depression: a pilot study.
    J. Kasckow, J. Klaus, J. Morse, D. Oslin, J. Luther, L. Fox, C. Reynolds, G. L. Haas.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 01, 2014
    Objective We conducted a pilot study comparing problem solving therapy for primary care (PST‐PC) to a dietary education control condition in middle‐aged and older veterans with symptoms of emotional distress and subsyndromal depression. Methods This was a two‐site study at the VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and Philadelphia VA Medical Center. Participants included veterans >50 years of age referred from primary care clinics who were eligible if they obtained a pre‐screen score >11 on the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES‐D) scale. Exclusions were a DSM‐IV Major Depressive Episode within the past year, active substance abuse/dependence within 1 month, current antidepressant therapy, and a Mini mental status exam score <24. Participants were randomized to receive one of two interventions—either PST‐PC or an attention control condition consisting of dietary education (DIET)—each consisting of six to eight sessions within a 4‐month period. Results Of 45 individuals randomized, 23 (11 PST‐PC and 12 DIET) completed treatment. Using regression models in completers that examined outcomes at end of treatment while controlling for baseline scores, there were significant differences between treatment groups in SF‐36 mental health component scores but not in depressive symptoms (as assessed with either the 17‐item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression or the Beck Depression Inventory), social problem solving skills, or physical health status (SF‐36 physical health component score). Conclusions These pilot study findings suggest that a six‐to‐eight session version of PST‐PC may lead to improvements in mental health functioning in primary care veterans with subsyndromal depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 01, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4105   open full text
  • Belief in life after death, salivary 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol, and well‐being among older people without cognitive impairment dwelling in rural Japan.
    Yoshiomi Imamura, Yoshito Mizoguchi, Hiromi Nabeta, Jun Matsushima, Itaru Watanabe, Naoki Kojima, Toshiro Kawashima, Shigeto Yamada, Akira Monji.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 24, 2014
    Objectives Research has found that spirituality/religiosity has a salutary association with mental/physical health. However, the association of belief in life after death with well‐being has rarely been studied, and the same is true of its association with biological indices, such as monoamine transmitters. Therefore, we examined the associations between well‐being and religiosity, salivary 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol (sMHPG), and demographic characteristics. Methods The participants were 346 community‐dwelling people, aged 65 years or older, without cognitive or mental deficits, in rural Japan. Measures of religiosity consisted of belief in life after death, attachment to life, and experiences related to death and religion. The measures were assessed by scales specifically suited for Japanese religious orientations. Participants' well‐being was assessed by a life satisfaction scale containing two subscales. We also measured sMHPG, a major metabolite of noradrenaline that is thought to reflect certain psychological states, such as psychomotor retardation and effortful attention. Results One subscale of life satisfaction was positively associated with belief in life after death and sMHPG, and the other life satisfaction subscale was positively associated with education and death/religion‐related experiences (e.g., visiting family graves or loss of a friend). Gender differences were found in afterlife beliefs and each life satisfaction subscale. Conclusions These results suggest that religiosity, including belief in life after death and death/religion‐related experiences, is salubriously associated with mental health among older people, especially women, living in rural Japan. The basal level of sMHPG was positively associated with life satisfaction, but not with belief in life after death. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 24, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4135   open full text
  • Objective assessment of attention in delirium: a narrative review.
    Zoë Tieges, Laura J. E. Brown, Alasdair M. J. MacLullich.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 24, 2014
    Objective Inattention is a core feature of delirium, and valid assessment of attention is central to diagnosis. Methods of measuring attention in delirium can be divided into two broad categories: (i) objective neuropsychological testing; and (ii) subjective grading of behaviour during interview and clinical examination. Here, we review and critically evaluate studies of objective neuropsychological testing of attention in delirium. We examine the implications of these studies for delirium detection and monitoring in clinical practice and research, and how these studies inform understanding of the nature of attentional deficits in delirium. Methods Searches of MEDLINE and ISI Web of Knowledge databases were performed to identify studies in which objective tests of attention had been administered to patients with delirium, who had been diagnosed using DSM or ICD criteria. Results Sixteen publications were identified. The attention tests administered in these studies were grouped into the following categories: measures of attention span, vigilance tests, other pen‐and‐paper tests (e.g. Trail Making Test) and computerised tests of speeded reaction, vigilance and sustained attention. Patients with delirium showed deficits on all tasks, although most tasks were not considered pure measures of attention. Five papers provided data on differential diagnosis from dementia. Cancellation tests, spatial span tests and computerised tests of sustained attention discriminated delirium from dementia. Five studies presented reliability or validity statistics. Conclusions The existing evidence base on objective assessment of attention in delirium is small. Objective testing of attention is underdeveloped but shows considerable promise in clinical practice and research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 24, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4131   open full text
  • Memantine improves attention and episodic memory in Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies.
    Keith A. Wesnes, Dag Aarsland, Clive Ballard, Elisabet Londos.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 16, 2014
    Objective In both dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), attentional dysfunction is a core clinical feature together with disrupted episodic memory. This study evaluated the cognitive effects of memantine in DLB and PDD using automated tests of attention and episodic memory. Methods A randomised double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 24‐week three centre trial of memantine (20 mg/day) was conducted in which tests of attention (simple and choice reaction time) and word recognition (immediate and delayed) from the CDR System were administered prior to dosing and again at 12 and 24 weeks. Although other results from this study have been published, the data from the CDR System tests were not included and are presented here for the first time. Results Data were available for 51 patients (21 DLB and 30 PDD). In both populations, memantine produced statistically significant medium to large effect sized improvements to choice reaction time, immediate and delayed word recognition. Conclusions These are the first substantial improvements on cognitive tests of attention and episodic recognition memory identified with memantine in either DLB or PDD. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 16, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4109   open full text
  • Cognitive predictors of medical decision‐making capacity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.
    Sara Stormoen, Ove Almkvist, Maria Eriksdotter, Erik Sundström, Ing‐Mari Tallberg.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 16, 2014
    Objective Impaired capacity to make decisions in everyday life and situations of medical treatment is an inevitable consequence of the cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The objective of this study was to identify the most powerful cognitive component(s) that best predicted medical decision‐making capacity (MDMC) in patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment. Method Three groups of subjects participated in the study: patients with AD (n = 20), mild cognitive impairment (n = 21), and healthy control subjects (n = 33). MDMC was assessed by the linguistic instrument for medical decision‐making (LIMD) and related to demographics and 27 cognitive test measures. Results The cognitive tests were found to aggregate into four components using a principle component analysis. The four components, which correspond to verbal knowledge, episodic memory, cognitive speed, and working memory, accounted for 73% of the variance in LIMD according to a stepwise regression analysis. Verbal knowledge was the most powerful predictor of LIMD (beta = 0.66) followed by episodic memory (beta = 0.43), cognitive speed (beta = 0.32), and working memory (beta = 0.23). The best single test as shown by the highest correlation with LIMD was Reading speed (R = 0.77). Conclusion Multiple factors are involved in MDMC in subjects with cognitive impairment. The component of verbal knowledge was the best predictor of MDMC and Reading speed was the most important single cognitive test measurement, which assessed both rapid Reading and understanding of text. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 16, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4114   open full text
  • Younger age of dementia diagnosis in a Hispanic population in southern California.
    L. Jaime Fitten, Freddy Ortiz, Lynn Fairbanks, George Bartzokis, Po Lu, Eric Klein, Giovanni Coppola, John Ringman.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 29, 2014
    Objective Prior studies of US Hispanics, largely performed on the East Coast, have found a younger age of dementia onset than in White non‐Hispanics. We performed a cross‐sectional study to examine clinical and sociodemographic variables associated with age of dementia diagnosis in older Hispanics and White, non‐Hispanics in southern California. Methods Two hundred ninety (110 Hispanic and 180 White non‐Hispanic) community dwelling, cognitively symptomatic subjects, aged 50 years and older, were assessed and diagnosed with probable Alzheimer's disease or probable vascular dementia. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype was assessed in a subset of cases. Analysis of variance and multiple stepwise linear regression were used to assess main effects and interactions of ethnicity with dementia severity (indexed by mini mental state examination scores) and other sociodemographic and clinical variables on age of dementia diagnosis. Results Hispanics were younger by an average of 4 years at the time of diagnosis, regardless of dementia subtype, despite a similar prevalence of the APOE ε4 genotype. The earlier age at diagnosis for Hispanics was not explained by gender, dementia severity, years of education, history of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, or diabetes. Only ethnicity was significantly associated with age of onset. Conclusions These findings confirm that US Hispanics living in the southwestern USA tend to be younger at the time of dementia diagnosis than their White non‐Hispanic counterparts. As this is not explained by the presence of the APOE ε4 genotype, further studies should explore other cultural, medical, or genetic risk factors influencing the age of dementia onset in this population. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 29, 2014   doi: 10.1002/gps.4040   open full text
  • Spiritual struggle and affective symptoms among geriatric mood disordered patients.
    David H. Rosmarin, Mary C. Malloy, Brent P. Forester.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 06, 2013
    Objectives We explored relationships between general religiousness, positive religious coping, negative religious coping (spiritual struggle), and affective symptoms among geriatric mood disordered outpatients, in the northeastern USA. Methods We assessed for general religiousness (religious affiliation, belief in God, and private and public religious activity) and positive/negative religious coping, alongside interview and self‐report measures of affective functioning in a diagnostically heterogeneous sample of n = 34 geriatric mood disordered outpatients (n = 16 bipolar and n = 18 major depressive) at a psychiatric hospital in eastern Massachusetts. Results Except for a modest correlation between private prayer and lower Geriatric Depression Scale scores, general religious factors (belief in God, public religious activity, and religious affiliation) as well as positive religious coping were unrelated to affective symptoms after correcting for multiple comparisons and controlling for significant covariates. However, a large effect of spiritual struggle was observed on greater symptom levels (up to 19.4% shared variance). Further, mean levels of spiritual struggle and its observed effects on symptoms were equivalent irrespective of religious affiliation, belief, and private and public religious activity. Conclusions Previously observed effects of general religiousness on (less) depression among geriatric mood disordered patients may be less pronounced in less religious areas of the USA. However, spiritual struggle appears to be a common and important risk factor for depressive symptoms, regardless of patients' general level of religiousness. Further research on spiritual struggle is warranted among geriatric mood disordered patients. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 06, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4052   open full text
  • The influence of lithium on calcium homeostasis in older patients in daily clinical practice.
    Els Jacoba Maria Melick, Ingeborg Wilting, Gijsbertus Ziere, Robert Martin Kok, Toine Cornelis Gerardus Egberts.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 06, 2013
    Background Lithium can influence calcium homeostasis resulting in changes in parathormone set point and renal calcium handling. The clinical significance of these changes in older patients is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible association between duration of lithium treatment and corrected calcium, parathormone and 24‐h urinary calcium excretion in older psychiatric patients corrected for renal function and vitamin 25OH D and also to estimate the point prevalence of hypercalcemia and raised parathormone. Methods A cross‐sectional study of psychiatric outpatients visiting a specialized facility for older patients treated with lithium was performed. Patients underwent a comprehensive assessment and blood and urine testing. Potential confounders of calcium homeostasis were recorded. On the basis of the duration of lithium treatment, patients were divided into four groups. Results One hundred eleven patients were included, mean age 75.2 years. There was no significant association between the duration of lithium treatment and corrected calcium, parathormone and 24‐h urinary calcium excretion. The point prevalence of hypercalcemia was 2.7% and 47.8% for raised parathormone. There was an unexpected but significant negative association between the duration of lithium treatment and vitamin 25OH D, with 76.9% vitamin 25OH D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) in the group using lithium for more than 10 years. Conclusions No association was found between duration of lithium treatment and calcium parameters in older psychiatric outpatients, but there was a high prevalence of raised parathormone and an unexpected negative association between duration of lithium treatment and 25OH D. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 06, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4041   open full text
  • Validation of the Perceived Stress Scale in a community sample of older adults.
    Ali Ezzati, Julie Jiang, Mindy J. Katz, Martin J. Sliwinski, Molly E. Zimmerman, Richard B. Lipton.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 03, 2013
    Background Three versions of Perceived Stress Scale (PSS‐14, PSS‐10, and PSS‐4) are among the most widely used measures of stress. The aim of the current study was to validate this instrument in a sample of nondemented older adults to facilitate studies of the impact of stress on health. Methods Seven hundred sixty‐eight nondemented adults over the age of 70 years completed the PSS‐14 questionnaire and other neuropsychological tests. Exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the underlying factor structure of all PSS versions, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the construct validity of factors. The internal consistency reliability of the scales was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, and concurrent validity was evaluated by examining PSS relation with age, gender, depression, anxiety, and Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule. Results A two‐factor model was the optimal fit for the 14‐item and 10‐item versions of PSS. For PSS‐14, all items' loadings exceeded 0.4 for one of the two factors except item 12. Therefore, we studied a 13‐item version of PSS and 10‐item and 4‐item subsets representing PSS‐10 and PSS‐4. Internal consistency coefficients were satisfactory for the full scale of PSS‐13 and PSS‐10 but not for PSS‐4. Women reported higher levels of stress than men. Higher levels of total PSS scores showed association with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and negative affect, and lower level of positive affect. Conclusions The 13‐item and 10‐item versions of PSS may be used to understand the experience of stress among older adults. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 03, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4049   open full text
  • The relationship between interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist and cognitive function in older adults with bipolar disorder.
    Francis E. Lotrich, Meryl A. Butters, Howard Aizenstein, Megan M. Marron, Charles F. Reynolds, Ariel G. Gildengers.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 25, 2013
    Objective Cognitive impairments are a feature of bipolar disorder (BD) and could be worsened by inflammatory cytokines. We determined whether (i) serum interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1RA) was increased in elderly BD subjects; (ii) whether IL‐1RA was associated with worse neurocognitive function; and (iii) whether IL‐1RA was associated with white matter integrity. Methods Twenty‐one euthymic BD patients (65 +/− 9 years) with serum available for IL‐1RA measures by enzyme‐linked immunoassays were compared with 26 similarly aged control participants. Four factor analysis‐derived z‐scores and a global z‐score were obtained from a battery of 21 neurocognitive tests. Diffusion tensor images were used to obtain fractional anisotropy (FA), and an automated labeling pathway algorithm was used to obtain white matter hyperintensity burden. Results Interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist was elevated in BD subjects compared with controls (439+/−326 pg/mL vs. 269+/−109 pg/mL; p = 0.004). Moreover, IL‐1RA was inversely correlated with three cognitive function factors and global cognition (r = −0.37; p = 0.01). IL‐1RA continued to correlate with global cognitive function even when covarying for either IL‐6 or brain‐derived neurotrophic factor. Although FA was lower in BD subjects (0.368 +/− 0.02 vs. 0.381 +/− 0.01; p = 0.02), IL‐1RA was not associated with FA or white matter hyperintensity burden. Conclusion Elevated serum levels of IL‐1RA in BD subjects, even during euthymic states, were associated with worse cognitive function. This association was not explained by co‐occurring increases in IL‐6, by decreased brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, nor by measures of white matter integrity. These cross‐sectional findings support the possibility that the IL‐1 family may contribute to cognitive impairments in BD. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 25, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4048   open full text
  • Establishing robust cognitive dimensions for characterization and differentiation of patients with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, frontotemporal dementia and depression.
    Irene R. Beck, Nicole S. Schmid, Manfred Berres, Andreas U. Monsch.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 14, 2013
    Objective The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia requires detailed neuropsychological examinations. These examinations typically yield a large number of outcome variables, which may complicate the interpretation and communication of results. The purposes of this study were the following: (i) to reduce a large data set of interrelated neuropsychological variables to a smaller number of cognitive dimensions; (ii) to create a common metric for these dimensions (z‐scores); and (iii) to study the ability of the cognitive dimensions to distinguish between groups of patients with different types of cognitive impairment. Methods We tested 1646 patients with different forms of dementia or with a major depression with a standard (n = 632) or, if cognitively less affected, a challenging neuropsychological battery (n = 1014). To identify the underlying cognitive dimensions of the two test batteries, maximum likelihood factor analyses with a promax rotation were conducted. To interpret the sum scores of the factors as standard scores, we divided them by the standard deviation of a cognitively healthy sample (n = 1145). Results The factor analyses yielded seven factors for each test battery. The cognitive dimensions in both test batteries distinguished patients with different forms of dementia (MCI, Alzheimer's dementia or frontotemporal dementia) and patients with major depression. Furthermore, patients with stable MCI could be separated from patients with progressing MCI. Discriminant analyses with an independent new sample of patients (n = 306) revealed that the new dimension scores distinguished new samples of patients with MCI from patients with Alzheimer's dementia with high accuracy. Conclusion These findings suggest that these cognitive dimensions may benefit neuropsychological diagnostics. © 2013 The Authors International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
    November 14, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4045   open full text
  • Heartsick: psychiatric and inflammatory implications of cerebromicrovascular disease.
    Christina L. Nemeth, Ebrahim Haroon, Gretchen N. Neigh.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 06, 2013
    Background Cerebromicrovascular disease (CMVD) strikes 87% of the population older than 65 years and is linked to an increased risk of ischemic stroke, depression, cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. Despite the wealth of knowledge on the consequences to the body stemming from poor vascular health, little focus has been placed on the consequences to the brain. Design In this review, we present the preclinical and clinical evidence that supports the role of CMVD in behavioral dysfunction, argues for a clinical need for better recognition of the vascular depression phenotype, and calls for a more integrative translational approach to CMVD. Results and conclusions Although the concept of cerebrovascular‐induced behavioral change has existed for over 100 years, the difficulty of diagnosis, the slow progression of CMVD, and the lack of causative data have led to an underestimation of the patient population and poor treatment strategies. Preclinical studies have focused on the use of microsphere embolic models and vascular inflammation models to assess the mechanisms of, and treatment options for, CMVD. Though preclinical models provide support for correlative data collected in the clinic, translational reciprocity has not been established. The lack of clinical appreciation for the role of cerebrovascular health in brain function may result in missed diagnoses and inadequate treatment of underlying cardiovascular disease. Enhanced recognition of symptoms and disease presentation will allow for earlier prevention, detection, and identification of novel targets for drug development and other intervention strategies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 06, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4046   open full text
  • Trajectories of quality of life in early‐stage dementia: individual variations and predictors of change.
    Linda Clare, Robert T. Woods, Sharon M. Nelis, Anthony Martyr, Ivana S. Marková, Ilona Roth, Christopher J. Whitaker, Robin G. Morris.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 22, 2013
    Background Little evidence is available about how quality of life (QoL) changes as dementia progresses. Objectives We explored QoL trajectories over a 20‐month period and examined what predicted change in QoL. Method Fifty‐one individuals with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's, vascular or mixed dementia (people with dementia (PwD)) participating in the Memory Impairment and Dementia Awareness Study rated their QoL using the QoL‐Alzheimer's Disease Scale at baseline and at 20‐month follow‐up. PwD also rated their mood and quality of relationship with the carer. In each case, the carer rated his or her level of stress and perceived quality of relationship with the PwD. Results There was no change in mean QoL score. Nearly one‐third of PwD rated QoL more positively at 20‐month follow‐up and nearly one‐third rated QoL more negatively. These changes could be regarded as reliable in one‐quarter of the sample. Participants taking acetylcholinesterase‐inhibiting medication at baseline were more likely to show a decline in QoL score. There were no other significant differences between those whose scores increased, decreased or stayed the same on any demographic or disease‐related variables, or in mood or perceived quality of relationship with the carer. Whereas baseline QoL score was the strongest predictor of QoL at 20 months, the quality of relationship with the carer as perceived by the PwD was also independently a significant predictor. Conclusions There is a degree of individual variation in QoL trajectories. Use of acetylcholinesterase‐inhibiting medication appears linked to decline in QoL score, whereas positive relationships with carers play an important role in maintaining QoL in early‐stage dementia. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 22, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4044   open full text
  • Sex and ESR1 genotype may influence the response to treatment with donepezil and rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
    Renato Scacchi, Giuseppe Gambina, Elisabetta Broggio, Rosa Maria Corbo.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 22, 2013
    Background Many factors could be responsible for the different response to treatment with the cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) donepezil and rivastigmine in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Sex and the variants of the estrogen receptor α (ESR1) gene are reported to modulate AD susceptibility or the course of the disease. The aim of the present study was to verify whether patient's sex and ESR1 genotype could influence the response to ChEI treatment, as there is evidence that estrogens affect cholinergic system functioning. Methods Two ESR1 intronic polymorphisms (PvuII, rs2234693; XbaI, rs9340799) were examined in 184 AD patients: 157 were receiving treatment with donepezil or rivastigmine and 27 were receiving no treatment. Cognitive status was assessed using the mini mental state examination at four time points (1, 3, 9, and 15 months into therapy). Results Among the patients under treatment with either ChEI, the women responded more markedly than the men. As compared with the untreated patients, the effects of treatment were statistically significant for both donepezil and rivastigmine. A significant effect of ESR1 genotypes was observed for the donepezil‐treated patients, among which those carrying at least one copy of P and X alleles showed a significantly lower cognitive decline than the noncarriers. Conclusions The present data seem to confirm a sex‐related influence on treatment, as the women seemed to be more sensitive to therapy and to have experienced less cognitive decline. ESR1 may be another gene contributing to interindividual variability in response to treatment with ChEIs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 22, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4043   open full text
  • Do the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery episodic memory measures discriminate amnestic mild cognitive impairment?
    Onésimo Juncos‐Rabadán, Arturo X. Pereiro, David Facal, Alba Reboredo, Cristina Lojo‐Seoane.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 22, 2013
    Objective Although visual recognition memory and visuospatial paired associates learning has been shown to be impaired in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), the sensitivity and specificity of the visual memory tests used to identify aMCI are not well defined. The current study attempted to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of three visual episodic memory tests (Pattern Recognition Memory [PRM], Delayed Matching to Sample [DMS], and Paired Associated Learning [PAL]) from the CANTAB, in differentiating aMCI patients from control healthy participants. Methods Seventy seven aMCI patients and 85 cognitive normal controls aged over 50 years performed the PRM, DMS, and PAL tests. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to study the relationships between aMCI and visual memory measures. Results The three Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery measures significantly predicted aMCI. The optimal predictive model combined the total percent correct responses for PRM and DMS with the PAL total errors (six shapes adjusted), with a sensitivity of 72%, specificity of 83%, and achieved predictive accuracy of 80%. Conclusion Visual episodic memory tasks such as those involved in the PRM, DMS, and PAL tests (included in the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery) may sensitively discriminate aMCI patients from normal controls. These tests may be useful for correct diagnosis of aMCI. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 22, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4042   open full text
  • Clinical presentation and differential diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies: a review.
    L. F. Morra, P. J. Donovick.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 21, 2013
    Background Dementia with Lewy bodies is one of the most prevalent dementia diagnoses. However, differential diagnosis between dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease with dementia can still be very difficult given the overlap in neuropathology, clinical presentation, cognitive, and neuroanatomical changes. Method A literature review of dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease with dementia was conducted using PubMed. Results and Implications Accurate diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies is crucial in order to more accurately predict the progression of the disease and negative side effects from pharmacological treatment. The differences and similarities between dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease with dementia are highlighted in order to aid clinicians in differential diagnosis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 21, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4039   open full text
  • Grouping of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia.
    Rianne M. Linde, Tom Dening, Fiona E. Matthews, Carol Brayne.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 16, 2013
    Objective A wide range of behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPSD) are common in dementia, and it has been suggested that groups of correlated symptoms should be studied together. Here, we describe the groups of BPSD that have been identified in the literature and how they have been used to study associations, burden, treatment and underlying biology. Methods The literature database PubMed was searched for articles that identified clusters or factors of BPSD or used previously defined symptom groups. Results Sixty‐two studies were included. Generally, the following symptom groups were suggested: affective symptoms, including depression and anxiety; psychosis, including delusions and hallucinations; hyperactivity, including irritability and aggression; and euphoria. Symptoms that did not show consistent results include apathy, eating disturbances, night‐time behaviour disturbances, disinhibition and aberrant motor behaviour. Symptom groups differed in their associations, treatment and biology. Conclusions Studies investigating symptom groups show relatively consistent results. Studying symptom groups allows similar symptoms to be studied together, which might strengthen results and may point to differences in their aetiology and treatment. However, a large amount of the individual variability of the symptoms could not be explained by the factors, and authors should carefully address their research question and hypotheses to decide if symptoms should be studied in groups or individually. Clinicians need to consider each symptom in its own right and also to be aware of the interrelations between them when assessing patients and developing strategies for treatment. © 2013 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 16, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4037   open full text
  • A comparison of FDG‐PET and blood flow SPECT in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative dementias: a systematic review.
    Christopher M. Davison, John T. O'Brien.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. October 09, 2013
    Objective Perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and 18F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) both have clinical utility for the differential diagnosis of dementia. Although PET is often viewed by some as more accurate and therefore preferential, the extent to which published evidence supports this is not clear. The aim of this review was to address the question by reviewing studies of SPECT and PET imaging in dementia diagnosis, with a particular focus on all published head‐to‐head studies. Design A MEDLINE search was carried out using the following keywords: “PET” and “SPECT” and “dementia” or “Mild Cognitive Impairment,” together with “alzheimers” or “DLB” or “lewy body” or “frontotemporal” or “FTD” or “Picks.” Articles were included up to February 2013, limited to human studies and in English language. Results Published studies of SPECT accuracy show that it is a useful tool for differential diagnosis, with sensitivities of 65–85% for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and specificities (for other neurodegenerative dementias) of 72–87%. PET studies generally report higher accuracy, with sensitivities of 75–99% for AD and specificities of 71–93%. However, there have been few direct head‐to‐head comparisons, with some indicating SPECT and PET to be equally useful in dementia diagnosis and others favouring PET. Many of these studies are limited with respect to numbers and methodically with poorly matched control groups. Conclusions Overall, although studies suggest superiority of PET over SPECT, the evidence base for this is actually quite limited. We suggest that further direct comparative studies, including health economic and patient preference evaluations, are needed to help direct future service provision. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    October 09, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4036   open full text
  • Effectiveness of group reminiscence therapy for depressive symptoms in male veterans: 6‐month follow‐up.
    Ke‐Hsin Chueh, Tsai‐Yun Chang.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 15, 2013
    Objective The purpose of this study was to use group reminiscence therapy (GRT) as a nursing intervention to evaluate the post‐test, 3‐month and 6‐month effects on depressive symptoms for institutionalised male veterans after a 4‐week intervention. Methods A quasi‐experimental design and purposive sampling was conducted at a veteran's nursing home in Northern Taiwan. A total of 21 male veterans were studied to measure the effect of GRT. Eleven participants were in the experimental group and 10 in the control group. The experimental group activity was held twice weekly for 4 weeks. The Taiwan Geriatric Depression Scale was used to assess depressive symptoms and geriatric depression among male veterans. The generalised estimating equation was used for data analysis. Results The male veterans in this study had a mean age of 82 years (SD = 5.8); 47.62% were between 70 and 79 years old, 61.90% were illiterate and 90.48% were without a partner. After 4 weeks of GRT, the experimental group significantly improved their depressive symptoms and geriatric depression in the post‐test, 3‐month and 6‐month follow‐up data compared with the control group. These activities can reduce their depressive symptoms following the intervention. Conclusion A 4‐week, eight‐session GRT can effectively reduce depressive symptoms among institutionalised male veterans for a 6‐month period. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 15, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4013   open full text
  • Predictors of suicidal ideation in older individuals receiving home‐care services.
    Jong‐Il Park, Myeong‐il Han, Myung Sig Kim, Myeong‐Sook Yoon, Sung‐Hee Ko, Hye‐Chung Cho, Young‐Chul Chung.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 13, 2013
    Objectives Despite the importance of tending to older individuals who are vulnerable to suicide, little is known about suicidal ideation in the portion of this population receiving home‐care services in Asian countries. The objective of this cross‐sectional study was to examine predictors of suicidal ideation in older individuals using home‐care service. Method Participants were randomly selected from the individuals 50 years old and over using home‐care services across Jeollabuk‐do Province, Korea. A total of 697 subjects participated in this study. Each participant completed the short version of the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Scale for Suicidal Ideation, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II. Results Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that depression, perceived social support, and disability were significant predictors of suicidal ideation, whereas the roles of subjective health status and fish consumption remained ambiguous in this regard. In terms of social support, we also found that less perceived social support from family members was related to higher levels of suicidal ideation. The associations between various categories of disability and suicidal ideation disappeared after controlling for depression. Our investigation of the mediating effect of depression on the relationship between disability and suicidal ideation revealed that depression was either a complete (disability related to cognition, self‐care, getting along with others, and life activities) or partial (disability related to participation) mediator. Conclusions Preventive strategies focusing on depression, social support, and disability should be emphasized during encounters with older people receiving home‐care services. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 13, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4012   open full text
  • Common use of high doses of antipsychotic medications in older Asian patients with schizophrenia (2001–2009).
    Yu‐Tao Xiang, Yan Li, Christoph U. Correll, Gabor S. Ungvari, Helen F.K. Chiu, Kelly Y. C. Lai, Quan‐Sheng Tang, Wei Hao, Tian‐Mei Si, Chuan‐Yue Wang, Edwin H. M Lee, Yan‐Ling He, Shu‐Yu Yang, Mian‐Yoon Chong, Ee‐Heok Kua, Senta Fujii, Kang Sim, Michael K.H. Yong, Jitendra K. Trivedi, Eun‐Kee Chung, Pichet Udomratn, Kok‐Yoon Chee, Norman Sartorius, Chay‐Hoon Tan, Naotaka Shinfuku.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 13, 2013
    Objective This study aimed to examine the use of high doses of antipsychotic medications (≥600 mg/day chlorpromazine equivalent) in older Asian patients with schizophrenia and its demographic and clinical correlates. Method Information on hospitalized patients with schizophrenia aged ≥50 years was extracted from the database of the Research on Asian Psychotropic Prescription Patterns study (2001–2009). Data on 2203 patients in six Asian countries and territories, including China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, were analyzed. Socio‐demographic and clinical characteristics and antipsychotic prescriptions were recorded. Results The frequency for high‐dose antipsychotic medications was 36.0% overall, with 38.4% in 2001, 33.3% in 2004 and 36.0% in 2009. Multiple logistic regression analysis of the whole sample showed that compared to patients receiving low‐medium antipsychotic doses, those on high doses had a longer illness duration (odds ratio (OR): 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.2–3.3, p = 0.008), were more likely in the 50–59‐year group (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.94–0.97, p < 0.001), more often had current positive (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2–1.8, p < 0.001) or negative symptoms (OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.03–1.6, p = 0.03), and more commonly received antipsychotic polypharmacy (OR: 5.3, 95% CI: 4.1–6.7, p < 0.001). Extrapyramidal symptoms (p = 0.25) and tardive dyskinesia (p = 0.92) were not more frequent in the high‐dose group. Conclusions High doses of antipsychotic medications were used in more than one third of older Asian patients with schizophrenia. The reasons for the frequent use of high antipsychotic doses in older Asian patients warrant further investigation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 13, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4011   open full text
  • Time until nursing home admission in people with mild dementia: comparison of dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's dementia.
    Arvid Rongve, Corinna Vossius, Sabine Nore, Ingelin Testad, Dag Aarsland.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 13, 2013
    Objective We studied time until nursing home admission (NHA) in mild dementia and predictors for NHA in people with Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and how it compares to Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Methods Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards were applied. Results Median time until NHA was 1114 days (95% confidence interval [CI] [932, 1296]). In DLB median time until NHA was 663 days [472, 998]) as compared with 1336 days (1068, 1606) in AD, p < 0.0005. Predictors of shorter time to NHA in the DLB and AD groups in unadjusted analyses were a DLB diagnosis, the use of antipsychotic medication, more advanced age, longer duration of dementia symptoms prior to diagnosis, living alone, higher reported caregiver distress, and more neuropsychiatric symptoms. The use of cholinesterase inhibitors was associated with halved risk of NHA in the combined DLB/AD group in the unadjusted Cox regression. In adjusted Cox regression in the DLB group, we found the use of cholinesterase inhibitors to be associated with reduced risk of NHA (HR = 0.24) and the use of antipsychotic medication to be associated with increased risk of NHA (HR = 37) during the study period. Conclusion Patients diagnosed with DLB had nearly 2 years shorter time to NHA than those diagnosed with AD. In the DLB group, the use of cholinesterase inhibitors was associated with reduced and the use of antipsychotics with increased risk of NHA. Future studies should explore whether better identification and management of the variety of clinical problems in patients diagnosed with DLB can delay NHA. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 13, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4015   open full text
  • Art and the brain: a view from dementia.
    Cosima Gretton, Dominic H. ffytche.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 08, 2013
    Objective Art making encompasses a range of perceptual and cognitive functions involving widely distributed brain systems. The dementias impact on these systems in different ways, raising the possibility that each dementia has a unique artistic signature. Design Here we use a review of the visual art of 14 artists with dementia (five Alzheimer's disease, seven fronto‐temporal dementia and two dementia with Lewy bodies) to further our understanding of the neurobiological constituents of art production and higher artistic function. Results Artists with Alzheimer's disease had prominent changes in spatial aspects of their art and attributes of colour and contrast. These qualities were preserved in the art of fronto‐temporal dementia, which was characterised by perseverative themes and a shift towards realistic representation. The art of dementia with Lewy Bodies was characterised by simple, bizarre content. Conclusions The limitations of using visual aspects of individual artworks to infer the impact of dementia on art production are discussed with the need for a wider perspective encompassing changes in cognition, emotion, creativity and artistic personality. A novel classificatory scheme is presented to help characterise neural mechanisms of higher artistic functions in future studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 08, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3975   open full text
  • Age, gender, and education are associated with cognitive performance in an older Israeli sample with type 2 diabetes.
    Elizabeth Guerrero‐Berroa, Ramit Ravona‐Springer, James Schmeidler, Jeremy M. Silverman, Mary Sano, Keren Koifmann, Rachel Preiss, Hadas Hoffman, Anthony Heymann, Michal Schnaider Beeri.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 08, 2013
    Objective To evaluate the relationships of age, education, and gender with performance on neuropsychological tests in a cognitively intact, older Israeli sample with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods We examined 862 participants, 65–84 years old, enrolled in the Israel Diabetes and Cognitive Decline study. Multiple regression assessed associations of performance on 17 neuropsychological tests, including the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease neuropsychological battery, with age, education, and gender. Results Higher education and younger age were consistently associated with better performance. Women outperformed men on all memory tasks; men outperformed women on two non‐verbal measures. These patterns of demographic associations with cognitive performance were very similar to those of US cohorts. Conclusions In a cognitively intact, older Israeli sample with T2D, better test performance is associated primarily with higher education, followed by younger age and gender differences. Although T2D is associated with cognitive deficits, it recapitulates the patterns of relationships between cognitive performance and demographic characteristics seen in non‐T2D diabetic samples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 08, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4008   open full text
  • The hard Test Your Memory. Evaluation of a short cognitive test to detect mild Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment.
    Jeremy M. Brown, Julie Wiggins, Huan Dong, Rebecca Harvey, Frances Richardson, Kristina Hunter, Kate Dawson, Richard A. Parker.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. August 08, 2013
    Objective The aim of this study is the evaluation of a novel cognitive test, the hard Test Your Memory (H‐TYM), in the detection of mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Methods This paper uses a prospective study in an outpatient memory clinic. We recruited 97 patients with a diagnosis of mild AD or aMCI aged between 50 and 80 years. All scored 20 or more on the mini mental state examination (MMSE). We recruited 200 controls from a similar background. The patients were given a novel short cognitive test (H‐TYM) designed to test recall of newly learnt visual and verbal material together with the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Assessment Revised, MMSE, and TYM test. Results Alzheimer's disease/aMCI patients completed the H‐TYM with an average recall score of 6.69 (SD 3.45); control participants scored an average of 20.4 (SD 4.54). The H‐TYM detected 95% of cases of mild AD/aMCI on the basis of an optimum cutoff point. The area under the receiver operating characteristic for the H‐TYM ratio was calculated to be 0.989 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.980–0.997. Conclusions The H‐TYM test has an excellent ability to discriminate between AD/aMCI cases and healthy controls. The H‐TYM is a useful tool for the detection of mild AD/aMCI, and it detects AD/aMCI in the majority of patients who “pass” the MMSE and Addenbrooke's Cognitive Assessment Revised. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    August 08, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4005   open full text
  • Treatment of depressive symptoms in diverse, rural, and vulnerable older adults.
    Forrest R. Scogin, Kathryn Moss, Grant M. Harris, Andrew H. Presnell.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 25, 2013
    Background We examined the effects of home‐delivered cognitive‐behavior therapy (CBT) on depressive symptoms among rural, diverse, and vulnerable older adults. Furthermore, we differentiated depression into its two salient aspects: psychological and somatic. Method Data came from a randomized controlled experiment of CBT on 134 individuals residing in rural Alabama. Results Cognitive‐behavior therapy resulted in significantly lower depressive symptom severity scores. When depressive symptoms were categorized as psychological or somatic, CBT was found to significantly improve the former but not the latter. Notably, there was a trend toward somatic symptom improvement. Conclusion Cognitive‐behavior therapy can be an effective treatment for depression in a hard‐to‐reach group of older adults. Home delivery affords advantages but is also an expensive delivery modality. Diverse older adults responded to the CBT intervention. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 25, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4009   open full text
  • Vascular risk factors, depression, and cognitive change among African American older adults.
    Jeremy S. Carmasin, Benjamin T. Mast, Jason C. Allaire, Keith E. Whitfield.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 23, 2013
    Objective Vascular burden has been linked to future depression and cognitive change in predominately European American samples. This study investigated these relationships in older African Americans. Methods To examine the connection between vascular risk factors, depression, and cognitive change, this study utilized data from 435 older African Americans. Specifically, the study examined the link between vascular risk at baseline with depression and cognitive functioning at a 2.5‐year follow‐up visit. Results High baseline vascular risk was associated with increased odds of future depression while controlling for age and current depression. A series of path analyses demonstrated links between baseline vascular risk, increases in depression, and decreases in processing speed. Conclusions These findings suggest that African Americans with greater vascular burden are at greater risk for depression and cognitive change. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 23, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4007   open full text
  • Two‐year follow‐up of a randomized controlled trial of stepped care cognitive behavioral therapy to prevent recurrence of depression in an older population.
    S. R. A. Apil, P. Spinhoven, P. M. J. Haffmans, E. Hoencamp.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 23, 2013
    Objective This study aims to determine the long‐term effect of a stepped care cognitive behavioral therapy prevention program for depression in older people and the factors predicting or moderating outcome. Methods In a randomized controlled trial, 136 participants, aged 55 years or older, who had been treated for depression, received during 12 months a stepped care program (SCP) or care as usual (CAU) and were then followed up for a second year. Outcome was defined as the start of a new mental health treatment for depression in a specialized outpatient setting, as recorded in the patients' electronic medical records. Results Of the 123 patients, 38 required new mental health treatment. Survival analysis showed that participants in SCP (n = 27) required new treatment significantly more than patients receiving CAU (n = 11). Negative life events in the last year were predictive for new treatment in CAU but not in SCP. Conclusions An SCP seems to lower the threshold for new specialized mental health treatment for depression, whereas new treatment in CAU patients occurs more often in reaction to recent life events. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 23, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4010   open full text
  • Chewing problems are associated with depression in the elderly: results from the InCHIANTI study.
    Alice Laudisio, Yuri Milaneschi, Stefania Bandinelli, Antonella Gemma, Luigi Ferrucci, Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 15, 2013
    Objective Depression is increasingly recognized in older populations and associated with undernutrition, disability, and increased mortality. Chewing problems (CPs) share with depression these associations. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association, if any, between CPs and depression in older subjects. Methods We assessed 927 participants aged 65 years and older, derived from the ‘InCHIANTI’ study. Mood was evaluated using the CES‐D scale and defined depressed by a CES‐D score ≥20. CPs were self‐reported. Logistic regression was performed to assess the adjusted association between depression and CPs. The adjusted model was analyzed after stratifying for use of complete, partial dentures and edentulism. Results Chewing problems were reported by 293/927 (31.6%) participants. Depression was present in 188/927(20.3%) participants. In multivariable logistic regression, CPs were associated with depression (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.26–2.58; p = 0.001). No significant association was found among subjects who used complete dentures (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.80–1.58, p = 0.515). Up to 27.8% of prevalent depression might be attributed to CPs. Conclusions Chewing problems are associated with depression in elderly population. Use of complete dentures hinder this association. Older depressed subjects should be screened for the presence of CPs; further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of early detection and correction of CPs on the development of depression. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 15, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3995   open full text
  • Peripheral inflammatory markers in amnestic mild cognitive impairment.
    Salman Karim, Steve Hopkins, Nitin Purandare, Jackie Crowther, Julie Morris, Pippa Tyrrell, Alistair Burns.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 15, 2013
    Objective To prospectively monitor plasma inflammatory marker concentrations in peripheral blood, over 12 months, in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and to determine the relationship between peripheral inflammatory markers and cognitive decline. Methods Seventy patients with amnestic MCI were recruited from two sites providing specialist memory assessment services in Manchester. The baseline assessment included physical examination, neuro‐psychological testing and venous blood samples for C‐reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL‐6) concentrations. Sixty two participants were followed up after 12 months and the assessments were repeated. Results Data analysis revealed a significant rise in CRP, but not IL‐6 concentrations over 12 months, which was not confounded by demographic variables. The neuro‐psychological test scores had no association with CRP or IL‐6 concentrations at baseline or 12 months follow‐up. Conclusion This study adopted the unique approach of prospectively investigating peripheral inflammatory markers in a cohort with amnestic MCI. A significant rise in CRP concentrations over 12 months, but lack of significant association with cognition, provide no evidence for a relationship between systemic inflammation and cognitive decline in amnestic MCI. © 2013 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 15, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3988   open full text
  • Which behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are the most problematic? Variability by prevalence, intensity, distress ratings, and associations with caregiver depressive symptoms.
    E. B. Fauth, A. Gibbons.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 12, 2013
    Background Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) impact well‐being for persons with dementia (PWD) and caregivers. Identifying the most problematic symptoms is vital in targeting interventions and allocating resources. The current study highlights inconsistencies in the “most problematic” symptoms when identified via prevalence, intensity, caregiver distress, or associations with caregiver depressive symptoms. Methods Caregivers (N = 177) were mostly female (77%) and spouses of PWD (73%), with average age of 66.7 years (SD = 16.1). They reported BPSD frequency and distress via the Revised Memory and Behavior Problem Checklist (RMBPC) and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), and their own depressive symptoms via the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). BPSD were ranked by prevalence, average frequency, and average distress ratings. RMBPC subscales were correlated with GDS, and discriminant function analyses used NPI symptoms to discriminate between caregivers' normal (range 0–9) or elevated (10+) GDS. Results Most prevalent NPI symptoms were Apathy, Depression, and Agitation. Most intense (frequency × severity) were Appetite, Motor behaviors, and Apathy, and most distressing were Delusions, Agitation, and Irritability. For RMBPC, Memory was most frequent but least distressing, whereas Disruptive was least frequent but most distressing. RMBPC frequency and distress subscales were significantly associated with caregiver GDS. Discriminant function analyses were statistically significant (Lambda = 0.822; χ2(12) = 30.62; p = 0.002. Canonical correlation = 0.442); NPI symptoms correctly classified caregivers GDS status 72% of the time. Conclusions Symptoms revealed as “most problematic” varied by measurement criterion. Common or frequent symptoms are not necessarily the most distressing or most predictive of caregiver depression. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 12, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4002   open full text
  • Assessment of factors that influence physician decision making regarding medication use in patients with dementia at the end of life.
    Carole Parsons, Noleen McCorry, Kevin Murphy, Stephen Byrne, David O'Sullivan, Denis O'Mahony, Peter Passmore, Susan Patterson, Carmel Hughes.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 09, 2013
    Objective This study aimed to evaluate the extent to which patient‐related factors and physicians' country of practice (Northern Ireland [NI] and the Republic of Ireland [RoI]) influenced decision making regarding medication use in patients with end‐stage dementia. Methods The study utilised a factorial survey design comprising four vignettes to evaluate initiating/withholding or continuing/discontinuing specific medications in patients with dementia nearing death. Questionnaires and vignettes were mailed to all hospital physicians in geriatric medicine and to all general practitioners (GPs) in NI (November 2010) and RoI (December 2010), with a second copy provided 3 weeks after the first mailing. Logistic regression models were constructed to examine the impact of patient‐related factors and physicians' country of practice on decision making. Significance was set a priori at p ≤ 0.05. Free text responses to open questions were analysed qualitatively using content analysis. Results The response rate was 20.6% (N = 662) [21.1% (N = 245) for GPs and 52.1% (N = 38) for hospital physicians in NI, 18.3% (N = 348) for GPs and 36.0% (N = 31) for hospital physicians in RoI]. There was considerable variability in decision making about initiating/withholding antibiotics and continuing/discontinuing the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and memantine hydrochloride, and less variability in decision making regarding statins and antipsychotics. Patient place of residence and physician's country of practice had the strongest and most consistent effects on decision making although effect sizes were small. Conclusions Further research is required into other factors that may impact upon physicians' prescribing decisions for these vulnerable patients and to clarify how the factors examined in this study influence prescribing decisions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 09, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.4006   open full text
  • A pilot evaluation of a brief non‐verbal executive function assessment in Parkinson's disease.
    Peter James Hobson, Robert Jolyon Meara, Rachel Evans.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. July 04, 2013
    Objective Screening for cognitive impairment in the clinical or community setting is often hampered by the lack of a suitable assessment that is not overburdened with complex administration and scoring methods. We have developed non‐verbal cognitive screening instrument: the Weigl Token Test (WTT) from two existing instruments, the Weigl's Colour‐Form Sorting Test (WCFST) and the Token Test. The aim of this investigation is to compare the modified WTT with a battery of ‘Gold Standard’ cognitive assessments, to determine its utility, sensitivity and specificity as a brief cognitive screen in a cohort of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Methods A total of 50 PD patients consented to participate in this investigation. All participants were assessed with a battery of cognitive screening instruments including the WCFST, Mini Mental Status Examination, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination—Revised and Delis Kaplan Executive Function Systems. The sensitivity and specificity of the WTT to detect cognitive impairment were based upon psychiatric interview, neuropsychological assessment and application of DSM‐IV criteria. Results The optimal cut‐point of the WTT was 116/120, and its sensitivity and specificity to detect cognitive impairment were 88% and 89%, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of the WTT as calculated by the area under the receiver operating curve was 0.83 (95% CI 0.76–0.95), suggesting that this instrument has acceptable psychometric properties to discriminate between case and non‐cases of cognitive impairment. Conclusions The WTT demonstrated excellent concurrent validity with existing ‘Gold Standard’ assessments of cognitive impairment. We believe that this instrument will prove to be a valuable additional screening assessment in epidemiological, primary care, specialist mental health or clinical investigations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    July 04, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3996   open full text
  • How much does it hurt to be lonely? Mental and physical differences between older men and women in the KORA‐Age Study.
    A. Zebhauser, L. Hofmann‐Xu, J. Baumert, S. Häfner, M. E. Lacruz, R. T. Emeny, A. Döring, E. Grill, D. Huber, A. Peters, K. H. Ladwig.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 27, 2013
    Objective Loneliness has a deep impact on quality of life in older people. Findings on sex‐specific differences on the experience of loneliness remain sparse. This study compared the intensity of and factors associated with loneliness between men and women. Methods Analyses are based on the 2008/2009 data of the KORA‐Age Study, comprising 4127 participants in the age range of 64–94 years. An age‐stratified random subsample of 1079 subjects participated in a face‐to‐face interview. Loneliness was measured by using a short German version of the UCLA‐Loneliness‐Scale (12 items, Likert scaled, ranging from 0 to 36 points). Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the associations of socio‐demographic, physical, and psychological factors with loneliness. Results The mean level of loneliness did not significantly differ between men (17.0 ± 4.5) and women (17.5 ± 5.1). However, among the oldest old (≥85 years), loneliness was higher in women (p value = 0.047). Depression, low satisfaction with life, and low resilience were associated significantly with loneliness, which was more pronounced in men. Living alone was not associated with loneliness, whereas lower social network was associated with a three time higher risk for feeling lonely in both men and women. Conclusions The extent of loneliness was equally distributed between men and women, although women were more disadvantaged regarding living arrangements as well as physical and mental health. However, loneliness was stronger associated with adverse mental health conditions in men. These findings should be considered when developing intervention strategies to reduce loneliness. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 27, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3998   open full text
  • The association between race and gender, treatment attitudes, and antidepressant treatment adherence.
    Inger Burnett‐Zeigler, H. Myra Kim, Claire Chiang, Janet Kavanagh, Kara Zivin, Katherin Rockefeller, Jo Anne Sirey, Helen C. Kales.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 25, 2013
    Objectives We examined the associations between treatment attitudes and beliefs with race–gender differences in antidepressant adherence. Methods Subjects (n = 186) were African‐American and White subjects aged ≥60 years, diagnosed with clinically significant depression, and had a new outpatient primary care recommendation for antidepressant treatment. Antidepressant adherence was assessed using the Brief Medication Questionnaire. Attitudes and beliefs were assessed using the Patients Attitudes Toward and Ratings of Care for Depression, two items rating perceived medication importance, and a modified version of the Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help. Results African‐American men and women had significantly greater concerns about antidepressants and significantly less understanding about treatment than White women. African‐American men had significantly more negative attitudes toward healthcare providers than African‐American and White women. African‐American women were more likely than White men and women to endorse a medication other than their antidepressant as most important. Whereas some race–gender differences were found in personal spirituality, no group differences were found in perceived stigma. In a logistic regression model adjusted for key baseline variables, White women were significantly more adherent to antidepressants than African‐American women (OR = 3.05, 95% CI = 1.06–8.81). Fewer concerns about antidepressants and indicating the antidepressant as the most important medication were both significantly associated with adherence. After including either of these two variables, the adherence difference between White women and African‐American women was no longer significant (OR = 2.56, 95% CI = 0.84–7.80). Conclusions Concerns about antidepressants and the importance of antidepressant medication are associated with adherence and are potentially modifiable through improved patient–provider communication, psycho‐education, and therapeutic interventions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 25, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3984   open full text
  • Antipsychotics for delirium in the general hospital setting in consecutive 2453 inpatients: a prospective observational study.
    Kotaro Hatta, Yasuhiro Kishi, Ken Wada, Toshinari Odawara, Takashi Takeuchi, Takafumi Shiganami, Kazuo Tsuchida, Yoshio Oshima, Naohisa Uchimura, Rie Akaho, Akira Watanabe, Toshihiro Taira, Katsuji Nishimura, Naoko Hashimoto, Chie Usui, Hiroyuki Nakamura.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 25, 2013
    Objective Attention to risk of antipsychotics for older patients with delirium has been paid. A clinical question was whether risk of antipsychotics for older patients with delirium would exceed efficacy of those even in the general hospital setting. Methods A prospective observational study proceeded over a 1‐year period at 33 general hospitals, where at least one psychiatrist worked full time. Subjects were patients who developed delirium during their admission due to acute somatic diseases or surgery, and who received antipsychotics for delirium. The primary outcome was rates and kinds of serious adverse events. Results Among 2834 patients who developed delirium, 2453 patients received antipsychotics, such as risperidone (34%), quetiapine (32%), and parenteral haloperidol (20%), for delirium. Out of 2453 patients, 22 serious adverse events (0.9%) were reported. Aspiration pneumonia was the most frequent (17 patients, 0.7%), followed by cardiovascular events (4 patients, 0.2%) and venous thromboembolism (1 patient, 0.0%). There was no patient with a fracture or intracranial injury due to a fall. No one died because of antipsychotic side effects. The mean Clinical Global Impressions—Improvement Scale score was 2.02 (SD 1.09). Delirium was resolved within 1 week in more than half of the patients (54%). Conclusions In the general hospital setting under management including fine dosage adjustment and early detection of side effects, risk of antipsychotics for older patients with delirium might be low, in contrast to antipsychotics for dementia in the nursing home or outpatient settings. A point may be not how to avoid using antipsychotics but how to monitor their risk. © 2013 The Authors. Geriatric Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 25, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3999   open full text
  • Cost‐effectiveness of a stepped care programme to prevent depression and anxiety in residents in homes for the older people: a randomised controlled trial.
    J. E. Bosmans, E. Dozeman, Harm W. J. Marwijk, Digna J. F. Schaik, Max L. Stek, Aartjan T. F. Beekman, Henriette E. Horst.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 13, 2013
    Background Depression and anxiety are common in residents of elderly homes. Both disorders have negative effects on functioning, well‐being and health‐care utilisation. Besides treatment, prevention can be an option to reduce the burden of mental disorders. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of a stepped care programme to prevent the onset of depression and anxiety disorders in residents of elderly homes compared with usual care from a societal perspective. Methods Outcomes were incidence of depression and/or anxiety, severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms and quality‐adjusted life years. Health‐care utilisation was measured during interviews. Multiple imputation was used to impute missing cost and effect data. Uncertainty around cost differences and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios was estimated using bootstrapping. Cost‐effectiveness planes and acceptability curves were created. Results The incidence of depression and anxiety combined in the intervention group was not reduced in comparison with the usual care group. There was also no effect on the other outcomes. Mean total costs in the intervention group were €838 higher than in the usual care group, but this difference was not statistically significant (95% confidence interval, −593 to 2420). Cost‐effectiveness planes showed that there was considerable uncertainty. Cost‐effectiveness acceptability curves showed that the maximum probability of the intervention being cost‐effective in comparison with usual care was 0.46 for reducing the incidence of depression and anxiety combined. Conclusion A stepped care programme to prevent depression and anxiety in older people living in elderly homes was not considered cost‐effective in comparison with usual care. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 13, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3987   open full text
  • Multiple clock drawing scoring systems: simpler is better.
    Brian J. Mainland, Sean Amodeo, Kenneth I. Shulman.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 13, 2013
    Objective The clock drawing test (CDT) is a widely used cognitive screening tool that has been well accepted among clinicians and patients for its ease of use and short administration time. Although there is ample interest in the CDT as a screening instrument, there remains a range of CDT administration and scoring systems with no consensus on which system produces the most valid results while remaining user friendly. The aims of this review are to synthesize the available evidence on CDT scoring systems' effectiveness and to recommend which system is best suited for use at the clinical frontlines. Design A Pubmed literature search was carried out from 2000 to 2013 including manual cross‐referencing of bibliographies in order to capture studies published after Shulman's comprehensive review published in 2000. A brief summary of all original scoring systems is included, as well as a review of relevant comparative studies. Results The consensus from multiple comparison studies suggests that increasing the complexity of CDT scoring systems does little to enhance the test's ability to identify significant cognitive impairment. Moreover, increased complexity in scoring adds to the administration time, thereby reducing the test's utility in clinical settings. Conclusions In comparing scoring systems, no system emerged as consistently superior in terms of predictive validity. The authors conclude that when scoring the CDT as a screening instrument in a primary/general medicine/community setting, simpler is better, and perhaps qualitative assessment of “normal” versus “abnormal” may be sufficient for screening purposes and the establishment of a baseline for follow‐up. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 13, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3992   open full text
  • Serotonin transporter polymorphism is associated with increased apnea–hypopnea index in older adults.
    Carmen M. Schröder, Michelle M. Primeau, Joachim F. Hallmayer, Laura C. Lazzeroni, Jeffrey T. Hubbard, Ruth O'Hara.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 11, 2013
    Rationale A functional polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene (5‐HTTLPR) has previously been related to upper airway pathology, but its contribution to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a highly prevalent sleep disorder in older adults, remains unclear. Objectives We aimed to investigate the relationship between apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) and genetic variations in the promoter region of the 5‐HTTLPR in older adults. Methods DNA samples from 94 community‐dwelling older adults (57% female, mean age 72 ± 8) were genotyped for the 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism. All participants were assessed in their homes with full ambulatory polysomnography in order to determine AHI and related parameters such as hypoxia, sleep fragmentation, and self‐reported daytime sleepiness. Results The 5‐HTT l allele was significantly associated with AHI (p = 0.019), with l allele carriers displaying a higher AHI than s allele homozygotes. A single allele change in 5‐HTTLPR genotype from s to l resulted in an increase of AHI by 4.46 per hour of sleep (95% CI, 0.75–8.17). The l allele was also associated with increased time during sleep spent at oxygen saturation levels below 90% (p = 0.014). Conclusions The observed significant association between the 5‐HTTLPR l allele and severity of OSA in older adults suggests that the l allele may be important to consider when assessing for OSA in this age group. This association may also explain some of the observed variability among serotonergic pharmacological treatment studies for OSA, and 5‐HTT genotype status may have to be taken into account in future therapeutic trials involving serotonergic agents. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 11, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3994   open full text
  • Piloting and validation of a novel self‐administered online cognitive screening tool in normal older persons: the Cognitive Function Test.
    Catharine Trustram Eve, Celeste A. Jager.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 11, 2013
    Background Subtle cognitive changes have been described that may predate the onset of clinically recognizable Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may reflect pathological changes in the brain that are detectable up to 10 years before the onset of AD. Early screening for cognitive status can have benefits in terms of early management and prevention strategies for cognitive decline. Method A novel computerized cognitive screening tool, the Cognitive Function Test (CFT), was compared with established paper tests of episodic memory, executive function and processing speed, domains previously shown to be predictive of AD, with 50 normal participants, Mini Mental State Examination ≥24, mean age 58.1, SD 5.6 years (range 50–65). An online version, self‐administered by 195 eligible respondents without significant memory complaints or dementia, was assessed. Results Significant correlations (r = 0.75, p < 0.0001) were found between the CFT and paper tests in a pilot study, showing concurrent validity. The pilot computerized tests were compared with the online version, and no differences were found in mean scores on the total test and domain‐specific scores using an algorithm derived from the pilot CFT scores, thus showing internal consistency and reliability of the online format. Norms and 1.5 SD cut‐offs for the CFT are presented. Conclusion The online CFT was shown to be suitable for self‐administration in online format (with a mouse response mode) for this midlife age group. Individuals may wish to monitor their cognitive performance before memory concerns are sufficient to warrant visiting a GP or memory clinic. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 11, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3993   open full text
  • Preventing depression in homes for older adults: are effects sustained over 2 years?
    Digna J. F. Schaik, Els Dozeman, Harm W. J. Marwijk, Max L. Stek, Filip Smit, Aartjan T. F. Beekman, Henriëtte E. Horst.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. June 04, 2013
    Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the 2‐year effects of a stepped‐care programme to prevent the onset of a major depressive disorder (MDD) in older people living in residential homes. Methods A 2‐year follow‐up study of a pragmatic randomised controlled trial was conducted in 14 residential homes in the Netherlands. A total of 185 residents (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score >7), who did not meet the diagnostic criteria for MDD, were randomised to a stepped‐care programme (n = 93) or to usual care (n = 92). Stepped‐care participants sequentially underwent watchful waiting, a self‐help intervention, life review and a consultation with the general practitioner. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of MDD during a period of 2 years, according to the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Results After 2 years, the incidence of MDD was not significantly reduced in the intervention group compared with the control group (incidence rate ratio: 0.98; 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.54, 1.81]). However, in the completer analysis, on the basis of 79 residents who completed the 2‐year measurements, there was a significant difference in favour of the intervention group (incidence rate ratio: 0.53; 95% CI [0.32, 0.87]). Dropout percentages were high (44%), mostly accounted for by illness and death (68%). Conclusion A minority of residents had benefit from the intervention that sustained after 2 years in the completer group. Yet, these findings cannot be generalised as the majority of the residents did not opt for participation in the project and many dropped out. Ways should be sought to motivate residents with depressive symptoms to engage in preventive interventions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    June 04, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3989   open full text
  • History of a suspected delirium is more common in dementia with Lewy bodies than Alzheimer's disease: a retrospective study.
    Emma Vardy, Rachel Holt, Alex Gerhard, Anna Richardson, Julie Snowden, David Neary.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 31, 2013
    Background Delirium is common and is associated with an increased risk of dementia. However, it is not clear whether delirium confers increased risk of any particular type of dementia. We performed a retrospective study of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) to ascertain whether a suspected episode of preceding delirium was more common prior to diagnosis in either type of dementia. Methods The study was carried out in a tertiary referral unit for the diagnosis of dementia. Clinic letters from the first presentation to the unit of 85 cases with DLB and 95 cases of AD were reviewed for documentation of any previous episodes of suspected delirium. Results In this study, 25% of DLB cases had at least one reported episode of suspected delirium as compared to 7% of AD cases (p = 0.001). For the DLB cases who had a prior suspected delirium, 23% had more than one episode compared with 14% of the AD group. The median time between most recent suspected episode of delirium and diagnosis of dementia in both groups was less than a year Conclusions A greater proportion of those presenting and diagnosed with DLB had a documentation of a suspected delirium than those diagnosed with AD. Delirium may lead to a higher risk of DLB as opposed to other forms of dementia, or delirium may, at least in some cases, represent the early stages of DLB. These data suggest that a diagnosis of DLB should be specifically considered in those presenting with a delirium. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 31, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3986   open full text
  • Social relations and depression in late life—A systematic review.
    Michaela Schwarzbach, Melanie Luppa, Simon Forstmeier, Hans‐Helmut König, Steffi G. Riedel‐Heller.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 29, 2013
    Objective Social relations have become the focus of much research attention when studying depressive symptoms in older adults. Research indicates that social support and being embedded in a network may reduce the risk for depression. The aim of the review was to analyze the association of social relations and depression in older adults. Methods Electronic databases were searched systematically for potentially relevant articles published from January 2000 to December 2012. Thirty‐seven studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. Results Factors of social relations were categorized into 12 domains. Factors regarding the qualitative aspects of social relations seem to be more consistent among studies and therefore provide more explicit results. Thus, social support, quality of relations, and presence of confidants were identified as factors of social relations significantly associated with depression. The quantitative aspects of social relations seem to be more inconsistent. Cultural differences become most obvious in terms of the quantitative aspects of social relations. Conclusion Despite the inconsistent results and the methodological limitations of the studies, this review identified a number of factors of social relations that are significantly associated with depression. The review indicates that it is needful to investigate social relations in all their complexity and not reduce them to one dimension. Simultaneously, it is important to conduct longitudinal studies because studies with cross‐sectional design do not allow us to draw conclusions on causality. Beyond that, cultural differences need to be considered. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 29, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3971   open full text
  • Vascular risk factors and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: the Cache County Study.
    Martin Steinberg, Kyle Hess, Chris Corcoran, Michelle M. Mielke, Maria Norton, John Breitner, Robert Green, Jeannie Leoutsakos, Kathleen Welsh‐Bohmer, Constantine Lyketsos, Joann Tschanz.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 17, 2013
    Objective Knowledge of potentially modifiable risk factors for neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is important. This study longitudinally explores modifiable vascular risk factors for NPS in AD. Methods Participants enrolled in the Cache County Study on Memory in Aging with no dementia at baseline were subsequently assessed over three additional waves, and those with incident (new onset) dementia were invited to join the Dementia Progression Study for longitudinal follow‐up. A total of 327 participants with incident AD were identified and assessed for the following vascular factors: atrial fibrillation, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, angina, coronary artery bypass surgery, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, and use of antihypertensive or diabetes medicines. A vascular index (VI) was also calculated. NPS were assessed over time using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Affective and Psychotic symptom clusters were assessed separately. The association between vascular factors and change in NPI total score was analyzed using linear mixed model and in symptom clusters using a random effects model. Results No individual vascular risk factors or the VI significantly predicted change in any individual NPS. The use of antihypertensive medications more than four times per week was associated with higher total NPI and Affective cluster scores. Conclusions Use of antihypertensive medication was associated with higher total NPI and Affective cluster scores. The results of this study do not otherwise support vascular risk factors as modifiers of longitudinal change in NPS in AD. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 17, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3980   open full text
  • Insight in Alzheimer's disease and its relation to psychiatric and behavioral disturbances.
    Sheena M. Horning, Rebecca Melrose, David Sultzer.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 14, 2013
    Objective Individuals suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD) often have impaired awareness or a lack of insight into their cognitive deficits and functional abilities, especially in the later stages of the disease. Previous research has documented a relationship between depression and insight in AD, such that greater awareness of one's disease has been associated with a higher degree of depression. However, little is known about the relationship between insight, cognitive decline, and other psychiatric or behavioral problems associated with AD. Methods This study included 107 outpatients who met criteria for probable AD. Instruments included the Neurobehavioral Rating Scale, the Apathy Evaluation Scale, and the mini mental state exam. A series of hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between insight and depressed mood, anxiety, psychosis, apathy, agitation, and behavioral retardation in AD patients after controlling for cognitive skills. Results Insight was found to significantly predict depressed mood, anxiety, and apathy even after controlling for global cognition. Greater insight was found to be associated with depressed mood and anxiety. However, impaired insight was associated with higher levels of apathy. Conclusion Insight may be differentially related to mood symptoms and apathy within AD, such that patients with intact insight are more depressed, whereas patients with impaired insight are more apathetic. This suggests that assessment of insight in AD may complement the clinical evaluation of depression and apathy in AD and help guide the most appropriate interventions. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
    May 14, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3972   open full text
  • Increased frequency of cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14+) monocytes expressing interleukin 1 beta (IL‐1β) in Alzheimer's disease patients and intermediate levels in late‐onset depression patients.
    Karen Cecília Lima Torres, Giselle Sabrina França Lima, Carolina Maciel Fiamoncini, Vitor Bortolo Rezende, Patrícia Araújo Pereira, Maria Aparecida Bicalho, Edgar Nunes Moraes, Marco Aurélio Romano‐Silva.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 14, 2013
    Objective Depression might be a prodromal stage of dementia. Many factors contribute to the etiology of depression and dementia, being inflammation one of those. The present work measured and analyzed immune molecules involved in the innate immunity on cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14+) monocytes trying to investigate any relationship among late‐onset depression (LOD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Immune molecules were evaluated in monocytes of AD, LOD patients, and controls using flow cytometry. Results Interestingly, interleukin 1 beta (IL‐1β) expressing CD14+ monocytes were increased in AD patients compared with controls. LOD presented intermediate frequency of CD14+ monocytes expressing IL‐1β between controls and AD patients. Conclusion Results suggest that an increased frequency of CD14+ monocytes expressing IL‐1β level could be a stage marker related to the pathophysiology of dementia process between normal aging and AD. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 14, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3973   open full text
  • An examination of factors influencing delayed discharge of older people from hospital.
    David Challis, Jane Hughes, Chengqiu Xie, David Jolley.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 09, 2013
    Objective This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with the delayed discharge of older people from hospital and their length of stay (LOS). Methods Data were collected retrospectively from inpatient records and adult social care services on older patients referred to the latter prior to hospital discharge. Results Data on two related measures—delayed discharge and LOS—were analysed separately within a four‐stage sequential framework. Using bivariate analysis, we found that cognitive impairment and dependency were significantly associated with delay. Patients admitted to trauma and orthopaedics specialties were significantly more likely to be delayed on discharge. Respiratory illness was negatively associated with delay. Factors related to care received as an inpatient associated with delayed discharge from hospital were not being in the responsible consultant's bed for part of their stay, two or more moves between specialties and receipt of rehabilitation services. Admission to a care home and receipt of domiciliary care if returning to a private dwelling on discharge were associated with delay. In the multivariate analysis, dependence and cognitive impairment impacted differently on delay and LOS. Hospital variables were the most important predictors of LOS and social care variables in respect of delayed discharge. Conclusion Patient characteristics and especially the organisation of care in hospital and the provision of services on discharge are related to the likelihood of delayed discharge and LOS. Improved services and structures to systematically assess and treat patient needs in hospital, together with the timely provision of services providing post‐discharge services tailored to individual circumstances, are required. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 09, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3983   open full text
  • Factors associated with caregiver readiness to use nonpharmacologic strategies to manage dementia‐related behavioral symptoms.
    Laura N. Gitlin, Karen Rose.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 07, 2013
    Background Nonpharmacologic strategies to manage dementia‐related behavioral symptoms depend upon caregiver implementation. Caregivers may vary in readiness to use strategies. We examined characteristics associated with readiness, extent readiness changed during intervention, and predictors of change in readiness. Methods Data came from a randomized trial involving 119 caregivers in a nonpharmacologic intervention for managing behavioral symptoms. Baseline measures included caregiver, patient, and treatment‐related factors. At initial (2 weeks from baseline) and final (16 weeks) intervention sessions, interventionists rated caregiver readiness as pre‐action (precontemplation = 1; contemplation = 2; preparation = 3) or action (= 4). Ordinal logistic regression identified baseline characteristics associated with initial readiness. Mc Nemar–Bowker test of symmetry described change in readiness; binary logistic regression identified baseline predictors of change in readiness (initial to final sessions). One‐way multivariate analysis of variance identified treatment factors (dose/intensity, number of strategies used, perceived benefits, and therapeutic engagement) associated with change in readiness. Results At initial intervention session, 67.2% (N = 80) of caregivers were in pre‐action and 32.8% (N = 39) in action. Initial high readiness was associated with better caregiver mood, less financial difficulty, lower patient cognition, and more behavioral symptoms. By final session, 72% (N = 79) were in action and 28% (N = 31) in pre‐action; caregivers with less financial difficulty improved in readiness (B = −0.70, p = 0.017); those in action were more therapeutically engaged (F[2,107] = 3.61, p = 0.030) and perceived greater intervention benefits (F[2, 88] = 6.06, p = 0.003). Conclusion Whereas patient and caregiver‐related factors were associated with initial readiness, financial stability, therapeutic engagement, and perceived benefits enhanced probability of change. Understanding caregiver readiness and factors associated with its change may be important considerations in nonpharmacologic interventions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 07, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3979   open full text
  • Patient and carer views on participating in clinical trials for prodromal Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment.
    Vanessa Lawrence, James Pickett, Clive Ballard, Joanna Murray.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 06, 2013
    Objective There is great interest in conducting clinical trials of disease‐modifying therapies in the prodromal (early, pre‐dementia), asymptomatic stages of Alzheimer's disease. Diagnostic biomarker tests offer a means of identifying prodromal patients, but it is unclear how potential participants feel about their use. Deciding whether to take part in a clinical trial is a complex process in which eligible participants must balance risks and discomforts against uncertain benefits. We sought to explore the views of potential participants through qualitative research methods. Methods Focus groups with people with early memory problems, current and former family carers explored attitudes towards participating in clinical trials in the prodromal stages of the disease, using an example of anti‐amyloid antibody‐therapy (immunotherapy), which are currently in development. Results Despite the complexities involved, almost all participants had a clear idea about whether they, personally, would like to take part. Many were highly motivated to obtain an unambiguous diagnosis, regardless of their desire to participate in a clinical trial. Participants expressed minimal concern regarding the risk of adverse events associated with immunotherapy, whereas certain tests and trial procedures provoked greater anxiety. People with memory problems were found to assess the study demands in relation to their own priorities and circumstances. Conclusions The priorities of patients might be different to clinicians and those who design and regulate clinical trials. Patient views can be used to inform the ethical debate around the disclosure of biomarker status, the design of clinical trials and the content of trial information. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 06, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3958   open full text
  • Providing activity for people with dementia in care homes: a cluster randomised controlled trial.
    Jennifer Wenborn, David Challis, Jenny Head, Claudia Miranda‐Castillo, Carolyn Popham, Ruchi Thakur, Jacqueline Illes, Martin Orrell.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 02, 2013
    Background Activity levels remain low in care homes, but activity engagement can enhance residents' quality of life. Aim This study aimed to assess an occupational therapy programme designed to enable care home staff to increase activity provision. Method A cluster randomised controlled trial with blinded assessment of outcome was conducted. A total of 210 residents with dementia in 16 care homes were recruited. Intervention homes received the programme, and control homes were provided usual care. Primary outcome is quality of life; secondary measures are dependency, challenging behaviour, depression, anxiety, severity of dementia and number and type of medication. Results Quality of life decreased overall with statistically significant change in staff ratings (p < 0.001). At follow‐up, staff‐rated quality of life was slightly lower in the intervention group (mean difference in staff ratings = −1.91, 95% CI −3.39 to −0.43, p = 0.01). There were no significant differences between the two groups for self‐rated quality of life or secondary outcomes. Conclusion The results may be related to the following: wide variability in how the intervention was implemented, such as low staff attendance at the education and coaching sessions, and patchy provision of additional activities to residents; or the residents' severity of dementia or the choice of outcome measures. Future studies need to pay more attention to process measures such as implementation and fidelity strategies, and outcome measures that better capture the focus of the intervention such as level of engagement and activity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 02, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3960   open full text
  • The prevalence and associated demographic factors of dementia from a cross‐sectional community survey in Kingston, Jamaica.
    Susanne M. Neita, Wendel D. Abel, Denise Eldemire‐Shearer, Kenneth James, Roger C. Gibson.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. May 02, 2013
    Objectives Using a cross‐sectional community survey, the authors aimed to estimate the prevalence of dementia among a sample of older Jamaicans and to identify associated demographic factors. Methods From February to July 2010, persons of age ≥60 years were randomly selected from two communities in Kingston, Jamaica and screened with the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE). All MMSE‐positive participants and an equal number of matched MMSE‐negative participants underwent definitive diagnostic evaluation for dementia using the Clinical and Diagnostic Assessment Procedure for Dementia. Subsequently derived MMSE sensitivity and specificity measures from the subsample were used to estimate the overall prevalence of dementia (primary outcome). Chi square, Fisher's Exact, Exact, Spearman's correlation and t‐tests were used to explore associations of dementia with age, gender, educational level and socioeconomic status. Statistical significance was taken as p < 0.05. Results Two hundred participants were recruited. Age‐standardized prevalence rates of dementia were 5.07% (standardized to the Jamaican population) and 5.32% (standardized to the West Europe population). Dementia was more prevalent among older persons (Spearman's rho = 0.31; p < 0.001); no other significant associations were found. Conclusions Dementia prevalence found in this study is lower than figures from previous Caribbean reports. The older persons are disproportionately affected. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    May 02, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3982   open full text
  • Relationship between observable emotional expression and wandering behavior of people with dementia.
    Kyung Hee Lee, Donna L. Algase, Eleanor S. McConnell.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 30, 2013
    Objective This study explored the relationship between observable emotional expression and wandering behaviors of people with dementia (PWD). Methods A secondary data analysis was conducted of a multi‐site study that used a cross‐sectional design with repeated measures nested within subjects. Participants included 142 PWD residing in 17 nursing homes and six assisted‐living facilities in Michigan and Pennsylvania who were randomly assigned to six 20‐min videotaped observation periods, conducted on two non‐consecutive days. Poisson hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine associations between emotional expression and wandering. Results Participants exhibited an average of 13.5 (standard deviation [SD] ± 12.4) episodes of positive emotional expression per observation; only 1.5 (SD ± 2.3) episodes of negative emotional expression per observation were noted. The mean wandering rate was 2.9 episodes (SD ± 6.9) per hour. Positive emotional expression was positively related to wandering rates, whereas negative emotional expression and higher cognitive status were negatively related to wandering rates after controlling for other predictors (age, education, gender, facility type, mobility, and time of day). Conclusions Both positive and negative emotional expressions, along with cognitive status, should be considered when developing interventions to improve wandering behaviors of PWD. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 30, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3977   open full text
  • Negotiating a Labyrinth: experiences of assessment and diagnostic journey in cognitive impairment and dementia.
    Kritika Samsi, Clare Abley, Sarah Campbell, John Keady, Jill Manthorpe, Louise Robinson, Sue Watts, John Bond.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 29, 2013
    Objectives There has been a global push towards the earlier diagnosis of dementia, but there is little understanding of the transitions along the assessment and diagnostic pathway from the perspective of people affected by memory problems, cognitive impairment and early dementia. This study explores the experience of the assessment and diagnostic pathway for people with cognitive impairment and their family carers. Methods Qualitative interviews with 27 people with cognitive impairment and 26 carers (20 dyads) using four memory services before and after diagnosis disclosure were conducted. Interview transcripts were subject to constant comparative analysis and interpretations subject to discussion at regular ‘analysis clinics’. Results Twelve sub‐themes were identified along four points on the assessment journey. Feelings of confusion, uncertainty and anxiety over interminable waiting times dominated. Participants often felt without support to manage their uncertainties, emotions and did not know where to turn for support. Some were highly critical of the systemic process of assessment and diagnosis disclosure but were generally positive of the practice of individual professionals. Conclusions Service providers should review the process of assessment and diagnosis disclosure for people with cognitive impairment and their carers. They should develop a process that is person centred and accommodates the individualised preferences. The development of service systems to provide continuous relevant information and clarity to service users needs to involve all stakeholders, including people with cognitive impairment and their carers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 29, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3969   open full text
  • Psychosocial problems associated with depression at 18 months poststroke.
    A. De Ryck, E. Fransen, R. Brouns, M. Geurden, D. Peij, P. Mariën, P. P. De Deyn, S. Engelborghs.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 29, 2013
    Objective With a prevalence that varies between 20% and 65%, poststroke depression (PSD) is a frequent sequel of stroke. The aim of this study was to determine incidence and risk factors for PSD 18 months after stroke. Methods As part of the Middelheim Interdisciplinary Stroke Study, patients were followed up for 18 months in this prospective and longitudinal epidemiological study. Clinically significant signs and symptoms of PSD were quantified by means of the Cornell Scale for Depression (CSD) and the Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. Activities, including social activities, were measured with the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS). Relational problems since stroke onset were defined by a questionnaire. Results Data analysis was performed on 125 patients who completed follow‐up assessments. Depression (CSD score ≥8) was diagnosed in 28% of the patients. Patients with PSD were more dependent for activities of daily living and displayed more physical and cognitive impairment than patients without PSD. The risk to become depressed decreased with 5% when the patient's activities increased with one unit on the SIS (odds ratio (OR) = 0.95; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.93–0.97). Patients with persistent relational problems since stroke onset had approximately four and a half times greater risk of becoming depressed than patients without (OR = 4.48; 95%CI = 1.17–16.87). Conclusions Multiple regression models indicated that the most determining features for developing PSD at 18 months poststroke include reduced activity and relationship problems due to stroke. Further studies on risk factors for PSD are essential, including psychosocial aspects, given its negative impact on rehabilitation and quality of life. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 29, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3974   open full text
  • Quality of life, health status and caregiver burden in Parkinson's disease: relationship to executive functioning.
    Aleksandra Kudlicka, Linda Clare, John V. Hindle.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 29, 2013
    Objective High‐quality person‐centred care for people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) and their families relies on identifying and addressing factors that specifically impact on quality of life (QoL). Deficits in executive functions (EF) are common in Parkinson's disease, but their impact on PwPD and their caregivers is not well understood. The present study evaluated how EF contributes to QoL and health status for the PwPD and caregiver burden. Methods Sixty‐five PwPD completed measures of QoL, health status and EF, and 50 caregivers rated the EF of the PwPD and their own burden. Multiple regression analyses examined predictors of QoL (general life, health and movement disorders domains), health status and caregiver burden. Results Quality of life in the health and movement disorders domains was best explained by caregiver‐rated EF, whereas QoL in the general life domain was best explained by level of depression. Health status was predicted by self‐rated EF, with an objective EF measure also included in the regression model. Caregiver burden was best explained by caregiver‐rated EF and disease severity, with general cognition and other factors also included in the regression model. Conclusions Executive functions‐related behavioural problems may contribute to QoL and health status in PwPD and affect caregiver burden. The findings support the view that the concepts of subjective QoL and self‐assessed health status are only partially related and should not be seen as identical. Adequate strategies to reduce the impact of EF deficits are needed as this may have the potential to improve QoL in PwPD. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 29, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3970   open full text
  • Receiving while giving: The differential roles of receiving help and satisfaction with help on caregiver rewards among spouses and adult‐children.
    Marie Y. Savundranayagam.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 22, 2013
    Objective There is a growing body of literature on the rewards associated with caregiving and the utility of these rewards on buffering the negative consequences of caring for a family member with Alzheimer's disease. Many psychoeducational interventions aim to empower caregivers to seek and obtain help from their social support network, with the expectation that help will enable them to cope more effectively. Methods This study investigated the impact of changes in help and changes in satisfaction with help on positive aspects of caregiving for both spouse (N = 254) and adult‐child (N = 208) caregivers who attended a psychoeducational intervention. Results Analyses using structural equation modeling revealed that increases in amount of help and satisfaction with help were significantly linked with increases in caregiver rewards for adult‐children. However, only increases in satisfaction with help were significantly related to increases in caregiver rewards for spouses. Conclusions These group differences suggest that the quality of support is critical for spouses, whereas both quality and receiving extra help are useful for adult‐child caregivers. These findings are discussed in terms of the importance of understanding the differential needs of spouse and adult‐child caregivers in practice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 22, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3967   open full text
  • The diagnosis, prevalence and outcome of delirium in a cohort of older people with mental health problems on general hospital wards.
    Kathy H. Whittamore, Sarah E. Goldberg, John R.F. Gladman, Lucy E. Bradshaw, Rob G. Jones, Rowan H. Harwood.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 22, 2013
    Objectives This paper aimed to measure the prevalence and outcomes of delirium for patients over 70 admitted to a general hospital for acute medical care and to assess the validity of the Delirium Rating Scale‐Revised‐98 (DRS‐R‐98) in this setting. Methods Prospective study in a British acute general hospital providing sole emergency medical services for its locality. We screened consecutive patients over 70 with an unplanned emergency hospital admission and recruited a cohort of 249 patients likely to have mental health problems. They were assessed for health status at baseline and followed over 6 months. A sub‐sample of 93 participants was assessed clinically for delirium. Results 27% (95% confidence interval (CI) 23–31) of all older medical patients admitted to hospital had DRS‐diagnosed delirium, and 41% (95% CI 37–45) had dementia (including 19% with co‐morbid delirium and dementia). Compared with clinician diagnosis, DRS‐R‐98 sensitivity was at least 0.75, specificity 0.71. Compared with reversible cognitive impairment, sensitivity was at least 0.50, specificity 0.67. DRS‐diagnosed delirium was associated with cognitive impairment, mood, behavioural and psychological symptoms, activities of daily living, and number of drugs prescribed, supporting construct validity. Of those with DRS‐diagnosed delirium, 37% died within 6 months (relative risk 1.4, 95% CI 0.97–2.2), 43% had reversible cognitive impairment, but only 25% had clinically important recovery in activities of daily living. Behavioural and psychological symptoms were common and mostly resolved, but new symptoms frequently developed. Conclusion Delirium is common. Some, but not all, features are reversible. DRS‐R‐98 has reasonable validity in populations where co‐morbid dementia is prevalent. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 22, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3961   open full text
  • Association between depression and maintenance medication adherence among Medicare beneficiaries with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
    Jingjing Qian, Linda Simoni‐Wastila, Gail B. Rattinger, Ilene H. Zuckerman, Susan Lehmann, Yu‐Jung J. Wei, Bruce Stuart.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 19, 2013
    Objective Depression is a significant comorbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although comorbid depression is associated with low use and poor adherence to medications treating other chronic conditions, evidence of the relationship between depression and COPD management is limited. This study estimated the association between depression and COPD maintenance medication (MM) adherence among patients with COPD. Methods This cross‐sectional study used a 5% random sample of 2006–2007 Chronic Condition Warehouse data. Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in Parts A, B, and D plans with diagnosed COPD who survived through 2006 were included (n = 74,863). COPD MM adherence was measured as medication discontinuation and proportion of days covered (PDC). Depression was identified through the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes. Multivariable models with modified generalized estimating equations were used to estimate adjusted association between depression diagnosis and medication adherence, controlling for sociodemographics, comorbidities, and disease severity. Results Among the sample, about one third (33.6%) had diagnosed depression. More than half (61.8%) of beneficiaries with COPD filled at least one COPD MM prescription. Depressed beneficiaries had a higher likelihood of using COPD MM than non‐depressed beneficiaries (adjusted prevalence ratios [PR] = 1.02; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.01, 1.03). Among COPD MM users, depressed beneficiaries were more likely to discontinue medications (PR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.04, 1.14) and less likely to exhibit PDC ≥ 0.80 (PR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.86, 0.92) than non‐depressed beneficiaries. Conclusions Depression is prevalent in Medicare beneficiaries with COPD and independently associated with lower COPD MM adherence. Interventions to improve medication adherence for COPD patients may consider management of comorbidities such as depression. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 19, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3968   open full text
  • Performance of a computer‐based assessment of cognitive function measures in two cohorts of seniors.
    Mark A. Espeland, Jeffrey A. Katula, Julia Rushing, Arthur F. Kramer, Janine M. Jennings, Kaycee M. Sink, Neelesh K. Nadkarni, Kieran F. Reid, Cynthia M. Castro, Timothy Church, Diana R. Kerwin, Jeff D. Williamson, Richard A. Marottoli, Scott Rushing, Michael Marsiske, Stephen R. Rapp,.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 16, 2013
    Background Computer‐administered assessment of cognitive function is being increasingly incorporated in clinical trials; however, its performance in these settings has not been systematically evaluated. Design The Seniors Health and Activity Research Program pilot trial (N = 73) developed a computer‐based tool for assessing memory performance and executive functioning. The Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders investigators incorporated this battery in a full‐scale multicenter clinical trial (N = 1635). We describe relationships that test scores have with those from interviewer‐administered cognitive function tests and risk factors for cognitive deficits and describe performance measures (completeness, intraclass correlations [ICC]). Results Computer‐based assessments of cognitive function had consistent relationships across the pilot and full‐scale trial cohorts with interviewer‐administered assessments of cognitive function, age, and a measure of physical function. In the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders cohort, their external validity was further demonstrated by associations with other risk factors for cognitive dysfunction: education, hypertension, diabetes, and physical function. Acceptable levels of data completeness (>83%) were achieved on all computer‐based measures; however, rates of missing data were higher among older participants (odds ratio = 1.06 for each additional year; p < 0.001) and those who reported no current computer use (odds ratio = 2.71; p < 0.001). ICCs among clinics were at least as low (ICC < 0.013) as for interviewer measures (ICC < 0.023), reflecting good standardization. All cognitive measures loaded onto the first principal component (global cognitive function), which accounted for 40% of the overall variance. Conclusion Our results support the use of computer‐based tools for assessing cognitive function in multicenter clinical trials of older individuals. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 16, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3949   open full text
  • Factors associated with help‐seeking behaviors in Mexican older individuals with depressive symptoms: a cross‐sectional study.
    Mario Ulises Pérez‐Zepeda, Victoria Eugenia Arango‐Lopera, Fernando A. Wagner, Joseph J. Gallo, Sergio Sánchez‐García, Teresa Juárez‐Cedillo, Carmen García‐Peña.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 14, 2013
    Objective Depression in the older individuals is associated with multiple adverse outcomes, such as high health service utilization rates, low pharmacological compliance, and synergistic interactions with other comorbidities. Moreover, the help‐seeking process, which usually starts with the feeling “that something is wrong” and ends with appropriate medical care, is influenced by several factors. The aim of this study was to explore factors associated with the pathway of help seeking among older adults with depressive symptoms. Methods A cross‐sectional study of 60‐year or older community dwelling individuals belonging to the largest health and social security system in Mexico was carried out. A standardized interview explored the process of seeking health care in four dimensions: depressive symptoms, help seeking, help acquisition, and specialized mental health. Results A total of 2322 individuals were studied; from these, 67.14% (n = 1559) were women, and the mean age was 73.18 years (SD = 7.02); 57.9% had symptoms of depression; 337 (25.1%) participants sought help, and 271 (80.4%) received help; and 103 (38%) received specialized mental health care. In the stepwise model for not seeking help (χ2 = 81.66, p < 0.0001), significant variables were female gender (odds ratio (OR) = 0.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.511–0.958, p = 0.026), health‐care use (OR 3.26, CI 95% 1.64–6.488, p = 0.001). Number of years in school, difficulty in activities, Short Anxiety Screening Test score, and indication that depression is not a disease belief were also significant. Conclusions Appropriate mental health care is rather complex and is influenced by several factors. The main factors associated with help seeking were gender, education level, recent health service use, and the belief that depression is not a disease. Detection of subjects with these characteristics could improve care of the older individuals with depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 14, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3953   open full text
  • Blood pro‐inflammatory cytokines in Alzheimer's disease in relation to the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
    Cassandra Richardson, Paul R. Gard, Anthony Klugman, Mokhtar Isaac, Naji Tabet.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 14, 2013
    Objective A potential anti‐inflammatory role for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) has been supported by animal studies. As very limited data exist from individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the aim of this study was to assess the potential influence of AChEIs on blood pro‐inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that pro‐inflammatory cytokine concentrations were lower in individuals with AD stabilized on AChEIs. Methods Blood interleukin‐1 beta, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha concentrations were assessed using specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays in three groups of participants: patients with AD stabilized on a therapeutic dose of an AChEI (n = 42); AChEIs drug naïve patients (n = 24); and a cognitively unimpaired control group (n = 35). Patients in the AChEIs group had received medication for an average of one year. Results Patients stabilized on an AChEI did not differ significantly from drug naïve patients in relation to the concentrations of interleukin‐1 beta, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (p = 0.874, 0.225, and 0.978, respectively). Within the group taking AChEIs, the levels of cytokines did not differ between those taking donepezil, rivastigmine, or galantamine (p = 0.368, 0.851, and 0.299, respectively). Conclusions Results from animal studies suggesting a modulatory anti‐inflammatory role for AChEIs was not advanced in this study. In individuals with AD, very limited evidence currently exists to support the hypothesis that AChEIs may influence inflammatory blood markers and function beyond the enhancement of neuronal transmission. However, further studies assessing a wider range of inflammatory markers and processes are still needed before this hypothesis can be ruled out. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 14, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3966   open full text
  • Complex visual hallucinations and attentional performance in eye disease and dementia: a test of the Perception and Attention Deficit model.
    S. M. Makin, J. Redman, U. P. Mosimann, R. Dudley, M. P. Clarke, C. Colbourn, D. Collerton.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 05, 2013
    Objective This study aimed to test the prediction from the Perception and Attention Deficit model of complex visual hallucinations (CVH) that impairments in visual attention and perception are key risk factors for complex hallucinations in eye disease and dementia. Methods Two studies ran concurrently to investigate the relationship between CVH and impairments in perception (picture naming using the Graded Naming Test) and attention (Stroop task plus a novel Imagery task). The studies were in two populations—older patients with dementia (n = 28) and older people with eye disease (n = 50) with a shared control group (n = 37). The same methodology was used in both studies, and the North East Visual Hallucinations Inventory was used to identify CVH. Results A reliable relationship was found for older patients with dementia between impaired perceptual and attentional performance and CVH. A reliable relationship was not found in the population of people with eye disease. Conclusions The results add to previous research that object perception and attentional deficits are associated with CVH in dementia, but that risk factors for CVH in eye disease are inconsistent, suggesting that dynamic rather than static impairments in attentional processes may be key in this population. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 05, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3947   open full text
  • Change in antipsychotic usage pattern and risk of relapse in older patients with schizophrenia.
    Tiina Talaslahti, Hanna‐Mari Alanen, Helinä Hakko, Matti Isohanni, Unto Häkkinen, Esa Leinonen.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 05, 2013
    Objective The aim of this study was to explore the use of first (FGAs) and second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) in older outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Factors associated with schizophrenic relapses were also studied. Methods The study sample consisting of 8792 patients aged 64 years or more was collected from Finnish nationwide registers. The register data on the use of FGAs and SGAs were followed up between 1998 and 2003. Factors associated with psychiatric hospitalization in 1999 indicating relapse were studied using logistic regression analysis. Results The use of SGAs increased from 2.8% to 12.4%, and the use of FGAs decreased from 57.5% to 39.4%. The use of a combination of SGAs and FGAs increased from 4.0% to 8.5%. The proportion of those who did not buy any antipsychotics varied between 35.8% and 39.7%. The number of patients hospitalized on psychiatric wards within a year (1999; relapsed) was 8.8%. Factors independently associated with relapse were use of combined FGAs and SGAs [odds ratio (OR) 1.70, p = 0.001] and use of antidepressants (OR 1.27, p = 0.019). Diagnosis of cardiovascular disease was negatively associated with risk of schizophrenic relapse (OR 0.84, p = 0.040). Conclusion The use of SGAs increased while the use of FGAs decreased in older outpatients with schizophrenia. Almost 40% of the study sample did not use any antipsychotic medication. The 1‐year relapse rate was 8.8%. Several factors, such as combined use of FGAs and SGAs, or antidepressants, were associated with schizophrenic relapse, whereas cardiovascular disease showed a negative association with the relapse. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 05, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3962   open full text
  • Re‐examining ethnic differences in concerns, knowledge, and beliefs about Alzheimer's disease: results from a national sample.
    Liat Ayalon.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 04, 2013
    Objective This study aims to evaluate ethnic group differences in concerns, knowledge, and beliefs about Alzheimer's disease (AD) in three ethnic groups of older adults (White, Latino, and Black). Methods The Health and Retirement Study is a US national representative study of older adults over the age of 50 years and their spouse of any age. The study is based on the 2010 wave. Results Analysis is based on data from 939 White, 120 Latino, and 171 Black respondents who completed a special module about AD concerns, knowledge, and beliefs. There were significant ethnic differences on 7 of 13 items. However, after the adjustment for education, gender, age, having a family member with AD, depressive symptoms, and medical comorbidity, only four items showed significant ethnic group differences; relative to White respondents, Black respondents were less likely to report that having a parent or a sibling with AD increases the chance of developing AD and that genetics was an important risk for AD. In addition, relative to White respondents, both Black and Latino respondents were more likely to perceive stress as a potential risk for AD. Latino respondents were less likely to perceive mental activity as a protective factor. Conclusions The study found limited ethnic group differences, with most items showing a similar pattern across groups. Nevertheless, the nature of the ethnic group differences found might be associated with a differential pattern of health service use. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 04, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3959   open full text
  • Age and sex differences in prevalence and clinical correlates of depression: first results from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing.
    Claire O Regan, Patricia M Kearney, George M Savva, Hilary Cronin, Rose Anne Kenny.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. April 01, 2013
    Objective The risk of depression is increased by physical illness; however, the nature of this relationship is complex and unclear. Here, we explore the prevalence and clinical correlates of depression, with particular emphasis on factors representing consequences or physical manifestations of disease and identify age and gender differences in their effects. Methods A population‐representative sample of 8175 community‐dwelling adults aged 50 years and over participated in the first wave of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. The primary outcome measure was clinically significant depressive symptoms defined by a score of 16 or greater on the 20‐item Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Results Overall, 10% (95% CI: 9–11%) of adults reported clinically significant depressive symptoms. Physical illness is associated with depressive symptoms only in adults 65 years and older; in adults aged 50–64 years, the association is mediated by medication use, and this age difference is statistically significant (p < 0.00). Irrespective of age, chronic pain and incontinence were stronger predictors of depression in men (interaction effects p < 0.00) Conclusions Our findings identify age‐specific and gender‐specific clinical markers for depression risk among the older population, which may identify those more likely to present with depression in community settings. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    April 01, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3955   open full text
  • Association between depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome in Japanese community‐dwelling older people: a cross‐sectional analysis from the baseline results of the Fujiwara‐kyo prospective cohort study.
    Masayuki Morikawa, Nozomi Okamoto, Kuniaki Kiuchi, Kimiko Tomioka, Junko Iwamoto, Akihiro Harano, Keigo Saeki, Masami Fukusumi, Kazumichi Hashimoto, Nobuko Amano, Kan Hazaki, Motokazu Yanagi, Masayuki Iki, Fumio Yamada, Toshifumi Kishimoto, Norio Kurumatani.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 22, 2013
    Objective Metabolic syndrome contains many risks for medical diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, which might precipitate depressive symptoms in the older people. However, the association between depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome in Japanese community‐dwelling older people is unclear. This study was performed to answer this important question. Methods Cross‐sectional analyses were performed on 3796 community‐dwelling independent older people (≥65 years, 1911 men and 1885 women) from the 2007–2008 baseline examination of the Fujiwara‐kyo study, a prospective cohort study on successful aging. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 15‐item short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale and metabolic syndrome was defined according to the 2005 International Diabetes Federation. Covariates were social supports, negative life events, health behavior, education, cognitive function, anthropometric status, and others. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the relationships between depressive symptoms and these variables. Results The prevalence of depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale‐15 ≥6) and metabolic syndrome were 14.8% and 16.6%, respectively. Significant protective factors against depressive symptoms were higher education, more opportunity for drinking of alcohol, better social supports, and more walking daily. Metabolic syndrome was statistically associated with depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio = 1.32, 95% confidence interval = 1.03–1.68). Other risk factors significantly associated with depressive symptoms were sleep disturbance, visual or hearing impairment, and negative life events. Conclusions The present study showed an association between metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms in ambulatory Japanese older people, as in western countries.
    March 22, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3950   open full text
  • Survival in dementia and predictors of mortality: a review.
    Stephen Todd, Stephen Barr, Mark Roberts, A Peter Passmore.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 22, 2013
    Objective Dementia is an important cause of mortality and, with the ageing population and increasing prevalence of dementia, reliable data on prognosis and survival will be of interest to patients and caregivers as well as providers and commissioners of health and social care. A review of the literature was undertaken to determine the rates of survival in dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to identify factors that are or are not predictive of mortality in dementia and AD. Methods Relevant articles on mortality in dementia were identified following a search of several electronic databases from 1990 to September 2012. Inclusion criteria were reports on prospective community or clinic based cohorts published in English since 1990, to reflect more recent recognition of possible predictors. Results Median survival time from age of onset of dementia ranges from 3.3 to 11.7 years, with most studies in the 7 to 10‐year period. Median survival time from age of disease diagnosis ranges from 3.2 to 6.6 years for dementia or AD cohorts as a whole. Age was consistently reported as a predictor of mortality, with male gender a less consistent predictor. Increased disease severity and functional impairment were often associated with mortality. Conclusions Substantial heterogeneity in the design of included studies limits the ability to prognosticate for individual patients. However, it is clear that dementia and AD are associated with significant mortality. Reasons for the increased mortality are not established. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 22, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3946   open full text
  • Depression, disability and functional status among community‐dwelling older adults in South Africa: evidence from the first South African National Income Dynamics Study.
    Andrew Tomita, Jonathan K Burns.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 20, 2013
    Objectives This study examined the relationship between depression and functional status among a community‐dwelling older population of 65 years and older in South Africa. Method Data from the first wave of the South African National Income Dynamics Study were used, this being the first longitudinal panel survey of a nationally representative sample of households. The study focused on the data for resident adults 65 years and older (n = 1,429). Depression was assessed using the 10‐item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Functional status, pertaining to both difficulty and dependence in activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and physical functioning and mobility (PFM), were assessed using 11 items. Results Functional challenges were generally higher in the older age group. There was a significant association between depression and functional dependence in ADL (adjusted OR = 2.57 [CI: 1.03–6.41]), IADL (adjusted OR = 2.76 [CI: 1.89–4.04]), and PFM (adjusted OR = 1.66 [CI: 1.18–2.33]), but the relationship between depression and functional status, particularly PFM, appeared weaker in older age. Conclusion The relationship between depression symptoms and function is complex. Functional characteristics between older and younger old populations are diverse, and caution is indicated against overgeneralizing the challenges related to depression and function among this target population. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 20, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3954   open full text
  • Interdisciplinary intervention decreases cognitive impairment for older Taiwanese with hip fracture: 2‐year follow‐up.
    Yea‐Ing L. Shyu, Ming‐Yueh Tseng, Jersey Liang, Wen‐Che Tsai, Chi‐Chuan Wu, Huey‐Shinn Cheng.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 16, 2013
    Objectives Few studies describe the trajectories of cognitive function for hip‐fracture patients following hospital discharge and the treatment effects of interdisciplinary intervention on cognitive outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore the 2‐year postoperative trajectory for cognitive function of older hip‐fracture patients and cognitive effects of an interdisciplinary intervention. Methods Of 160 subjects randomly assigned to groups, 29 (35.8%) in the control group (n = 81) and 30 (38.0%) in the intervention group (n = 79) were cognitively impaired at admission. The intervention group received geriatric consultation, continuous rehabilitation, and discharge planning. Subjects' cognitive function was measured using the mini mental state examination Taiwan version at admission, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after discharge and analyzed using hierarchical generalized linear models. Results Patients who received the intervention program had 75% less likelihood of being cognitively impaired 6 months following discharge than those who received routine care (odds ratio = 0.25, p < 0.001). The difference between the control and intervention groups was small at admission, peaked at 18 months, and decreased from 18 to 24 months following discharge. Conclusions Our interdisciplinary intervention improved the long‐term postoperative cognitive functioning of older persons with hip fracture in Taiwan. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 16, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3945   open full text
  • Computerised cognitive behavioural therapy for depression and anxiety with older people: a pilot study to examine patient acceptability and treatment outcome.
    William McMurchie, Fiona Macleod, Kevin Power, Ken Laidlaw, Neil Prentice.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 14, 2013
    Objective The study objective was to determine the acceptability and treatment outcome of using Beating the Blues (BTB) with older people (65+ years). Specific aims included identifying the treatment uptake and drop‐out rate, and describing the role of basic demographics in therapy uptake. Method Fifty‐eight participants, experiencing symptoms of depression, were given a free choice of receiving treatment as usual (TAU) plus BTB (TAU + BTB) or TAU alone. All participants completed demographic questionnaires and a range of outcome measures at baseline, 2 months after baseline (end of treatment) and 3 months after baseline (follow‐up). Results Thirty‐three participants (56.9%) opted to receive BTB and reported having more experience and confidence using a computer than those who declined BTB. Twenty‐four participants (72.7%) went on to complete all eight BTB sessions. Statistical analysis found significant differences between the two treatment groups, with the TAU + BTB group showing greater improvements in their symptoms of depression and anxiety than the TAU group by the end of treatment and at follow‐up. Furthermore, the TAU + BTB group had a significantly higher percentage of participants who met criteria for clinically significant improvement in their symptoms of depression by the end of treatment and at follow‐up. Conclusion Although further research is required, including a randomised controlled trial, the results of this initial pilot study provide evidence that BTB may offer an acceptable and effective treatment option for older people. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 14, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3935   open full text
  • Beside the Geriatric Depression Scale: the WHO‐Five Well‐being Index as a valid screening tool for depression in nursing homes.
    Antje‐Kathrin Allgaier, Dietmar Kramer, Barbara Saravo, Roland Mergl, Sabina Fejtkova, Ulrich Hegerl.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 06, 2013
    Objective The aim of the study was to compare criterion validities of the WHO‐Five Well‐being Index (WHO‐5) and the Geriatric Depression Scale 15‐item version (GDS‐15) and 4‐item version (GDS‐4) as screening instruments for depression in nursing home residents. Methods Data from 92 residents aged 65–97 years without severe cognitive impairment (Mini Mental State Examination ≥15) were analysed. Criterion validities of the WHO‐5, the GDS‐15 and the GDS‐4 were assessed against diagnoses of major and minor depression provided by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV. Subanalyses were performed for major and minor depression. Areas under the receiver operating curve (AUCs) as well as sensitivities and specificities at optimal cut‐off points were computed. Results Prevalence of depressive disorder was 28.3%. The AUC value of the WHO‐5 (0.90) was similar to that of the GDS‐15 (0.82). Sensitivity of the WHO‐5 (0.92) at its optimal cut‐off of ≤12 was significantly higher than that of the GDS‐15 (0.69) at its optimal cut‐off of ≥7. The WHO‐5 was equally sensitive for the subgroups of major and minor depression (0.92), whereas the GDS‐15 was sensitive only for major depression (0.85), but not for minor depression (0.54). For specificity, there was no significant difference between WHO‐5 (0.79) and GDS‐15 (0.88), but both instruments outperformed the GDS‐4 (0.53). Conclusions The WHO‐5 demonstrated high sensitivity for major and minor depression. Being shorter than the GDS‐15 and superior to the GDS‐4, the WHO‐5 is a promising screening tool that could help physicians improve low recognition rates of depression in nursing home residents. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 06, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3944   open full text
  • Participation in productive activities and depression among older Europeans: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE).
    Kyeong‐Sook Choi, Robert Stewart, Michael Dewey.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 04, 2013
    Objective Although engagement in productive activities is associated with favourable outcomes with respect to the health and well‐being of older individuals, the association between such activities and depression in older populations remains relatively unexplored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association among five productive activities (paid work, formal volunteering, caregiving, informal helping and caring for grandchildren) with depression in older adults in 14 European countries. Methods This cross‐sectional study used the first two waves of data collected by the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and analysed a total sample of 7238 relatively healthy community residents aged 60 years and older from 14 European countries. The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe excluded potential participants with a past history of depression, cognitive impairment and physical limitations. Depression was categorised using the EURO‐D instrument, and associations with participating in productive activities were investigated. Results Depression was less prevalent among those individuals who were employed or self‐employed and those who participated in formal volunteering or informal helping, whereas caregiving was associated with a higher risk of depression. Caring for grandchildren was not associated positively or negatively with depression. Formal volunteering and caregiving remained associated with depression after adjustment for age, sex, marital status, education, economic status, country and presence of long‐term illness. Conclusions Availability of formal volunteering may be important in reducing depression risk, whereas caregiving is associated with a higher risk of depression in older European adults. Further research is required to clarify the direction of causation and evaluate interventions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 04, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3936   open full text
  • Suicidal ideation in family carers of people with dementia: a pilot study.
    Siobhan T. O'Dwyer, Wendy Moyle, Melanie Zimmer‐Gembeck, Diego De Leo.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. March 04, 2013
    Objective The objective of this pilot study was to gather preliminary evidence on suicidal ideation in family carers of people with dementia. Methods An online, cross‐sectional survey was conducted with 120 family carers, the majority of whom were located in Australia and USA. The survey included measures of suicidality, self‐efficacy, physical health, depression, hopelessness, anxiety, optimism, caregiver burden, coping strategies and social support. Results Twenty‐six percent of carers had contemplated suicide more than once in the previous year. Only half of these had ever told someone they might commit suicide and almost 30% said they were likely to attempt suicide in the future. Carers who had contemplated suicide had poorer mental health, lower self‐efficacy for community support service use and greater use of dysfunctional coping strategies than those who had not. In a logistic regression, only depression predicted the presence of suicidal thoughts. Conclusions A significant number of people might contemplate suicide while caring for a family member with dementia. Although more research is required to confirm this finding, there are clear implications for policy and clinical practice in terms of identifying and supporting carers who are already contemplating suicide. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    March 04, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3941   open full text
  • The external validity of MRI‐defined vascular depression.
    Monique A. Pimontel, Michelle E. Reinlieb, Lauren C. Johnert, Ernst Garcon, Joel R. Sneed, Steven P. Roose.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 28, 2013
    Objective Multiple diagnostic criteria have been used to define vascular depression (VD). As a result, there are discrepancies in the clinical characteristics that have been established for the illness. The aim of this study was twofold. First, we used empirically established diagnostic criteria to determine the clinical characteristics of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐defined VD. Second, we assessed the agreement between a quantitative and qualitative method for identifying the illness. Method We examined the baseline clinical and neuropsychological profile of 38 patients from a larger, double‐blind, randomized, 12‐week clinical trial comparing nortriptyline with sertraline in depressed older adults. Ten patients met quantitative criteria for MRI‐defined VD based on the highest quartile of deep white matter hyperintensity (DWMH) volume. Fourteen patients met qualitative criteria for MRI‐defined VD based on a DWMH score of 2 or higher on the Fazekas' modified Coffey rating scale. Results Age, gender, cumulative illness rating scale‐geriatric (CIRS‐G) score, two measures of psychomotor retardation [the psychomotor retardation item of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) as well as performance on the Purdue Pegboard], and performance on the Stroop Color/Word test (a measure of the response inhibition component of executive functioning) were significantly different between those with VD and non‐VD. Conclusions Patients with VD have a distinct clinical and neuropsychological profile that is mostly consistent across different methods for identifying the illness. These findings support the notion that MRI‐defined VD represents a unique and valid subtype of late‐life depression. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 28, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3943   open full text
  • European studies on the prevalence of dementia in the elderly: time for a step towards a methodological consensus.
    Blazej Misiak, Magdalena Cialkowska‐Kuzminska, Dorota Frydecka, Sylwia Chladzinska‐Kiejna, Andrzej Kiejna.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 28, 2013
    Objective The aim of this study was to discuss methodological limitations in studies on the prevalence of dementia across European countries with particular attention to post‐EURODEM studies. Methods Two people independently focused on an iterative literature search for studies published in the years 2000–2012 using the following keywords: ‘dementia’, ‘Alzheimer’, ‘incidence’, ‘prevalence’ that were cross‐linked with names of European countries. After that, the results obtained were compared and publications in English were included in a subsequent analysis. Results We included 26 studies published in the years 2000–2012. The majority of epidemiological studies come from Spain and Italy. The past decade has not provided prevalence rates from a considerable number of countries. There is also a lack of nationwide surveys on the prevalence of dementia. Predominantly, epidemiological studies on the prevalence of dementia follow a two‐stage approach that consists of a screening phase and a subsequent confirmation of dementia. However, several differences, particularly with regard to the neuropsychological instruments used, still exist and contribute to inconsistent prevalence rates. Conclusions Although the EURODEM study was a milestone in the epidemiology of dementia in Europe and provided several future directions for research, methodological limitations are apparent in a number of European studies on the prevalence of dementia and require particular attention. In particular, a variety of diagnostic instruments requires unification for future studies. On the other hand, given the lack of epidemiological studies from a number of countries and the increasing prevalence of dementia, the need for population‐based surveys should be emphasized. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 28, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3948   open full text
  • Executive functioning in older adults with hoarding disorder.
    Catherine R. Ayers, Julie Loebach Wetherell, Dawn Schiehser, Erin Almklov, Shahrokh Golshan, Sanjaya Saxena.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 26, 2013
    Background Hoarding disorder (HD) is a chronic and debilitating psychiatric condition. Midlife HD patients have been found to have neurocognitive impairment, particularly in areas of executive functioning, but the extent to which this is due to comorbid psychiatric disorders has not been clear. Aims/Method The purpose of the present investigation was to examine executive functioning in geriatric HD patients without any comorbid Axis I disorders (n = 42) compared with a healthy older adult comparison group (n = 25). We hypothesized that older adults with HD would perform significantly worse on measures of executive functioning (Wisconsin Card Sort Task [Psychological Assessment Resources, Lutz, Florida, USA] ( Psychological Assessment Resources, 2003) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐IV digit span and letter–number sequencing tests [Pearson, San Antonio, TX, USA]). Results Older adults with HD showed significant differences from healthy older controls in multiple aspects of executive functioning. Compared with healthy controls, older adults with HD committed significantly more total, non‐perseverative errors and conceptual level responses on the Wisconsin Card Sort Task and had significantly worse performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐IV digit span and letter–number sequencing tests. Hoarding symptom severity was strongly correlated with executive dysfunction in the HD group. Conclusions Compared with demographically‐matched controls, older adults with HD have dysfunction in several domains of executive functioning including mental control, working memory, inhibition, and set shifting. Executive dysfunction is strongly correlated with hoarding severity and is not because of comorbid psychiatric disorders in HD patients. These results have broad clinical implications suggesting that executive functioning should be assessed and taken into consideration when developing intervention strategies for older adults with HD. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 26, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3940   open full text
  • Costs of diagnosing dementia: results from SveDem, the Swedish Dementia Registry.
    Anders Wimo, Dorota Religa, Kalle Spångberg, Ann‐Katrin Edlund, Bengt Winblad, Maria Eriksdotter.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 26, 2013
    Objective Diagnostic of different dementia disorders is an important part of dementia care. So far, there is limited knowledge about how dementia is diagnosed in clinical routine, and there are few reports on the costs of the dementia work‐up leading to a diagnosis. Here, we examine the costs of diagnostic dementia work‐up in Sweden. Methods The analyses were made on the data from the Swedish Dementia Registry (SveDem) and included 11,561 dementia patients diagnosed during 2007–2010, mainly not only in specialist care (SC) (n = 53) but also some primary care centres (PC). We have studied differences in the use of investigations for dementia diagnostics such as cognitive tests, blood and cerebrospinal fluid analyses, radiological examinations and assessments of functions. Unit costs for each diagnostic investigation were combined with the use of these investigations for all cases in the database. Results are presented versus gender and stratified for age. Results The number of diagnostic tests performed was 2.8 in PC and 4.6 in SC. The average costs (€1 = SEK9 and US$1 = SEK7 in 2010) were SEK6777 in PC and SEK11,682 in SC. Age was the strongest cost predictor while there were no gender differences. There were also regional differences, ranging from SEK8231 to SEK14,734 in SC. Conclusions The SveDem database offers valuable information on the diagnostic procedures for dementia in daily clinical practice. The differences between PC and SC in diagnostic costs reflect national guidelines. The age effect needs to be studied more. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 26, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3925   open full text
  • Preliminary analysis of age of illness onset effects on symptom profiles in major depressive disorder.
    Rebecca A. Charlton, Melissa Lamar, Olusola Ajilore, Anand Kumar.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 19, 2013
    Objective Major depressive disorder (MDD) is prevalent across the lifespan, but relatively little is known about how age of illness onset impacts the cognitive and affective presentation of MDD. Method We explore depressive symptoms and cognition in 70 adults (30–89 years old) with MDD. Participants were divided into three groups on the basis of age of MDD onset: early (<30 years), midlife (30–49.9 years), and late (>50 years). Symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; principal component analysis was used to create symptom component scores. Cognitive functions were measured. Results The late‐onset group were significantly older than the early‐onset and midlife‐onset groups. Analysis controlled for age and hemoglobin A1c levels, as some participants had diabetes. The late‐onset group demonstrated greater weight loss and gastrointestinal symptoms compared with the early‐onset group. Suicidal thoughts and sleep disturbance were higher in both the early‐onset and late‐onset groups compared with the midlife‐onset group. Correlations between symptom components and cognitive domains varied by age‐of‐onset group. Discussion This preliminary analysis demonstrates cognitive and affective profiles that are both unique to age of onset and common across MDD. Symptom profiles may assist in identifying factors influencing depression and enhance the clinical evaluation and care of individuals struggling with the effects of depression across the lifespan. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 19, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3939   open full text
  • Birth cohort changes in the depressive symptoms of Chinese older adults: a cross‐temporal meta‐analysis.
    Jingjin Shao, Dan Li, Dajun Zhang, Li Zhang, Qinghua Zhang, Xiaodong Qi.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 18, 2013
    Objective With the dramatic changes in Chinese society and economy, the average depressive symptoms of Chinese older adults might have changed across their birth cohort. This study aims to examine the changes in the depressive symptoms of Chinese older adults by analyzing data from 1987 to 2010. Methods The study examines the changes in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale scores of older adults for the past 24 years (1987 to 2010) by using cross‐temporal meta‐analysis. A total of 35,299 older adults were included in the data. Results The results show the following. (i) Correlations between the mean scores and data collection year are significantly positive. The mean scores in the depressive symptoms of Chinese older adults show an increase of at least 0.53 standard deviations from 1987 to 2010. (ii) The means of the scores in the depressive symptoms of both male and female older adults exhibit a significant increase in the past 24 years, with the rising tendency of women being considerably higher than that of men. (iii) Depressive symptoms show a significant increase for different age groups in the past 24 years, whereas scores for depressive symptoms have no significant difference in terms of age group. Conclusions Social changes play an important role in predicting the changes in the depressive symptoms of older adults. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 18, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3942   open full text
  • Prevalence and correlates of potentially undetected dementia among residents of institutional care facilities in Ontario, Canada, 2009–2011.
    Emma Bartfay, Wally J. Bartfay, Kevin M. Gorey.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. February 04, 2013
    Objectives This study aims to determine the prevalence of potentially undetected dementia among institutional care facility residents in Ontario, Canada, and to identify factors associated with undetection. Methods We utilized a population‐based secondary data analysis approach, pertaining to data from the Canadian Institute for Health Information's Continuing Care Reporting System, 2009–2011. Potentially undetected dementia was defined as having severely impaired cognitive function and requiring extensive assistance on activity of daily living (ADL) but no records of dementia diagnoses. Cognitive function was measured by the Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS), 0 (intact) to 6 (very severe impairment), and ADL by a hierarchy scale, 0 (independent) to 6 (total dependence). Results Of the 242,957 residents who had no records of dementia diagnoses, 11.6% (n = 28,078) had a CPS score ≥4 (severe impairment or higher) and ADL score ≥3 (required extensive assistance or more). Data from 11,614 demented residents with corresponding CPS and ADL scores were used for comparison. Residents without dementia diagnosis were younger (77 vs. 84 years), more likely to have never married (20% vs. 6%), and have longer admission (4 vs. 2.8 years). The most significant factors for no diagnoses were never married (adjusted odds ratio = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.91–2.29), admitted to hospital‐based facilities (adjusted odds ratio = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.48–1.69), presence of schizophrenia (adjusted odds ratio = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.22–1.69), depression (adjusted odds ratio = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.16–1.29), and diabetes mellitus (adjusted odds ratio = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.26–1.40). Conclusions A large number of residents who had poor cognitive function and inadequate ADL ability did not have dementia diagnoses on record. Social and comorbid conditions were contributing factors to potentially undetected dementia. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    February 04, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3934   open full text
  • Stigmatizing attitudes toward mental illness among racial/ethnic older adults in primary care.
    Daniel E. Jimenez, Stephen J. Bartels, Veronica Cardenas, Margarita Alegría.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 29, 2013
    Objective The current study applies the perceived stigma framework to identify differences in attitudes toward mental health and mental health treatment among various racial/ethnic minority older adults with common mental health problems including depression, anxiety disorders, or at‐risk alcohol use. Specifically, this study examines to what extent race/ethnicity is associated with differences in (1) perceived stigma of mental illness and (2) perceived stigma for different mental health treatment options. Methods Analyses were conducted using baseline data collected from participants who completed the SAMHSA Mental Health and Alcohol Abuse Stigma Assessment, developed for the PRISM‐E (Primary Care Research in Substance Abuse and Mental Health for the Elderly) study, a multisite randomized trial for older adults (65+ years) with depression, anxiety, or at‐risk alcohol consumption. The final sample consisted of 1247 non‐Latino Whites, 536 African‐Americans, 112 Asian‐Americans, and 303 Latinos. Results African‐Americans and Latinos expressed greater comfort in speaking to primary care physicians or mental health professionals concerning mental illness compared with non‐Latino Whites. Asian‐Americans and Latinos expressed greater shame and embarrassment about having a mental illness than non‐Latino Whites. Asian‐Americans expressed greater difficulty in seeking or engaging in mental health treatment. Conclusions Racial/ethnic differences exist among older adults with mental illness with respect to stigmatizing attitudes toward mental illness and mental health treatment. Results of this study could help researchers and clinicians educate racial/ethnic minority older adults about mental illness and engage them in much needed mental health services. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 29, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3928   open full text
  • White matter fractional anisotropy is inversely related to anxious symptoms in older adults with atherosclerosis.
    Kelly R. Bijanki, Ashley N. Stillman, Stephan Arndt, Vincent A. Magnotta, Jess G. Fiedorowicz, William G. Haynes, Joy T. Matsui, Hans J. Johnson, David J. Moser.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 24, 2013
    Objective Clinical anxiety disorders are associated with white matter hyperintensities and diffusion abnormalities measured using diffusion tensor imaging. However, it is not known if this association extends into individuals with mild anxious symptoms without formal diagnosis, in those who are older, or in those who have atherosclerosis. The current study explores whether white matter integrity and/or organization significantly associates with anxious symptoms in older adults with and without atherosclerosis. Methods We recruited older adults (ages 55–90 years); 35 with clinically diagnosed atherosclerotic vascular disease (AVD) and 22 without AVD. Anxious symptoms were measured using the validated Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised. Fractional anisotropy (FA), a proxy for white matter organization and health, was measured in the white matter globally, by lobe, and in several smaller regions of interest suggested by the literature. Partial correlations between anxious symptoms and FA were calculated, controlling for significant covariates. Results Participants with and without AVD did not differ in severity of anxious symptom endorsement. There was a unique inverse relationship between white matter health and anxious symptoms in the AVD participants, but not in healthy comparisons. Significant relationships were observed in the superior longitudinal fasciculus (r = −0.476, df = 32, p = 0.004), as well as the cingulum bundle, the frontal lobes, and the parietal lobes. Conclusions Anxiety symptoms uniquely correlated with low FA in older adults with atherosclerosis. These findings may have implications for future research on the topic of anxiety in aging and vascular disease and warrant replication. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 24, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3930   open full text
  • Community pharmacists and people with dementia: a cross‐sectional survey exploring experiences, attitudes, and knowledge of pain and its management.
    Heather E. Barry, Carole Parsons, A. Peter Passmore, Carmel M. Hughes.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 24, 2013
    Objectives To explore community pharmacists' experiences with and attitudes towards people with dementia, and to determine the knowledge they have about pain and its management in this patient population. Methods A questionnaire comprising five sections, including the Approaches to Dementia Questionnaire, was mailed, on two occasions, during February and March 2011, to all community pharmacies in Northern Ireland (n = 530). Results The response rate was 34.3%. A greater proportion of pharmacists provided pharmaceutical care to people with dementia living at home (91.2%) than those living in care homes (40.1%). Respondents most frequently encountered queries relating to starting and stopping medications, compliance with medication, and availability of formulation types. The mean total score for the Approaches to Dementia Questionnaire measure was 72.8, indicating a positive attitude towards people with dementia, and respondents demonstrated a strong person‐centred approach towards this patient population. The majority of respondents recognised the difficulty of assessing pain in people with dementia; however, younger pharmacists (p = 0.041) and pharmacists who provided pharmaceutical care to people with dementia (p = 0.012) were more likely to be aware of the pain assessment tools for use in people with dementia. Pharmacists appeared uncertain about how to appropriately manage pain in people with dementia. Conclusions The study has revealed that community pharmacists often encounter people with dementia, especially those living in their own homes, and they have positive attitudes towards the patient population. However, training in the assessment and management of pain in people with dementia must be developed to further improve their knowledge in this area. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 24, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3931   open full text
  • A follow‐up intervention in severely demented patients after discharge from a special Alzheimer acute care unit: impact on early emergency room re‐hospitalization rate.
    Hélène Villars, Charlotte Dupuy, Pauline Soler, Virginie Gardette, Maria E. Soto, Sophie Gillette, Fati Nourhashemi, Bruno Vellas.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 24, 2013
    Background Emergency room (ER) re‐hospitalizations are prevalent in severe Alzheimer's disease affected older patients. Design Quasi‐experimental before and after study. Setting Discharge of severely demented patients from a Special Alzheimer Acute Care Unit. Participants A total of 390 patients hospitalized in the unit from 2007 through 2009, with at least one of the following characteristics: severe disruptive behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) (agitation, aggressiveness, and psychotic symptoms), change of living arrangement related to BPSD, exhaustion of the principal caregiver, and discharge of a subject with anosognosia living alone in the community. Intervention The intervention consisted of an individualized care plan, targeting the problems observed during the hospital stay, implemented by the means of regular telephone contacts (in the first week after discharge, before the end of the first month, and then at 3 and 6 months) between a geriatric team and the patient's caregiver. Information was gathered on functional decline, BPSD, change of living arrangement and treatment. The calls were followed by a telephone intervention providing advice, support, and information to the caregiver. When required, these calls were followed by a consultation with a physician or psychologist, or by a consultation in the patient's home. Measurements The primary outcome measure was the ER re‐hospitalization rate, defined as occurring within 31 days of discharge. Results The early ER re‐hospitalization rate was 8.39% in 2007 versus 8.02% in 2008 (p = 0.818) and 7.47% in 2009 (p = 0.563). Vocal disruptive behavior are more prevalent in re‐hospitalized patients (9.64% versus 3.97%, p = 0.05) than in non re‐hospitalized patients. Conclusion We found a nonsignificant decrease of early ER re‐hospitalization rate at 1 month after discharge. Interventions addressing severe dementia affected patients with BPSD are needed, as this is a major issue in the organization of health care systems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 24, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3932   open full text
  • Association between depression and anxiety on blood pressure dysregulation and pulse in the Health and Retirement Study.
    Christine E. Gould, Sherry A. Beaudreau.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 18, 2013
    Objective Extreme blood pressure (BP) values are associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression, but findings from studies are conflicting. The present study tested linear and curvilinear models of the association between anxiety and depression symptoms and BP in the Health and Retirement Study. The relationship between anxiety and depressive symptoms and pulse was also tested. Method Participants were aged 50 to 104 (N = 4179) and completed the Health and Retirement Study Psychosocial Questionnaire and Physical Measurements in 2006. BP and pulse were measured using an automated cuff. The means of three BP and pulse measurements taken 45 to 60 s apart were used. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were measured with brief forms of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Results Ordinal regression analyses examined the relationship between BP and anxiety and depressive symptoms. In models adjusted for medical illness and medications, anxiety was associated with systolic hypotension, and depression was associated with diastolic hypotension. Higher pulse was associated with depression but not anxiety. Conclusions Findings suggest that BP dysregulation, specifically hypotension, may be a useful indicator of anxiety and depression. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
    January 18, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3926   open full text
  • Theory of Mind differences in older patients with early‐onset and late‐onset paranoid schizophrenia.
    M. M. J. Smeets‐Janssen, P. D. Meesters, H. C. Comijs, P. Eikelenboom, J. H. Smit, L. Haan, A. T. F. Beekman, M. L. Stek.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 14, 2013
    Objective Theory of Mind (ToM) is considered an essential element of social cognition. In younger schizophrenia patients, ToM impairments have extensively been demonstrated. It is not clear whether similar impairments can be found in older schizophrenia patients and if these impairments differ between older patients with early‐onset and late‐onset schizophrenia. Methods Theory of Mind abilities were assessed using the Hinting Task in 15 older patients (age 60 years and older) with early‐onset paranoid schizophrenia, 15 older patients with late‐onset paranoid schizophrenia and 30 healthy controls. ANCOVA was performed to test differences between groups. Analyses were adjusted for level of education. Effect sizes, partial eta squared (ε2), were computed as an indication of the clinical relevance of the findings. Results Patients with early‐onset schizophrenia scored significantly lower on the Hinting Task (mean 16.1; SD 4.3) compared with patients with late‐onset schizophrenia (mean 18.6; SD 1.5) and with healthy controls (mean 19.0; SD 1.4). The effect size of this difference was large (ε2 = 0.2). Conclusions These results suggest that ToM functioning may be a protective factor modulating the age at onset of psychosis. Further studies into the relationship between social cognition and onset age of psychosis are warranted. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 14, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3933   open full text
  • A latent class analysis of psychological disturbance in Parkinson's disease.
    Laura B. Zahodne, Michael Marsiske, Dawn Bowers.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 11, 2013
    Objective Psychological symptoms are common in Parkinson's disease (PD). Psychological symptoms do not respond to psychotropic medications as well in patients with PD as in patients with psychiatric illnesses who do not have PD. Evidence that PD patients can be classified into distinct psychological symptom subgroups is conflicting. This study sought to examine potential psychological heterogeneity in PD with a broader range of instruments than has been used in previous studies. Methods A comprehensive battery of psychological measures assessing dysphoria, apathy, anhedonia, anxiety, and negative affect was administered to 95 PD patients without global cognitive impairment. Latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups of patients based on continuous variables derived from the psychological battery. Multinomial regression was used to examine predictors of classification. Results The latent class analysis identified three subgroups with incremental levels of psychopathology across most symptom domains. One exception was a greater level of affective flattening in the “psychologically healthy” group compared with the “moderate symptoms” group. Greater motor dysfunction and less education were associated with greater severity of psychological symptoms. Conclusions These results support high psychological co‐morbidity in PD, which complicates the treatment of individual symptoms. In addition, emotional blunting and anhedonia may be less indicative of widespread psychological distress than anxiety, dysphoria, and cognitive aspects of apathy. Clinicians should be aware that PD patients with greater motor dysfunction and less education are at greater risk not only for depression but also for a variety of other psychological symptoms that may not be routinely assessed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 11, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3927   open full text
  • Influence of gender and age on cognitive inhibition in late‐onset depression: a case‐control study.
    S. Richard‐Devantoy, F. Deguigne, C. Annweiler, G. Letourneau, O. Beauchet.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 10, 2013
    Objective To compare cognitive inhibition performance between people with early‐onset (EOD) or late‐onset depression (LOD) and controls, and between women and men with LOD. Methods On the basis of a case‐control design, global executive performance (Frontal Assessment Battery); verbal (Hayling), attention (Stroop), and motor (Go/No‐Go) components of cognitive inhibition; mental shifting (Trail Making Test parts A and B); and updating in working memory (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) were assessed in 40 participants (10 depressed women with LOD (i.e., ≥60 years old), 10 depressed women with EOD (i.e., <60 years old), 10 healthy women and 10 depressed men with LOD (i.e., ≥60 years old)). Results Older depressed women, irrespective of age of depression onset, had greater cognitive inhibition impairments (attention and verbal component) compared with healthy women. LOD was significantly associated with the attention component of cognitive inhibition impairment, unlike EOD (p = 0.026). No executive differences were found regarding age of first‐onset depression in older depressed women, and between women and men with LOD. Conclusion Cognitive inhibition impairment, and more specifically its attention component, was the main characteristic of depression in the studied sample of older adults, independently of gender and age of depression onset. It is essential to perform similar studies in both genders in view of future tailor‐made therapeutic modalities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 10, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3929   open full text
  • Validation of the Brazilian version of the Apathy Inventory.
    Florindo Stella, Larissa Pires Andrade, Marcelo Garuffi, Thays Martins Vital, Salma Stephany Soleman Hernández, Marcela Ruocco, Elisandra Villela Gasparetto Sé, Margarete Klein, Tânia Martins, Philippe H. Robert.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. January 07, 2013
    Background Apathy is a frequent neuropsychiatric condition in neurodegenerative disorders, depression, and often in mild cognitive impairment. The Apathy Inventory (AI) is a reliable instrument for improving the accuracy of the apathy diagnosis. The aim was to establish the validity of the Apathy Inventory for the Brazilian community. Methods We established the concurrent validity, internal consistency, inter‐rater reliability, and the sensitivity and specificity of AI for the Brazilian community in a cohort of 175 individuals with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy controls. The three dimensions of the AI (emotional blunting, lack of initiative, and lack of interest) were compared with the Apathy domain of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory‐Clinician rating scale (NPI‐C) in an independent scheme. Results The analyses demonstrated high correlation coefficients in AI's individual dimensions and in AI‐total score (F = 0.965). Concerning the NPI‐C/Apathy domain, intra‐class correlation coefficients were also high (F = 0.977). Concurrent validity was high according to both raters on AI dimensions × NPI‐C/Apathy domain and regarding total score (rater 1: rho = 0.956 vs. rater 2: rho = 0.970). The internal consistency of the AI was also high concerning the AI's individual dimensions and total score (rater 1: 0.945 vs. rater 2: 0.958). Conclusion We observed high internal consistency, high concurrent validity, and inter‐rater reliability of the Apathy Inventory. In addition, we found that its sensitivity and specificity were high. We suggest that the Brazilian version of the Apathy Inventory would be an appropriate instrument to identify the apathy syndrome in Brazilian patients. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    January 07, 2013   doi: 10.1002/gps.3917   open full text
  • The effect of music therapy compared with general recreational activities in reducing agitation in people with dementia: a randomised controlled trial.
    A. C. Vink, M. Zuidersma, F. Boersma, P. Jonge, S. U. Zuidema, J. P. J. Slaets.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 26, 2012
    Objective This study aimed to compare the effects of music therapy with general recreational day activities in reducing agitation in people with dementia, residing in nursing home facilities. Methods In a randomised controlled design, residents with dementia (n = 94) were allocated to either music therapy or recreational activities. Both music therapy and general activities were offered twice weekly for 4 months. Changes in agitation were measured with a modified Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) at four intervals on each intervention day. A mixed model analysis was used to evaluate the effectiveness of music therapy, compared with general activities, on CMAI scores at 4 h after the intervention, controlled for CMAI scores at 1 h before the session and session number. Results Data were analysed for 77 residents (43 randomised to music therapy and 34 to general activities). In both groups, the intervention resulted in a decrease in agitated behaviours from 1 h before to 4 h after each session. This decrease was somewhat greater in the music therapy group than in the general activities group, but this difference was statistically not significant (F = 2.885, p = 0.090) and disappeared completely after adjustment for Global Deterioration Scale stage (F = 1.500; p = 0.222). Conclusions Both music therapy and recreational activities lead to a short‐term decrease in agitation, but there was no additional beneficial effect of music therapy over general activities. More research is required to provide insight in the effects of music therapy in reducing agitation in demented older people. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 26, 2012   doi: 10.1002/gps.3924   open full text
  • Survival of people with dementia after unplanned acute hospital admission: a prospective cohort study.
    Elizabeth L. Sampson, Baptiste Leurent, Martin R. Blanchard, Louise Jones, Michael King.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 21, 2012
    Objective To examine the effect of dementia on longer term survival after hospital admission, and to assess whether dementia is an independent predictor of mortality. This information is vital for the provision of appropriate care. Methods A prospective cohort study, in a large urban acute general hospital, of 616 people (70 years and older) with unplanned medical admission. The principal exposure was DSM‐IV dementia and main outcome mortality risk. Dementia severity was analysed by using the Functional Assessment Staging scale. We examined a range of modifying variables: acute physiological disturbance (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation), chronic comorbidity (Charlson Comorbidity Index, CCI) and pressure sore risk (Waterlow score). Results A total 42.4% of the cohort had dementia. Nearly half (48.3%) had died 12 months after admission (median survival time 1.1 years compared with 2.7 years in people without dementia). Unadjusted hazard ratios for mortality in people with dementia was 1.66 (95% CI 1.35–2.04) and for people with moderately severe/severe dementia 2.01 (95% CI 1.57–2.57). After sequential adjustment (age, gender, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score, Charlson Comorbidity Index and Waterlow score), patients with dementia had a mortality risk of 1.24 (95% CI 0.95–1.60) and those with moderately severe/severe dementia 1.33 (0.97–1.84). Conclusions People with dementia had half the survival time of those without dementia. The effect of dementia on mortality was reduced after adjustment, particularly by the Waterlow score, a marker of frailty. The median survival of 1 year suggests clinicians should consider adopting a supportive approach to the care of older people with moderate/severe dementia who have an emergency hospital admission. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 21, 2012   doi: 10.1002/gps.3919   open full text
  • Folate metabolism genes, dietary folate and response to antidepressant medications in late‐life depression.
    Brenda D. Jamerson, Martha E. Payne, Melanie E. Garrett, Allison E. Ashley‐Koch, Marcy C. Speer, David C. Steffens.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 20, 2012
    Objective The primary aims of this study were to (i) determine whether folate metabolism genetic polymorphisms predict age of onset and occurrence of late life depression; and (ii) determine whether folate metabolism genetic polymorphisms predict response to antidepressant medications in late‐life depression. Methods This study used the Conte Center for the Neuroscience of Depression and the Neurocognitive Outcomes of Depression in the Elderly Study database, which includes individuals aged ≥60. The folate nutrition assessment was determined by the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire. Genotype was evaluated for 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 10 folate metabolism genes. Logistic regression models were used to examine genetic polymorphisms and folate estimates with association with depression age of onset and remission status. Results There were 304 Caucasians in the database, 106 of these were not depressed and 198 had a diagnosis of depression. There were no significant differences between remitters and non‐remitters in age, sex or estimated folate intakes. There were no folate estimates or folate metabolism gene single nucleotide polymorphisms that significantly predicted age of onset of depression or occurrence of depression. Methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) A66G (rs1801394) was significantly associated with remission status (p = 0.0077) such that those with the AA genotype were 3.2 times as likely as those with the GG genotype to be in remission (p = 0.0020). Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase A1298C (rs1801131) achieved a borderline significance for association with remission status (p = 0.0313). Conclusion The major finding from this study is that the MTRR A66G genotype predicts response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants in late life depression. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 20, 2012   doi: 10.1002/gps.3899   open full text
  • Prevalence and associated behavioral symptoms of depression in mild cognitive impairment and dementia due to Alzheimer's disease.
    Stefan Mussele, Kim Bekelaar, Nathalie Le Bastard, Yannick Vermeiren, Jos Saerens, Nore Somers, Peter Mariën, Johan Goeman, Peter P. De Deyn, Sebastiaan Engelborghs.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 17, 2012
    Background Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a clinical concept that categorizes subjects who are in an intermediate cognitive state between normal aging and dementia. The aims of this study are to determine the prevalence of significant depressive symptoms in MCI and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and to characterize the behavior associated with significant depressive symptoms in MCI and AD patients. Methods A cross‐sectional analysis of baseline data from a prospective, longitudinal study on behavioral symptoms of dementia and MCI was performed. The study population consisted of 270 MCI and 402 AD patients. Behavioral assessment was performed by means of Middelheim Frontality Score, Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale (Behave‐AD) and Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory. The presence of significant depressive symptoms was defined as a Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia total score >7. Results The prevalence of significant depressive symptoms in AD patients (25%) was higher compared with MCI patients (16%) (p = 0.005). Patients with significant depressive symptoms showed an increased severity of frontal lobe symptoms, behavioral symptoms and agitation (Middelheim Frontality Score, Behave‐AD and Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory total scores; p < 0.001). Also, most of the individual frontal lobe and behavioral symptoms were more prevalent and severe, resulting in higher Behave‐AD global scores. Mild cognitive impairment patients with depressive symptoms showed more severe behavioral symptoms and more severe verbally agitated behavior than AD patients without depressive symptoms (p < 0.001). Conclusions Frontal lobe and behavioral symptoms are more prevalent and severe in MCI and AD patients with significant depressive symptoms as compared with patients without depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 17, 2012   doi: 10.1002/gps.3909   open full text
  • Apolipoprotein E gene, environmental risk factors, and their interactions in dementia among seniors.
    Xiangfei Meng, Carl D'Arcy.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 17, 2012
    Objectives Little research has been conducted to explore the joint effect of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotypes and environmental risk factors on dementia. In this study, we examined the roles of ApoE alleles and genotypes in dementia and cognitively impaired not demented (CIND), assessed the risk of co‐existing or prior health conditions (i.e. depression), family history of diseases, and lifestyle factors on dementia, and explored the interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors and their joint effects on dementia and cognitive impairment. Methods This is a genetic association study. A total of 1185 seniors (391 dementia, 389 CIND, and 405 cognitively intact, matched for age and gender) were selected from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging clinical assessment datasets. Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore the association between ApoE, environment risk factors, and outcomes. Results Participants with ApoE ε4 alleles or ε3/ε4 genotypes were at risk of dementia. More education reduced the risk of dementia or CIND. Previous health conditions (e.g. stroke) increased the risk of dementia or CIND. Regular exercise decreased the risk of CIND. ApoE ε3/ε4 genotype and baseline depression had a 7.97‐fold greater risk of incident dementia after adjusting for other significant risk factors. No interactions were found in any dementia and CIND models. Conclusions More attention should be paid to assess and treat depressed older people, especially for those with ApoE ε3/ε4 genotypes. Further replication studies in different populations are warranted. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 17, 2012   doi: 10.1002/gps.3918   open full text
  • The effects of care management on depression treatment in a psychiatric clinic: a randomized controlled trial.
    Hyunsuk Jeong, Hyeon Woo Yim, Sun‐jin Jo, Beomwoo Nam, Soon‐Mo Kwon, Jin‐Yong Choi, Sang‐Kuk Yang.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 17, 2012
    Objective This study aims to examine whether care management has an effect on adherence to depression treatment in a psychiatric clinic in Korea. Methods Fifty‐seven patients with depression aged 60 years or over participated in the study. They were all low‐income patients screened in the community and treated in a psychiatric clinic. The study design was a double‐blind randomized controlled trial. The patients were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 29) or usual care (n = 28) groups. Intervention patients received depression care management for 6 months. Primary endpoint was an increase in remission rate as assessed using the 17‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score at 6 months. Secondary endpoints included improvement in treatment adherence, improvement in health‐related quality of life, and a reduction in feelings of hopelessness. Results Patients in the care management intervention group showed a higher remission rate than those in the usual care group (55% vs. 29%, p = 0.0421). Intervention patients were significantly more likely to adhere to the treatment (59% vs. 18%, p = 0.0016). The hopelessness score at the 6‐month assessment was significantly lower in the intervention group than the usual care group (23.5 vs. 25.7, p = 0.0443). However, there was not a significant group difference in the quality of life. Conclusions We found that care management not only contributed to reducing depressive symptoms in geriatric patients suffering from depression but also increased the treatment adherence rate, which in turn increased the remission rate. Care management intervention is both feasible and effective in psychiatric clinics in Korea. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 17, 2012   doi: 10.1002/gps.3920   open full text
  • The association between self‐reported daily hassles and cortisol levels in depression and anxiety in community living older adults.
    H.‐M. Vasiliadis, H. Forget, M. Préville.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 17, 2012
    Objectives The aim of this study was to assess whether the association, in a naturalistic setting, between daily hassles and diurnal salivary cortisol differs in the presence of depression and anxiety in older adults. Methods Data were assessed in a large representative community sample of older adults (n = 1760). A multinomial analysis was used to study as an outcome variable: no disorder, depression only, anxiety only and depression and anxiety, as a function of daily hassles and cortisol levels controlling for age, gender and time of saliva collection. Multivariate regression analyses were also carried out to test the association between daily hassles and cortisol levels stratified by depression and anxiety status. Results A significant positive association was observed between the number of daily hassles reported and cortisol levels in participants with no depression and no anxiety and in participants with anxiety. Participants without depression and anxiety, and those with depression only, had significant lower cortisol levels later in the day. This was not observed in respondents with anxiety. Conclusion Stressors such as daily hassles are associated with cortisol secretion in depression and anxiety in older adults in a large epidemiologic setting. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 17, 2012   doi: 10.1002/gps.3912   open full text
  • Dancing as a psychosocial intervention in care homes: a systematic review of the literature.
    A. Guzmán‐García, J. C. Hughes, I. A. James, L. Rochester.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 07, 2012
    Background There is a need to find meaningful and engaging interventions to improve mood and behaviour for residents of care homes. The demand on care staff might diminish opportunities for them to encourage these activities. Staff anecdotal information attests that dancing as an activity improves mood in residents and staff. Hence, the importance of investigating what dancing brings to the care home social environment. Aims To provide a systematic review of the evidence from studies related to dancing interventions for older people with dementia living in care homes. Method Electronic databases were searched. Previous reviews were also included, and recognised experts were consulted up to January 2012. Inclusion criteria considered study methodology and evidence that the impact of the dance intervention had been measured. Results Ten studies were identified that satisfied the inclusion criteria: seven qualitative and three quantitative. Studies used different approaches such as therapeutic dance, dance movement therapy, dance therapy, social dancing and psychomotor dance‐based exercise. There was evidence that problematic behaviours decreased; social interaction and enjoyment in both residents and care staff improved. A few adverse effects were also acknowledged. Conclusion The evidence on the efficacy of dancing in care homes is limited in part owing to the methodological challenges facing such research. This review aims to raise awareness of the possibility of implementing dance work as an engaging activity in care homes. We shall also consider options for future dance work research as a means to encourage relationships and sensory stimulation for both residents and staff. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 07, 2012   doi: 10.1002/gps.3913   open full text
  • Late‐life depression in older African Americans: a comprehensive review of epidemiological and clinical data.
    Yolonda R. Pickett, Kisha N. Bazelais, Martha L. Bruce.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 07, 2012
    Objective The population of older African Americans is expected to triple by 2050, highlighting the public health importance of understanding their mental health needs. Despite evidence of the negative impact of late‐life depression, less is known of how this disorder affects the lives of older African Americans. Lack of studies focusing on how depression presents in older African Americans and their subsequent treatment needs lead to a gap in epidemiologic and clinical knowledge for this population. In this review, we aim to present a concise report of prevalence, correlates, course, outcomes, symptom recognition, and treatment of depression for these individuals. Method We performed a literature review of English‐language articles identified from PubMed and Medline published between January 1990 and June 2012. Studies included older adults and contained the key words ‘geriatric depression in African Americans’, ‘geriatric depression in Blacks’, and ‘geriatric depression in minorities’. Results Although in most studies, older African Americans had higher or equivalence prevalence of depression compared with Caucasian Americans, we also found lower rates of recognition of depression and treatment. Many studies reported worse outcomes associated for depression among older African Americans compared with older Caucasians. Conclusions Serious racial and ethnic disparities persist in the management of older African Americans with depression. Understanding their unmet needs and improving depression care for these individuals is necessary to reduce these disparities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 07, 2012   doi: 10.1002/gps.3908   open full text
  • Weight changes in Alzheimer's disease patients with increased aberrant motor behavior.
    Marion Secher, Sandrine Andrieu, Sophie Gillette‐Guyonnet, Maria Soto, Yves Rolland, Christelle Cantet, Bruno Vellas, Patrick Ritz,.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 04, 2012
    Objective Weight loss and behavioral disturbances are frequent over the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are risk factors for poor outcome. We investigated the impact of aberrant motor behavior (AMB) on weight changes in older adults with AD. The hypothesis that patients with AMB are more likely to lose weight than patients without AMB was assessed. Methods A prospective study of 686 patients with moderate AD from the REAL.FR cohort was assessed. The AMB at baseline was defined by the item 10 from the Neuropsychiatric Inventory scale (NPI‐10). Patients were classified as “no or light AMB” (NPI‐10 < 4), and “significant AMB” (NPI‐10 ≥ 4). Weight changes were determined over the 4‐year follow‐up. Results The mean weight change over the 4 years was +2.2 ± 0.9 kg in patients with “significant AMB,” whereas weight remained stable in patients with “no or light AMB” (p = 0.02). Conclusion Older adults with moderate AD and “significant AMB” do gain weight. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 04, 2012   doi: 10.1002/gps.3914   open full text
  • Morphometric analysis of vascular pathology in the orbitofrontal cortex of older subjects with major depression.
    Jose Javier Miguel‐Hidalgo, Wei Jiang, Lisa Konick, James C. Overholser, George J. Jurjus, Craig A. Stockmeier, David C. Steffens, K. Ranga R. Krishnan, Grazyna Rajkowska.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. December 03, 2012
    Objective Late‐life depression has been associated with risk for cerebrovascular pathology, as demonstrated in neuroimaging studies of older depressed patients, as well as mood disorder following cerebrovascular accidents. However, more research is needed on neuroanatomical changes in late‐life depression, where there has been no clearly documented link to brain injury. Such studies should examine morphological changes in medium and small sized vessels that supply the cortical gray and white matter. Methods The present study used a non‐specific histological Nissl staining and a more vessel‐specific immunolabeling with endothelial marker von Willebrand Factor (vWF) to estimate density and size of blood vessel segments in the orbitofrontal cortex of 16 older subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 9 non‐psychiatric comparison subjects. Results The density of Nissl‐stained vessel segments and of segments with perivascular spaces was higher in subjects with MDD than in comparison subjects in gray (GM) and white matter (WM). In GM, the density of vWF‐immunoreactive segments with cross‐sectional areas greater than 800 µm2 was higher in MDD. In WM, only the density of vWF‐immunoreactive segments with patent perivascular spaces and diameters larger than 60 µm was higher in subjects with MDD. Also in the WM, only subjects with late‐onset MDD presented a significantly higher density of vWF‐positive segments than comparison subjects. Conclusions In older subjects with MDD, there appear to be morphological changes that increase visibility of medium‐sized vessel segments with some labeling techniques, and this increased visibility may be related to increased patency of perivascular spaces around arterioles. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    December 03, 2012   doi: 10.1002/gps.3911   open full text
  • Feasibility, internal consistency and covariates of TICS‐m (telephone interview for cognitive status ‐ modified) in a population‐based sample: findings from the KORA‐Age study.
    ME Lacruz, RT Emeny, H Bickel, B Linkohr, KH Ladwig.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 28, 2012
    Objective Test the feasibility of the modified telephone interview for cognitive status (TICS‐m) as a screening tool to detect cognitive impairment in a population‐based sample of older subjects. Methods Data were collected from 3,578 participants, age 65–94 years, of the KORA‐Age study. We used analysis of covariance to test for significant sex, age and educational differences in raw TICS‐m scores. Internal consistency was analysed by assessing Cronbach's alpha. Correction for education years was undertaken, and participants were divided in three subgroups following validated cut‐offs. Finally, a logistic regression was performed to determine the impact of sex on cognition subgroups. Results Internal consistency of the TICS‐m was 0.78. Study participants needed approximately 5.4 min to complete the interview. Lower raw TICS‐m scores were associated with male sex, older age and lower education (all p < 0.0001). After correction for education years, 2,851 (79%) had a non‐impaired cognitive status (score >31). Male sex was independently associated with having a score equal to or below 27 and 31 (OR = 1.9, 95%CI 1.4–2.5 and OR = 1.5, 95%CI 1.2–1.7, respectively). Conclusions The TICS‐m is a feasible questionnaire for community‐dwelling older adults with normal cognitive function or moderate cognitive impairment. Lower cognitive performance was associated with being a man, being older, and having fewer years of formal education. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 28, 2012   doi: 10.1002/gps.3916   open full text
  • Dementia case management and risk of long‐term care placement: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.
    Helen Tam‐Tham, Monica Cepoiu‐Martin, Paul E. Ronksley, Colleen J. Maxwell, Brenda R. Hemmelgarn.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 27, 2012
    Objectives The objective of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness of dementia case management compared with usual care on reducing long‐term care placement, hospitalization, and emergency department visits for adult patients with dementia. We also sought to evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention on delaying time to long‐term care placement and hospitalization. Methods We searched electronic databases supplemented by bibliographies and conference proceedings for randomized controlled trials testing the effectiveness of dementia case management in reducing resource utilization in a population of caregiver–care recipient dyads living in the community. We meta‐analyzed the risk ratio (RR) and weighted mean differences of long‐term care placement and the RR of hospital admissions. Pooled estimates were further stratified by study characteristics and measures of study quality. Results Seventeen studies were included in the meta‐analysis. The overall pooled RR of long‐term care placement was 0.94 (95% confidence interval [0.85, 1.03]; p = 0.227) for dementia case management compared with usual care. Stratification by follow‐up duration indicated a statistically significant reduction in risk of long‐term care placement when follow‐up duration was less than 18 months (RR 0.61, 95% confidence interval [0.41, 0.91], p = 0.015). There was no effect of dementia case management compared with usual care for the other outcomes. Conclusion Dementia case management demonstrated a short‐term positive effect on reducing the risk of long‐term care placement among older people with dementia residing in the community. However, other sources of resource utilization and more extended effects of dementia case management on risk of long‐term care placement warrant further investigation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 27, 2012   doi: 10.1002/gps.3906   open full text
  • Describing perceived stigma against Alzheimer's disease in a general population in France: the STIG‐MA survey.
    Leslie Cartz Piver, Philippe Nubukpo, Angélique Faure, Nathalie Dumoitier, Philippe Couratier, Jean‐Pierre Clément.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 20, 2012
    Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes progressive loss of memory and disability, especially in older people. As worldwide population grows older, AD is responsible for an important social and economical burden in many nations. People suffering from AD may experience health‐related stigma that influences their attitudes towards seeking assistance. The STIG‐MA survey describes perceived stigma against AD in a French population. Methods The STIG‐MA questionnaire was completed anonymously by people attending an awareness campaign about AD in Creuse, France, in September 2010. Participants answered 10 questions about how they would feel or react if they had AD. Stigma scores were compared by age, activity, and interest in AD. Results Thirty‐three percent of people attending the campaign filled out the survey. Most were women (85%) younger than 50 years (59%); 10% were older people (older than 75 years). Twenty‐one percent worked in health or social fields. Interest in AD was professional (48%), related to family (41%), or personal (11%). Professionals in health fields expressed the highest levels of stigma (p = 0.02). Low stigma was most frequent in older people (p = 0.05). Type of interest did not influence stigma. Shame, loss of self‐esteem, and fear of exclusion were expressed the most. Conclusion The STIG‐MA survey confirms that AD is a stigmatizing condition in France. The difference between perceived stigma of older people, those most exposed to AD, and that of health professionals may influence attitudes towards screening and care. Further studies of perceived stigma in these populations are necessary to adapt intervention strategies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 20, 2012   doi: 10.1002/gps.3903   open full text
  • A systematic review and meta‐analysis of group psychotherapy for sub‐clinical depression in older adults.
    Murali Krishna, Abhijit Honagodu, Rajgopal Rajendra, Rajesh Sundarachar, Steven Lane, Peter Lepping.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 12, 2012
    Objectives Studies investigating the effectiveness of group psychotherapy intervention in sub‐threshold depression have shown varying results with differing effect sizes. A systematic review of randomised controlled trials of group psychotherapy in older adults with sub‐threshold depression was conducted to present the best available evidence in relation to its effect on depressive symptomatology and the prevention of major depression. Methods Systematic search of electronic databases and random effects model for meta‐analysis. Results Four clinical trials met the full inclusion criteria. Group cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an effective intervention for reducing depressive symptoms in older adults with sub‐threshold depression in comparison to waiting list. Computerised CBT is at least as effective as group CBT in reducing depressive symptoms. The benefit of group CBT at follow‐up is not maintained. Group psychotherapy does not appear to reduce the risk of depressive disorder during follow‐up. There are fewer drop outs from group psychotherapy when compared with control conditions. The methodological quality of the studies and their reporting are sub‐optimal. Conclusions Group psychological interventions in older adults with sub‐threshold depression have a significant effect on depressive symptomatology, which is not maintained at follow‐up. Group psychotherapy does not appear to reduce the incidence of major depressive disorders. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 12, 2012   doi: 10.1002/gps.3905   open full text
  • Behavioral disturbances differentiate frontotemporal lobar degeneration subtypes and Alzheimer's disease: evidence from the Frontal Behavioral Inventory.
    Eleni Konstantinopoulou, Eleni Aretouli, Panagiotis Ioannidis, Dimitrios Karacostas, Mary H. Kosmidis.
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. November 07, 2012
    Background Behavioral assessment is useful for the diagnosis of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). We explored the ability of the Frontal Behavioral Inventory (FBI) to discriminate between patients with distinct subtypes of FTLD and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as the influence of demographic variables on FBI scores. Methods The FBI was administered to the caregivers of 87 patients diagnosed with FTLD [64 behavioral variant FTLD, 19 aphasic variant FTLD (primary progressive aphasia), and 4 motor/extrapyramidal variant (corticobasal syndrome)] and 30 patients with AD. Patients with AD were older than patients with FTLD. The two groups did not differ with respect to duration of illness, level of education, or sex ratio. Results Age significantly predicted disinhibited positive behaviors, such as perseverations and irritability, whereas education did not contribute to FBI ratings. Classification accuracy for the discrimination of AD and mixed FTLD groups was 81%. Moreover, 88.3% and 83.7% accuracy was achieved for the discrimination of AD and behavioral variant FTLD, and AD and primary progressive aphasia groups, respectively. The Total Negative subscale of the FBI, which summarizes the presence of deficit (negative) behaviors, was the best discriminator. A cut‐off score of 17 provided 83% sensitivity and 98% specificity in distinguishing between FTLD and AD patients. Conclusions The FBI is a sensitive and specific tool for the differential diagnosis of FTLD from AD. The optimal cut‐off point for the detection of FTLD patients was lower than that initially proposed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    November 07, 2012   doi: 10.1002/gps.3907   open full text