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Australian Psychologist

Impact factor: 0.93 5-Year impact factor: 0.993 Print ISSN: 0005-0067 Online ISSN: 1742-9544 Publisher: Wiley Blackwell (Blackwell Publishing)

Subject: Multidisciplinary Psychology

Most recent papers:

  • Issue Information.

    Australian Psychologist. September 12, 2018
    --- - - Australian Psychologist, Volume 53, Issue 5, Page 365-366, October 2018.
    September 12, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12321   open full text
  • Can a Connection to Culture Reduce Mental Illness Symptoms and Risk for Future Violence?
    Stephane M. Shepherd.
    Australian Psychologist. August 23, 2018
    --- - |2 Recent policy initiatives and service provider strategic frameworks from the state of Victoria have highlighted intentions to invest in culturally safe practices for justice‐involved Indigenous individuals. However, the culturally themed frameworks and protocols presented by health and justice organisations appear to be largely underpinned by theoretical and/or anecdotal evidence. This commentary summarises findings from the first Australian program of research to investigate the influence of cultural identity and cultural engagement on mental health symptoms and violence for Indigenous people in custody. Implications for correctional policy and forensic clinical practice are discussed in this article. - Australian Psychologist, EarlyView.
    August 23, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12362   open full text
  • Enhancing Father Engagement in Parenting Programs: Translating Research into Practice Recommendations.
    Meryn E. Lechowicz, Yixin Jiang, Lucy A. Tully, Matthew T. Burn, Daniel A. J. Collins, David J. Hawes, Rhoshel K. Lenroot, Vicki Anderson, Frances L. Doyle, Patrycja J. Piotrowska, Paul J. Frick, Caroline Moul, Eva R. Kimonis, Mark R. Dadds.
    Australian Psychologist. August 19, 2018
    --- - |2+ Objective Given the increasing research and practice interest in father engagement, this article aimed to develop a clinical narrative integrating the extant research literature to distil key practice recommendations for enhancing father engagement in parenting interventions for child wellbeing. Method A narrative review of research on father engagement in interventions for child wellbeing was conducted, to identify and distil evidence‐based policies and practices to enhance father engagement for practitioners and organisations. Results Six broad policy and practice recommendations are provided that pertain to: engaging the parenting team, avoiding a father deficit model, increasing father awareness of parenting interventions, ensuring father‐inclusive program content and delivery, increasing organisational support for father‐inclusive practice, and increasing professional father engagement training. Conclusion This review provides practitioners with guidelines for enhancing father engagement based on the available research. It also provides recommendations for further research regarding the effectiveness of strategies to enhance father engagement. - Australian Psychologist, EarlyView.
    August 19, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12361   open full text
  • Older Adults’ Perceptions of Psychotherapy: What Is It and Who Is Responsible?
    Sophie Hannaford, Rhonda Shaw, Renee Walker.
    Australian Psychologist. August 14, 2018
    --- - |2+ Objective This study aimed to explore older peoples’ attitudes towards, and understanding of, psychotherapy and their willingness to seek out psychological services for themselves. Method A total of 14 older adults, 10 women and 4 men, aged from 65 to 89 years, participated in semi‐structured interviews which were guided by a set of open‐ended questions. Results Thematic analysis identified three themes: the GP as the primary but problematic access point; unfamiliar terminology/familiar concept; and changing attitudes/lingering stigma. The General Practitioner was identified as the primary contact for accessing mental health services. Most participants were reluctant to disclose emotional concerns to their doctor and GPs were seen as responsible for initiating discussions about mental health. Lack of enquiry by GPs, short consultation times and unfamiliarity with psychological terminology were considered barriers for accessing treatment. Participants mostly held positive and accepting views of psychotherapy but a lingering stigma, based on historical values of stoicism and self‐reliance, was evident. Reductions in societal stigma were attributed to increased exposure to mental health information via the media, however, participants appeared to confuse psychological services with counselling as this was a term that most were familiar with. Conclusions Health professionals need to be mindful of the terminology they use when communicating with older adults about mental health to avoid confusion. Media initiatives do lead to improved mental health literacy and a reduction of the stigma around mental illness but they also need to distinguish between available services, for example, counselling and psychological services. - Australian Psychologist, EarlyView.
    August 14, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12360   open full text
  • A Self‐Report Survey: Australian Clinicians’ Attitudes Towards Progress Monitoring Measures.
    Jennifer Chung, Ben Buchanan.
    Australian Psychologist. July 12, 2018
    --- - |2+ Objective Research supports an association between regularly administering standardised measures to assess client progress (progress monitoring) and improved treatment outcomes. However, some research suggests clinicians often rely heavily and solely on clinical judgement when making treatment decisions. This study was the first to explore psychologists’ implementation of progress monitoring, within an Australian clinical context. Method A self‐report survey investigated Australian psychologists’ (N = 208; gender and age proportional to national representation) attitude, awareness, use, motives, and barriers towards implementing standardised assessment and progress monitoring. The survey comprised of the Attitudes towards Standardised Assessment Scales, and existing literature on progress monitoring implementation. Results Ninety‐eight per cent of psychologists were aware of progress monitoring measures, and 69% reported using them in practice. Majority of progress monitoring users rated these measures as very useful (51%) and over one third (39%) used them with most of their clients. Contrary to the hypothesis, a t‐test demonstrated that attitude towards standardised assessment did not differ between progress monitoring users and non‐users. Among the clinicians who have not implemented progress monitoring, time barriers were rated as most important. Conclusion This study demonstrates that although awareness of progress monitoring may be widely known, perceived barriers may outweigh the potential benefits for some. It is also concluded that further qualitative research is needed to adequately understand these barriers and their importance. Future interventions may then promote evidence‐based recommendations and focus on the practicality, utility, and workflow difficulties associated with incorporating progress monitoring. - Australian Psychologist, EarlyView.
    July 12, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12352   open full text
  • Exploring the Perspectives of Psychologists Who Use Mindfulness in Therapeutic Practice.
    Susan Moir, Jason Skues, Stephen Theiler.
    Australian Psychologist. July 06, 2018
    --- - |2+ Objective The current study aimed to understand how psychologists define, integrate, and evaluate mindfulness interventions. Method The sample comprised 10 currently registered psychologists with an average of more than 14 years experience. They were aged between 29 and 52 years (M = 45 years, SD = 6.93 years) and seven respondents were women. Participants completed an individual semi‐structured interview. Results A thematic analysis identified that participants held pragmatic and secular views of mindfulness and used an eclectic approach when integrating mindfulness into their therapeutic practice. They identified a desire for more depth of understanding and integrative frameworks for implementing mindfulness into practice. Participants used brief mindfulness exercises consistent with the therapies they were already using rather than more extended meditation practice. A phenomenon was identified where the psychologists appeared to experience a sense of guilt about not using meditation or extensively using mindfulness exercises themselves. They promoted the use of mindfulness via mobile apps, yet also paradoxically identified technology and apps as sources of stress. They also expressed reticence in applying mindfulness‐based interventions for certain presentations. In spite of these issues, mindfulness was infrequently explored in supervision. Conclusions These preliminary findings have important implications for the theoretical understanding and integration of mindfulness with other therapies, and the training and supervision of psychologists using mindfulness‐based approaches. - Australian Psychologist, EarlyView.
    July 06, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12356   open full text
  • An Exploration of the Experiences of Culturally and/or Linguistically Diverse Trainee Psychologists in Australian Postgraduate Programs.
    Ngai Kwan Nicole Ho, Analise O'Donovan.
    Australian Psychologist. June 29, 2018
    --- - |2+ Objective The study explored the experiences of trainee psychologists from a culturally and/or linguistically diverse (CALD) background in Australia. Although previous studies have documented the experiences of CALD trainees in the USA and UK, few studies have explored this issue in Australia. Findings from other countries may aid understanding, but could not be assumed to apply in Australia. The current study aimed to address this gap and explore what facilitated or hindered CALD trainee psychologists’ progress during their training and to provide recommendations. Method Fourteen CALD trainee psychologists, undertaking Clinical or Education and Developmental postgraduate training from four universities in southeast Queensland, attended an individual, semi‐structured interview. A thematic analysis approach was used to analyse the emerging themes across interviews. Results Nine themes were generated, including cultural challenges, lack of acknowledgment and support from the training staff, effective supervision, strengths of a CALD trainee psychologist, language and communication challenges, limited training/understanding of issues about CALD clients, uniform approach of training, peer interactions: pleasant or unpleasant, and coping strategies. Conclusions Findings provided not only an account of challenges CALD trainees encountered but also their strengths. CALD trainee psychologists faced extra difficulties and there is a need for increased awareness among trainers. Recommendations for trainers to increase facilitation and reduce hindrance to CALD trainees’ training were provided. - Australian Psychologist, EarlyView.
    June 29, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12353   open full text
  • Psychologists’ Application of Clinical Guidelines and Recommended Protocols and Procedures within State Insurance Regulatory Authority Insurance Frameworks: Outcomes for Injured Patients with Musculoskeletal Injuries.
    Tahira Haider, Debra A. Dunstan, Navjot Bhullar.
    Australian Psychologist. June 28, 2018
    --- - |2+ Objective In 2010, the State Insurance Regulatory Authority (SIRA), which governs the regulatory functions of workers’ compensation insurance (WCI) and compulsory third‐party insurance (CTP) within NSW, implemented evidence‐based clinical guidelines to improve psychologists’ practice. The aims of this study were to determine (a) whether this initiative has reduced claims costs and improved injured patient outcomes and (b) whether it has resulted in psychologists using evidence‐based practice. Method The first phase involved quantitatively determining a time‐range sample of WCI administrative records of patients with a musculoskeletal injury (n = 26,254) and musculoskeletal injury with a secondary psychological injury (n = 238). The second and third phases involved a qualitative content analysis of case‐level files belonging to individuals who had suffered a musculoskeletal injury with a secondary psychological injury under WCI (Phase 2) (n = 12) and CTP (Phase 3) (n = 9). Results The quantitative component revealed that the total claims costs and return to work timeframes for injured patients suffering from musculoskeletal injury with a secondary psychological injury remained unchanged following the implementation of the clinical guidelines. However, this contrasted with a significant increase of these measures for injured workers with only a musculoskeletal injury. The qualitative content analysis in Phases 2 and 3 of the study showed that psychologists’ application of treatment guidelines was suboptimal. Conclusion The implementation of the 2010 clinical guidelines for psychologists has led to beneficial outcomes for patients injured under the SIRA insurance frameworks; however, greater adherence by psychologists and strategies to improve the adoption of these guidelines are warranted. - Australian Psychologist, EarlyView.
    June 28, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12354   open full text
  • In Search of Better Measurement of Empathy in Children: A Reply to Murphy (2018) Regarding the Griffith Empathy Measure.
    Mark R. Dadds.
    Australian Psychologist. June 26, 2018
    --- - - Australian Psychologist, EarlyView.
    June 26, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12357   open full text
  • Bilingual and Multilingual Psychologists Practising in Australia: An Exploratory Study of Their Skills, Training Needs and Experiences.
    Li Leng Tan, Linley Denson.
    Australian Psychologist. June 26, 2018
    --- - |2+ Objective As Australia becomes more diverse it is essential for the psychology profession to examine training, cultural competency, and professional development needs of psychologists working in languages other than English. In this exploratory study of bilingual/multilingual psychologists in Australia, we aimed to investigate their self‐perceived language skills, multicultural counselling competency, and professional development needs; understand their training and practice experiences; and seek recommendations for policy and practice. Method An online survey including demographic and practice information, the Multicultural Counselling Inventory and open‐ended text questions was completed by 38 bilingual/multilingual psychologists working in Australia in 2015. Eleven participants undertook supplementary telephone interviews which along with survey responses were transcribed for qualitative thematic analysis. Results Most participants trained in English. They expressed concerns about their application of psychological concepts in other languages, despite good conversational fluency. Participants highlighted language barriers to entering the profession; limited multicultural and multilingual training and supervision in Australia; and the need for more transcultural mental health resources, particularly for small/new migrant communities and people outside large cities. Conclusion To effectively serve clients, significant changes are required to psychology training in Australia, including but not limited to bilingual and multilingual psychologists. These include enhanced training and competency standards in MCC and using interpreters. The profession must actively support supervision, professional development, and practice in community languages. The Psychology Board of Australia and the universities need to examine policies operating as barriers to the admission of culturally and linguistically diverse people to the psychology profession in Australia. - Australian Psychologist, EarlyView.
    June 26, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12355   open full text
  • International Psychology Students Use Multiple Strengths to Enhance Their Learning and Performance on Work Placements.
    Liz Jones, Erin O'Connor, Christine Boag‐Hodgson.
    Australian Psychologist. May 31, 2018
    --- - |2+ Objective Despite increasing emphasis on work placements in higher education, there has been limited research into international students’ experiences in undertaking work placements, particularly for psychology postgraduate students. Moreover, much research on international students emphasises the difficulties they experience. We argue a shift to acknowledging and building on the strengths of international students may bring benefits to both students and workplaces. Our project examined the strengths international postgraduate psychology students brought to their work placements, and the benefits of those strengths for both the students and the workplaces. Method Semi‐structured interviews with eleven international students and six supervisors. Data were analysed using thematic analysis, as part of a qualitative research paradigm. Results We identified four key strengths international students used to enhance their learning and performance on work placements: intercultural competencies, personal attributes, transition skills, and situation awareness. The use of effective reflection and supervisory practices facilitated the use of these skills. Conclusion We discuss the implications of our findings for higher education providers using a strengths‐based approach to support international psychology students on work placements. We outline suggested changes to student orientation and professional development for supervisors that higher education providers can make to enhance the training and preparation of both students and their supervisors. Further, we suggest that some of these changes would also improve the experience of domestic students. - Australian Psychologist, EarlyView.
    May 31, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12351   open full text
  • Indigenous Perspectives on Operation RESET: An Initiative to Improve the Identification and Prosecution of Child Sexual Abuse Incidents in Remote Indigenous Communities.
    Cate Bailey, Tess Knight, Janis Koolmatrie, Sonja Brubacher, Martine Powell.
    Australian Psychologist. May 23, 2018
    --- - |2+ Objective Child sexual abuse in remote Indigenous communities is prevalent and damaging, and finding solutions has been challenging. This study is an evaluation of Indigenous stakeholders’ experiences of an intervention aimed at addressing child sexual abuse in remote Indigenous communities in Western Australia. Method Nine interviews were analysed using a thematic analysis methodology. Interviewees included family members of children who had been sexually abused, and Indigenous service providers who lived in the communities. Results Three broad themes emerged from the analysis: communication, action and presence, and working together to address child sexual abuse. Stakeholders described how the engagement with the team was respectful and collaborative, communication and service provision were excellent and stakeholders felt that they had a strong part to play in the process. Engagement, trust, warm relationships, and excellent outcomes were strong features of this initiative. Conclusions The operation was seen as a new way of working together, and was strongly endorsed by the Indigenous participants interviewed in this study. - Australian Psychologist, EarlyView.
    May 23, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12349   open full text
  • Psychological Distress, Alcohol Use, Fatigue, Sleepiness, and Sleep Quality: An Exploratory Study Among Men Whose Partners Are Admitted to a Residential Early Parenting Service.
    Karen Wynter, Nathan Wilson, Patsy Thean, Bei Bei, Jane Fisher.
    Australian Psychologist. May 22, 2018
    --- - |2+ Objective In Australia, residential early parenting services (REPS) provide structured, psycho‐educational programs for unsettled infant behaviour and associated maternal difficulties. Thus far, most studies have focused on the psychological functioning of women admitted to these services; few studies have investigated the mental health of their male partners and none have used standardised measures to assess alcohol use, fatigue, sleepiness, and sleep quality. The aim of this exploratory survey was to assess mental health problems, alcohol use, and sleep‐related functioning among men whose partners and infants were admitted to a privately funded REPS. Method Male partners of women admitted to an REPS in Melbourne, Australia, during a 5‐month period completed surveys including self‐report measures of depression, anxiety, stress, irritability, alcohol use, fatigue, sleepiness, and sleep quality. Surveys were completed by 53 men; mean age was 36 years. Mean scores on standardised instruments were compared with normative or comparison data. The proportions of participants scoring in the clinical range on each measure are reported. Results Mean scores on measures of stress, irritability, fatigue, sleepiness, and sleep quality were significantly worse than norms for healthy adults. Fifty‐one percent of men screened positive for alcohol misuse; 53% reported clinically significant fatigue and 82% scored in the clinical range for poor sleep quality. Conclusions This study provides preliminary evidence that men whose partners are admitted to an REPS may have impaired psychological and sleep‐related functioning, which might affect interactions with their partners and infants. Service enhancement to assess and address the needs of men is indicated. - Australian Psychologist, EarlyView.
    May 22, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12348   open full text
  • Why Clinical Psychology Needs to Engage in Community‐Based Approaches to Mental Health.
    Paul Rhodes, Cynthia Langtiw.
    Australian Psychologist. May 15, 2018
    --- - |2 The aim of this article is to advocate for clinical psychology to engage with community‐based approaches to mental health. This engagement will be challenging given community work is antithetical to the individualism that defines much of clinical psychology. It would also result in a direct challenge to the core tenets of our profession, including an emphasis on individualism, psychopathology, and expert‐driven intervention. We need clinical psychology, however, to decolonise itself to respond to the needs of Aboriginal communities and those from non‐Western collectivist cultures. We also need clinical psychology to consider the sociopolitics of human distress and lend itself to social action for complex problems. Specific examples of community‐based practices will be provided, focusing specifically on those that relate to mental health. Implication for the reform of research methodologies and classroom pedagogies will also be discussed. - Australian Psychologist, Volume 53, Issue 5, Page 377-382, October 2018.
    May 15, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12347   open full text
  • Should Australian Psychology Consider Enhancing Psychotherapeutic Interventions with Psychedelic Drugs? A Call for Research.
    Stephen Bright, Martin Williams.
    Australian Psychologist. April 11, 2018
    --- - |2 International research is increasingly demonstrating that psychedelic‐assisted psychotherapy can enhance psychotherapeutic outcomes and be effective for some treatment‐refractory mental illnesses; however, there is an absence of any such research in Australia. A review of psychedelic science has been conducted with a focus on psychedelic‐assisted psychotherapy to highlight the degree to which such research is occurring overseas. While some studies are in their early stages and the methods are undergoing continuous refinement, other areas are more advanced, including 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine‐assisted psychotherapy which is commencing Phase III clinical trials. In all cases, evidence is mounting that psychedelics hold promise in enhancing psychotherapy and furthering current understandings of the brain. Given that there is no psychedelic science program in Australia, we propose that Australian psychologists join the global biomedical community and engage in formal psychedelic research. - Australian Psychologist, EarlyView.
    April 11, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12345   open full text
  • Capturing the Attitudes of Adolescent Males’ Towards Computerised Mental Health Help‐Seeking.
    Laura H Clark, Jennifer L Hudson, Debra A Dunstan, Gavin I Clark.
    Australian Psychologist. April 11, 2018
    --- - |2+ Objective Adolescent males are often reluctant to seek help for mental health problems. Computerised psychological treatment may be a more appealing method of psychological intervention for this population because it minimises many of the barriers to traditional treatment. However, it is not clear if current computerised mental health treatment programs both attract and engage adolescent males with anxiety disorders. A qualitative methodology was utilised to investigate adolescent males’ attitudes to computerised mental health intervention generally and more specifically, computerised anxiety treatment programs. Method The views of 29 adolescent males, both with and without experience of clinical anxiety symptoms, were elicited using semi‐structured interviews and focus groups. Verbatim transcripts were analysed using content analysis. Results The major themes identified related to computerised help‐seeking involving “risk,” “effort” and “the need for a human connection.” Conclusion The results of the study suggest that a number of barriers exist in relation to adolescent males utilising computerised mental health interventions, such as unfamiliarity with this form of help, perceived control over decision‐making, effort involved and concerns around confidentiality. However, the findings also suggest that an increased awareness of computerised mental health help‐seeking, facilitated through schools, parents or social media, also has the potential to increase formal help‐seeking in this population. - Australian Psychologist, Volume 53, Issue 5, Page 416-426, October 2018.
    April 11, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12341   open full text
  • Older Adults’ Physical Activity: The Integration of Autonomous Motivation and Theory of Planned Behaviour Constructs.
    Urska Arnautovska, Lena Fleig, Frances O'Callaghan, Kyra Hamilton.
    Australian Psychologist. April 10, 2018
    --- - |2+ Objective To examine the motivational processes underpinning Australian older adults’ physical activity. Method Adults aged 65 years and over (N = 213) completed a questionnaire assessing autonomous motivation and theory of planned behaviour variables (attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control), and a 2‐week follow‐up of their self‐reported physical activity (n = 165). Results In a structural equation model, effects of autonomous motivation on intention were mediated by attitudes and perceived behavioural control, but not subjective norm. The model explained 60% and 46% of the variance in intention and physical activity, respectively. Conclusion The findings add to current knowledge of motivational processes underpinning physical activity in older adults. Current results indicate that interventions where the value of regular physical activity can be internalised by offering activities that foster feelings of competence, autonomy, and relatedness may be important to consider in increasing physical activity levels of older adults, a group at risk of sedentary behaviours. - Australian Psychologist, EarlyView.
    April 10, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12346   open full text
  • On Becoming a Therapist: A Narrative Inquiry of Personal–Professional Development and the Training of Clinical Psychologists.
    Marine Salter, Paul Rhodes.
    Australian Psychologist. March 31, 2018
    --- - |2+ Objective Contemporary‐training of clinical‐psychologists in Australia is competency‐based, aiming to develop highly‐skilled scientist–practitioners. Little is known, however, about their experiences of personal–professional development over time, as they are faced with the challenges of a life as therapists. This study aims to explore personal–professional development and the role played by clinical training programs. Method The present study employed a narrative inquiry research design to investigate the personal–professional development and identity‐transformation experiences of 11‐clinical psychologists from four Australian Universities, who had graduated between 3 and 10 years prior to interview. Results The majority of participants developed skills‐based professional identities as trainees, adhering to the structure of the cognitive‐behavioural‐model. Some struggled, however, to manage the emotional‐impact of therapeutic‐work, given training programs focussed little on personal development or reflective practice. Over time three main processes occurred in terms of the interplay between the personal and professional. Clinicians learned to use models of practice that were congruent with their personal values, they developed a quality of genuineness in the therapy room, and they learned to listen to their own internal experiences during therapy. Clinicians were dissatisfied with the limited role of training programs in terms of personal development. Conclusion Further research is required on the personal–professional development of clinical psychologists, including the exploration of pedagogical reform related to personal development. - Australian Psychologist, EarlyView.
    March 31, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12344   open full text
  • Exploring the Why of Psychologist Misconduct and Malpractice: A Thematic Analysis of Court Decision Documents.
    Paul Kremer, Mark Symmons, Brett Furlonger.
    Australian Psychologist. March 30, 2018
    --- - |2 Objective: To identify reasons for misconduct and misconduct amongst Australian psychologists. Method: During the 5‐year period from 2008 to 2013, 42 psychologists across 41 cases were found guilty of misconduct and malpractice by civil and administrative courts across Australia. The court decision documents were analysed using Braun and Clarke’s () qualitative methodology to explore themes relating to the court’s objective, the psychologist’s subjective, and the authors’ interpretive causal reasons transgressing psychologists engaged in misconduct and malpractice. Results: Explanations given by psychologists for misconduct and malpractice behaviours included the use and abuse of legal and illicit substances, addiction behaviours, and impairment due to mental disorder or unresolved trauma. A number of other reasons identified by the courts and by the authors from the evidence cited in the published court decision documents are also discussed. Possible contributing factors for why misconduct and malpractice behaviours occurred coalesced into three themes: the externalisation of responsibility for personal actions and behaviours, a lack of objectivity concerning why such behaviours occurred, and an inability to understand how personal circumstance affected the provision of ethical services to clients. Conclusion: (a) The complexity of situations and scenarios surrounding psychologist malpractice can be simplified for the benefit of designing interventions by applying Glass’ () concept of the “slippery slope.” (b) Court records have benefit as detailed data, but could be augmented for greater value with a simple and easily completed additional coversheet of background and demographic data. - Australian Psychologist, Volume 53, Issue 5, Page 454-463, October 2018.
    March 30, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12343   open full text
  • Attitudes of Psychologists in Australia towards evidence‐based practice in psychology.
    Naomi Ruth Hamill, Karl Kilian Konrad Wiener.
    Australian Psychologist. March 01, 2018
    --- - |2+ Objective In the Australian context, literature searches did not identify any empirical research of Australian psychologists exploring their knowledge of, and attitudes towards, evidence‐based practice in psychology (EBPP). This study aimed to investigate whether psychologists in Australia understood the EBPP model, their attitudes towards EBPP, and the individual differences that affect attitudes towards EBPP. Method A cross‐sectional design study using an online survey was completed by 113 psychologists, aged between 23 and 78 years. The participants completed a set of questionnaires assessing their understanding of the EBPP model and their attitudes towards implementing the model in practice. Results Descriptive analysis showed that 60% of the psychologists were able to define EBPP, with women showing a greater positive attitude towards EBPP. Psychologists with 4 years or less of academic training endorsed stronger positive attitudes than those psychologists’ with more than 5 years academic training. Psychologists with more years of professional experience were found to be associated with more negative attitudes towards EBPP. Conclusions This is the first Australian study exploring psychologist's understanding of and attitudes towards the model. The findings suggest that further research is required to examine the impact of training, years of practice, and individual differences towards attitudes. - Australian Psychologist, EarlyView.
    March 01, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12342   open full text
  • The Chinese Australian Neuropsychological Normative Study: Neuropsychological Test Norms for Chinese Australians Aged 55–90 Years.
    Karen Wallace, Jamie Berry, Edwin Arthur Shores.
    Australian Psychologist. March 01, 2018
    --- - |2+ Objective Given Australia's rapidly ageing population, demand for neuropsychological assessment to assist with the diagnosis and treatment/management of dementia and stroke will increase. Accurate and reliable neuropsychological assessment is dependent on the availability of appropriate normative data. Although more than a quarter of the Australian population comprises culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) individuals, there have been no CALD‐specific normative studies published in Australia to date. The primary purpose of the current study was to collect norms on Australia's largest and one of its fastest growing CALD groups, Chinese Australians. Other aims included delineation of the influence of demographic factors and assessment of reliability coefficients of neuropsychological test scores for Chinese Australians. Method A battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to N = 145 community dwelling Chinese Australians aged 55–87 years with the assistance of Chinese‐speaking interpreters. Results Multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant influence of demographic factors across most test scores and norms were provided by the relevant stratifications. The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Third Edition (WAIS‐III) Digit Symbol Coding (DSC) emerged as the most reliable tests for use with Chinese Australians. Conclusion The influence of demographic variables and reliability coefficients of neuropsychological tests developed for dominant western cultural groups cannot be assumed to be the same across CALD groups. Use of CALD‐specific norms is recommended to increase the reliability and validity of neuropsychological testing. - Australian Psychologist, Volume 53, Issue 5, Page 427-443, October 2018.
    March 01, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12340   open full text
  • Providing Online Memory Interventions for Older Adults: A Critical Review and Recommendations for Development.
    Kerryn Elizabeth Pike, Mei San Chong, Camilla Hordvik Hume, Britney Jane Keech, Monika Konjarski, Kathleen Ann Landolt, Benjamin Edward Leslie, Adrian Russo, Christine Thai, Julian Simon Vilsten, Glynda Jane Kinsella.
    Australian Psychologist. January 12, 2018
    --- - |2+ Objective Online psychological therapy, or e‐therapy, has proliferated. e‐Therapy enables clinicians to reach clients otherwise unable to access health services. This should be particularly valuable to services, such as Clinical Neuropsychology, that are scarce or unavailable outside major metropolitan centres, but little is known regarding the potential for online neuropsychological therapy. This discussion paper focuses on memory interventions for older adults, and aims to determine whether it is feasible to create an effective online memory intervention. Method The approach used was to review the literature regarding e‐Health generally and factors associated with effective online delivery, as well as specific issues related to Internet usage and current memory interventions for older adults. Regard was given to ethical considerations and practical suggestions were made about the way forward to implement online memory interventions for older adults. Results There is good evidence that memory interventions for older adults improve memory and increase functional independence. Barriers to online delivery of memory interventions are identified and recommendations for practice provided. Conclusions Despite various barriers, translation of memory interventions to an online format appears feasible, and would enable delivery to many older adults who would be otherwise unable to access these services. - Australian Psychologist, Volume 53, Issue 5, Page 367-376, October 2018.
    January 12, 2018   doi: 10.1111/ap.12339   open full text
  • Non‐Indigenous Psychologists Working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: Towards Clinical and Cultural Competence.
    Caitlin Mullins, Nigar G. Khawaja.
    Australian Psychologist. December 28, 2017
    --- - |2+ Objective The study explored how non‐Indigenous psychologists enact clinical and cultural competence in their work with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients, with a particular focus on client assessment, diagnosis, and interventions. Method Semi‐structured individual interviews were conducted with 12 non‐Indigenous psychologists from across Australia experienced in working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in diverse geographic and organisational contexts. Results Thematic analysis of the data revealed five primary themes associated with the engagement, assessment, diagnosis, intervention, and management of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients. Central to the findings was the need for adaptability and flexibility, a willingness to step outside psychology's traditional functions and formalities, the importance of adopting relationship‐centred, trauma‐informed, and client‐specific approaches, the development of cultural competence as a journey rather than a destination, and the place for innovative and solutions‐focused practice in building the knowledge and evidence base. Conclusion This study demonstrates how non‐Indigenous psychologists can adapt their practice to incorporate culturally sensitive approaches when working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients. - Australian Psychologist, Volume 53, Issue 5, Page 394-404, October 2018.
    December 28, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12338   open full text
  • The Griffith Empathy Measure Does Not Validly Distinguish between Cognitive and Affective Empathy in Children.
    Brett A Murphy.
    Australian Psychologist. December 08, 2017
    --- - |2+ Objective To evaluate the construct validity of the Griffith Empathy Measure (GEM), specifically the validity of its separate “cognitive” and “affective” empathy scales. If these scales do distinguishably measure these separable constructs, then this would greatly complicate many past findings using the unidimensional Bryant Empathy Index, which is the original source of the scale items. If these scales are not valid as distinguishable measures of cognitive and affective empathy, however, then their growing use in this manner is not justified. Method In addition to a narrative theoretical review of the cognitive and affective scales of the GEM, I conducted a small meta‐analysis of the GEM's scales relationships with callous‐unemotional (CU) traits in children. CU traits are widely conceptualised as being associated with severe deficits in affective empathy, alongside minimal deficits in cognitive empathy. Results Across five studies, with a total of 3,496 children participants, CU traits were substantially negatively associated with the GEM cognitive empathy scale (r = −.40), but only weakly negatively associated with GEM affective empathy scores (r = −.12). Conclusion I argue that Dadds et al. erred in trying to derive valid measures of both cognitive and affective empathy from an item pool that was not designed for that kind of dual‐use purpose. More specifically, the GEM “cognitive” scale may primarily measure broader callousness, whereas the affective scale may primarily measure only a narrow range of affective empathy, namely emotional contagion. - Australian Psychologist, EarlyView.
    December 08, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12336   open full text
  • The Cultural Validity of Diagnostic Psychiatric Measures for Indigenous Australians.
    Emma B. Black, Maree R. Toombs, Steve Kisely.
    Australian Psychologist. November 27, 2017
    --- - |2+ Objective There is limited research available regarding the prevalence rates of psychiatric illness in Indigenous Australians, and the available literature varies widely in terms of methods and findings. Culturally valid and appropriate tools are needed to ensure accurate outcomes. The purpose of this review is to examine the methods used to diagnose psychiatric disorders in Indigenous Australians and identify whether these are culturally appropriate or valid. Method A systematic search of available literature was undertaken in electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, PsycArticles, Web of Science, Medline, and Informit Health Indigenous Australians Peoples Collections). Narrative synthesis was used to analyse the data obtained, with a quantitative evaluations of study quality and cultural validity. Results Twelve articles were included for review. Six studies were of diagnostic tools and none had been validated for use with Indigenous Australians. Another six used practitioner assessment. Some studies indirectly referenced cultural competence on behalf of the practitioner, but again on the whole this was lacking. Conclusions Further validation of the use of diagnostic instruments in Indigenous Australians is needed so that the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in this population can be accurately determined. In addition, practitioners working with Indigenous Australians should have some training in cultural awareness or competence, and consider the cultural appropriateness of diagnostic tools when applied to this population. - Australian Psychologist, Volume 53, Issue 5, Page 383-393, October 2018.
    November 27, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12335   open full text
  • Implicit Acculturation and the Academic Adjustment of Chinese Student Sojourners in Australia.
    Joel R. Anderson, Yao Guan.
    Australian Psychologist. November 06, 2017
    --- - |2+ Objective Chinese students comprise the largest group of foreign‐born tertiary students studying in Australia, and these students face unique challenges when striving toward their academic goals. The challenges including acculturation stress, culture shock, and studying in a foreign language. In this article, we explore implicit acculturation strategies of China‐born student sojourners in Australia, and how this relates to academic outcomes. Method In Study 1, the capacity for the go/no‐go association task to assess implicit cultural identification was established in local samples of local students (39 in Australia, 36 in China). These data were then used as a comparison after measuring the implicit acculturation of students studying abroad. Thus, in Study 2, 68 China‐born student sojourners in Australia responded to this measure of implicit acculturation, as well as levels of academic adjustment, acculturation stress, and life satisfaction. Results The sojourning sample demonstrated implicit separation acculturation attitudes, and moreover the excessive implicit associations with their home (Chinese) culture suggested an implicit cultural reaffirmation effect. Implicit acculturation was associated with increases in acculturation stress and decreases in life satisfaction, academic lifestyle, and motivation. Conclusions These findings suggest that Chinese student sojourners may not be able to (or choose not to) self‐integrate within the Australian‐based education community; however, this implicit cultural reaffirmation may be beneficial for ameliorating education‐related outcomes. - Australian Psychologist, Volume 53, Issue 5, Page 444-453, October 2018.
    November 06, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12332   open full text
  • Men In and Out of Treatment for Depression: Strategies for Improved Engagement.
    Zac E. Seidler, Simon M. Rice, John L. Oliffe, Andrea S. Fogarty, Haryana M. Dhillon.
    Australian Psychologist. October 30, 2017
    --- - |2+ Objective While the prevalence of major depressive disorder continues to rise, many men are reticent to seek and sustain psychotherapy. The current study explored Australian men's experiences with treatment for depression with a view to guiding recommendations for improving treatment engagement. Method Twenty men (23–64 years) who had received psychotherapy for depressive symptoms in the past 3 years took part in individual, semi‐structured interviews. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded in line with interpretive descriptive methodologies. Results Findings suggested men's preference for a transparent orientation to treatment, including the provision of a clear structure for therapy. Men's preferred structure included focusing on individualised goals and expected progress, establishment of trust, and a sharing of decisional control. Providing an action‐oriented functional treatment with targeted skills attainment was recommended as most engaging. The focus on “doing” in treatment, as distinct from pure talk therapy, engendered feelings of strength and empowerment in the men, bridging self‐management of symptoms and wellness. Most participants, however, did not receive a treatment style that properly engaged them, and articulated clear recommendations for changes needed. Conclusions Findings highlight the potential for development and dissemination of gender sensitive, strength‐based clinical training and treatment options for better engaging men in psychotherapy for depression. - Australian Psychologist, Volume 53, Issue 5, Page 405-415, October 2018.
    October 30, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12331   open full text
  • The Role of School Connectedness and Social Support in the Acculturation in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Youth in Australia.
    Nigar G. Khawaja, Emily Allan, Robert D. Schweitzer.
    Australian Psychologist. October 13, 2017
    Objective The current study investigated the relationship of demographic and social ecology factors (social support and school connectedness) with acculturation of culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) youth. Method Participants comprised of 237 CALD youth, from migrant and refugee backgrounds, attending a specialised Australian school designed to address English language development and re‐settlement needs of CALD youth. Results Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that after controlling for demographic factors, school connectedness and social support explained a significant percentage of the variance. Conclusion This study has implications for assisting CALD youth in schools. Findings highlight the need for further research exploring the modifiable factors that promote school connectedness and social support. Interventions and effective practices that enhance school connectedness and social support for CALD youth are identified as likely to contribute to successful acculturation.
    October 13, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12327   open full text
  • Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Psychometric Properties of the Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Scale.
    Samuel Lapkin, Ritin Fernandez.
    Australian Psychologist. October 13, 2017
    Objective The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Scale (MASS) when used to examine the stressors faced by senior Asian Indian women immigrants in Australia. Method Data collected from a sample of Asian Indian women immigrants residing in Sydney, Australia, were used to examine the psychometric properties of the MASS using confirmatory factor analysis. Results A total of 203 Indian women immigrants with an average age of 66.11 years [standard deviation (SD) ± 9.60; range 50–90) participated in the study. The majority of the participants were born in India (n = 142; 70%) and their length of stay in Australia was between 1 month and 42 years. The original 24‐item, five‐factor MASS structure was confirmed, and the model showed a good fit to the data: comparative fit index = 0.93; root mean square error of approximation = 0.06; and standardised root mean square residual = 0.08. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the five subscales ranged from 0.80 to 0.93 and was 0.91 for the overall scale demonstrating high internal consistency. Conclusions The findings confirm the factor structure and reliability of the MASS for assessing acculturative stress among female Asian Indian immigrants. However, scale development is an iterative process and further testing in other contexts is recommended.
    October 13, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12326   open full text
  • Psychometric Properties and Norms for the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Administered Online in an Australian Sample.
    Rebecca J. Seward, Donna M. Bayliss, Helen M. Stallman, Jeneva L. Ohan.
    Australian Psychologist. October 13, 2017
    Objective The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was developed for clinicians and researchers as a brief screening instrument for behavioural and emotional problems in children. Administered in its traditional pen‐and‐paper format, the SDQ has demonstrated sound psychometric properties. The SDQ is increasingly being administered online, despite there being little evaluation of the psychometric properties and norms of the instrument in this new administrative context, and none in an Australian (or English‐speaking) sample. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to explore the psychometric properties and present normative data for the online administration of the parent‐report version of the SDQ in an Australian sample. Methods Participants were parents (n = 1,070) of Australian primary school‐aged children (5 to 12 years) who completed the SDQ online via a web‐based software program. Results Results demonstrate sound psychometric properties for the SDQ in its online administrative format that are comparable to previous Australian studies utilising the traditional pen‐and‐paper format of the SDQ. Moreover, we provide normative data on the SDQ subscales, as well as the impact supplement when administered online. Conclusions Together, the results support the use of the SDQ online, and provide emerging evidence that the psychometric properties and the norms for the parent‐report SDQ in an English‐speaking sample are similar regardless of online versus pen‐and‐paper administration.
    October 13, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12325   open full text
  • Increasing Psychological Literacy and Work Readiness of Australian Psychology Undergraduates through a Capstone and Work‐Integrated Learning Experience: Current Issues and What Needs to be Done.
    Kyra Hamilton, Shirley A. Morrissey, Lara J. Farrell, Michelle C. Ellu, Analise O'Donovan, Tanja Weinbrecht, Erin L. O'Connor.
    Australian Psychologist. October 03, 2017
    Objective While most students undertaking bachelor level training in psychology will not become registered psychologists, as graduates they join a large pool of well‐educated and psychologically literate citizens who can apply psychology in a range of contexts. Our objective is to showcase the literature on capstone and work integrated learning (WIL) courses and outline how these specialised courses could be utilised to support undergraduate psychology students and ensure the community benefits from their strengths. Method In this paper, we summarise the current issues, emerging trends, and educational priorities in this area. We provide a critical survey of the extensive literature produced in the last decade, offering a synthesis of current thinking in the field and perspectives on directions forward. We review and summarise different primary studies on capstone and WIL courses from which we draw conclusions into a holistic integration gained by the authors’ own experience and the available literature. Results Capstone and WIL courses address a significant gap in the work readiness of Australian psychology undergraduates and may also consolidate these students’ psychological literacy. Conclusions Developing a sense of professional identity and increasing self‐efficacy in these graduates can enhance students’ work readiness, potentially facilitating a smooth transition into professional work. We advocate for changes to the education of psychology undergraduates and outline the implications for the future workforce.
    October 03, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12309   open full text
  • Diagnostic Accuracy in Australian Psychologists: Impact of Experience and Endorsement on the Anchoring Effect.
    Daniel John Wendt, Graham Tyson.
    Australian Psychologist. September 28, 2017
    Objective There is pressure domestically and internationally to abandon the “4 + 2” pathway in order to more closely align with other western countries. Yet there is limited empirical evidence to support the benefits of the “postgraduate” pathway above that of the internship model. This study examined the training pathways to qualify for registration as a psychologist in Australia and their relationship to years of practice experience, the anchoring effect, and diagnostic accuracy. Method A total of 121 psychologists in Australia completed the study requirements via an online questionnaire. The participants were randomly allocated to conditions with those in the experimental groups receiving an introductory statement suggesting a diagnosis (depression or anxiety). The control group received no statement. All participants then reviewed the same de‐identified case material of a real client and formulated a diagnosis based on the information presented. The data were examined using hierarchical binary logistic regression. Results The study found that endorsement significantly predicted more accurate diagnosis but that additional practice experience did not further increase diagnostic skills in the specialist group. Additional years of practice experience did improve accuracy in those without endorsement. An anchoring effect was not consistently observed. Conclusions The results suggest that endorsement appears beneficial for improving diagnostic accuracy; however, a similar level of improvement can be acquired through practice experience if endorsement is not pursued. While the endorsement pathway appears advantageous, practice experience also has its merits as an alternative to develop clinical skills.
    September 28, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12311   open full text
  • Psychosocial Interventions for Parents with Incurable End‐Stage Cancer: A Rapid Evidence Assessment.
    Vera Steiner, Aron Shlonsky, Lynette Joubert.
    Australian Psychologist. September 20, 2017
    Objective Parenting is a primary concern for patients with minor children facing palliative‐stage cancer, yet psychosocial support addressing parenting concerns during end‐stage cancer is not routinely provided in the healthcare setting. The purpose of this review is to: (a) identify evaluation studies describing psychosocial interventions for parents with incurable end‐stage cancer; and (b) review the effectiveness evidence. Method This review was based on a rapid evidence assessment using transparent and comprehensive search terms and narrative synthesis. Inclusion criteria were broad and consisted of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method studies that focused on psychosocial interventions for parents with advanced cancer. Results Four studies were identified, but only one of these reported results specific to parents with end‐stage cancer. A child‐centred and family‐focused approach was central to all program interventions. All programs encompassed a structured format with the majority being dedicated to providing both individual and family sessions. The studies varied in methodological quality and all used small, non‐representative samples limiting the generalisability of the findings. There were no high quality quantitative studies that specifically address outcomes for this parent group and few qualitative studies that detail parents’ intervention experience. Conclusions The findings suggest that targeted, child‐centred, family‐focused psychosocial interventions are sometimes used to support adult patients with parenting during end‐stage cancer. These purport to promote child‐parent communication and to contribute to parent psychosocial wellbeing. Further research using larger parent populations from diverse sociodemographic backgrounds is required. More importantly, comparative effectiveness studies are needed that test the timing, delivery, and content of these interventions.
    September 20, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12286   open full text
  • Carers’ Experiences of End‐of‐Life Care: A Scoping Review and Application of Personal Construct Psychology.
    Timothy R. Broady.
    Australian Psychologist. September 20, 2017
    Objective Individuals who care for a family member or friend at end‐of‐life experience a range of practical and emotional challenges. This paper applies a theoretical framework of personal construct psychology (PCP) to explore carers’ experiences of end‐of‐life care, with a focus on implications for their sense of identity. Method Literature searches were conducted through PsycINFO, Medline, PubMed, and Google Scholar for articles published since 2005 with a focus on carer experiences at end‐of‐life. Main themes identified through this literature review were considered in light of PCP theory, with particular attention on the notion of “threat” (i.e., an imminent and comprehensive change in a person's core identity structure). Implications were then drawn for providing practical carer support. Results The reviewed literature highlighted carers’ practical challenges at end‐of‐life (e.g., assisting with activities of daily living), emotional challenges (e.g., negotiating the imminent death of a family member or friend), and personal implications (e.g., sudden removal of caring responsibilities). Conclusions The constructivist notion of “threat” is a particularly salient concept for end‐of‐life carers as they negotiate the approaching death of a family member or friend. This can have significant ramifications for their sense of identity beyond bereavement. Clinical approaches based on PCP may effectively support end‐of‐life carers to develop identities beyond their caring role as they transition to a life without caring responsibilities.
    September 20, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12278   open full text
  • Clients’ Perspectives on Outcomes and Mechanisms of Bereavement Counselling: A Qualitative Study.
    Mary Klasen, Sunil S. Bhar, Anna Ugalde, Christopher Hall.
    Australian Psychologist. September 20, 2017
    Objectives Bereavement counselling (BC) seeks to address pervasive grief and facilitate healthy adaptation to loss. There is limited understanding of BC outcomes and the mechanisms that facilitate outcomes. Quantitative measures tend to focus on clinical rather than salutogenic outcomes such as post‐traumatic growth. Furthermore, there is limited research about the contribution that client and counsellor attributes and the therapeutic alliance make to effective outcomes. This study addressed two questions: What are the outcomes of BC for clients? What are the mechanisms of BC that generate these outcomes? Method Participants were 16 former clients of an Australian specialist BC centre. A semi‐structured interview was conducted to generate information about clients’ BC experience. Responses were subjected to thematic analysis. Results Three themes were induced from the data. First, Seeking Bereavement Counselling: I was desperate. I knew I needed help, comprised recognition of need and help seeking behaviour. Second, Working Collaboratively: Let's work together to see what we can achieve, incorporated client and counsellor attributes, collaborative therapeutic relationship, and client centred interventions. Third, Appraising Efficacy: I'm learning to live again, included reduction in grief symptomatology, adaptation to loss, and positive growth. Conclusion Participants offered detailed information about their experience of BC. The study highlighted three important mechanisms of BC that enable positive outcomes for participants: client agency, client‐counsellor collaboration, and person centred interventions. The study supports BC as a relational context where the salient needs of bereaved people are respected and addressed, enabling change to occur.
    September 20, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12280   open full text
  • A Narrative Review of Dignity Therapy Research.
    Brenda Bentley, Moira O'Connor, Josephine Shaw, Lauren Breen.
    Australian Psychologist. September 20, 2017
    Introduction Dignity therapy is an end‐of‐life psychological intervention that focuses on the creation of a legacy document to alleviate end‐of‐life distress. Dignity therapy is based on an empirical model of dignity at the end of life. Research on dignity therapy has been ongoing for over 12 years in 11 countries, which has created a solid empirical base. Objective This article presents a narrative overview of the literature on dignity therapy to provide a comprehensive narrative review and critical synthesis of published research. Method Electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus) were searched using the key terms “dignity therapy,” “dignity psychotherapy,” and “Chochinov” from 2000 to March 2016. Results Thirty‐nine publications were included and findings were grouped into the following areas: Efficacy; Feasibility with different study populations; Web‐assisted delivery; Impact on families; Cultural studies; Case studies; Themes found in documents; Clinical perspectives; and Implementation studies. Conclusions While dignity therapy is well accepted in most cases, it may not always be effective, therapeutically valid, or practical, and may cause family or cultural frictions. It is recommended that clinicians take into consideration each person's unique circumstances in relation to the current literature before undertaking dignity therapy. Future research is indicated to evaluate dignity therapy with different cultural groups, to investigate the views of recipients of dignity therapy documents, to discover the time and resource commitments required to deliver dignity therapy, to identify who should provide dignity therapy, and to examine the experiences of clinicians who deliver dignity therapy. More research is also needed comparing dignity therapy to other end‐of‐life interventions.
    September 20, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12282   open full text
  • Identity and the End‐of‐Life Story: A Role for Psychologists.
    Rosemary Leonard, Debbie Horsfall, Kerrie Noonan, John Rosenberg.
    Australian Psychologist. September 20, 2017
    Objective Narrative approaches to identity, which conceptualise a person's identity as their life story, present a useful way for approaching support at end‐of‐life because they do not pathologise dying but rather recognise it is the final chapter of a life story. The construction of life stories is always a social process and could be supported by psychologists. Attention to issues of identity and relationships is beneficial for dying people and their carers and counteracts the medicalisation of dying. The Caring at End‐of‐Life Research Program identified the support necessary from family, friends, community, and professionals for people to die at home, which is the preference of over 80% of Australians. Identifying the current and potential role of psychologists is the present focus. Method Qualitative analysis of eight service provider focus groups (88 people), 13 focus groups with carers and their support networks (n = 84), and individual interviews with carers (n = 23), and community (n = 17) was conducted in urban and rural New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. Results End‐of‐life transition was achieved without loss of identity when relationships with people, places, and objects which sustained identity were maintained. Carers required knowledge, skills, and adjustments about which psychologists have expertise such as emotional work, supporting networks, resisting pressure from medical staff, and adjustment at death. However, no psychologists attended the service provider focus groups and carers identified only three psychologists among 58 service providers. Conclusion Psychologists could play a valuable role by recognising end‐of‐life as a major transition and assisting with identity maintenance through that time.
    September 20, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12270   open full text
  • Psychosocial Interventions for End‐of‐Life Care: An Invited Commentary.
    Maria Ftanou, Michaela C Pascoe, Steve Ellen.
    Australian Psychologist. September 20, 2017
    End‐of‐life care impacts on emotional, physical, spiritual, and social wellbeing for both the individual and their family. Despite remarkable medical advances in the field, the empirical evidence regarding the development and efficacy of psychosocial interventions at end‐of‐life care is lagging behind. A number of psychosocial interventions are promising and represent important progress in the field. Psychologists have a range of suitable skills and knowledge, however, the profession is underutilised in end‐of‐life care. This special issue on end‐of‐life care highlights the need for more research into this area and could act as a call to action to accelerate our understanding of the role of Psychology in end‐of‐life care.
    September 20, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12305   open full text
  • Psychotherapeutic Interventions Near the End of Life: Theory, Evidence, and Future Directions.
    Gary M. Rodin.
    Australian Psychologist. September 20, 2017
    This special issue of the Australian Psychologist on psychology at the end of life is most timely in view of the rising prevalence and mortality rates from cancer and other non‐communicable diseases, largely due to the ageing of the world's population. An important focus in the papers in this edition is the subjective experience of patients and families and interventions that involve empathy, meaning‐making, and narrative construction. This focus is a departure, in some respects, from the recent emphasis in psychology and psychiatry on interventions more specifically directed to cognitions and behaviour. It may also reflect a renewed interest in subjectivity and/or an awareness of the importance of such approaches in the treatment of patients and families living with advanced and terminal disease. I will discuss each of these papers in this edition and summarise briefly the work of our group on a psychotherapeutic intervention for patients with metastatic and advanced cancer.
    September 20, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12307   open full text
  • Psychology and End of Life: Australian Psychologist.
    Phyllis Butow.
    Australian Psychologist. September 20, 2017
    This edition of Australian Psychologist focuses on the contribution psychologists can make to improve the experience of people at the end of their life, and that of their families and carers. What an important topic!
    September 20, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12306   open full text
  • Understanding How Personality Impacts Exhaustion and Engagement: The Role of Job Demands, and Job and Personal Resources as Mediators.
    Tamara Genevieve Robins, Rachel Margaret Roberts, Aspa Sarris.
    Australian Psychologist. September 01, 2017
    Objective Direct relationships have been found between neuroticism and burnout and between extraversion, conscientiousness, and engagement, key concepts in occupational wellbeing. This study aimed to explore the direct and indirect relationships between neuroticism and exhaustion, the core component of burnout, and between extraversion, conscientiousness, and engagement. Job demands, job resources, and psychological flexibility, a personal resource, were explored as potential mediators. Method Participants completed an online questionnaire at two time points, 1 year apart. Participants were studying nursing, social work, psychology, or occupational therapy at time one (T1) and either studying (n = 18) or working (n = 81) at time two (T2), with no employment information for one participant. At T2 working participants were nurses (n = 36), psychologists (n = 14), occupational therapists (n = 13), social workers (n = 7), other health profession workers (n = 7), and non‐health profession workers (n = 4). At T2 the average age of participants was 31 (standard deviation: 9.52; range: 21–60) and 92% were female. Results The direct relationships between T1 neuroticism and T2 exhaustion, and T1 conscientiousness and T2 engagement were not significant when controlling for the outcome variables at T1, exhaustion and engagement, respectively. Multiple mediation and bootstrapping analyses indicated potential mediation relationships between T1 neuroticism and T2 exhaustion and between T1 extraversion and T2 engagement. Conclusion While personality appears to be important in understanding burnout and engagement, the role of mediation suggests a complex relationship. Further longitudinal and large sample studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms by which personality impacts burnout and engagement.
    September 01, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12310   open full text
  • Predicting Parental Intentions to Enrol Their Children in Swimming Lessons Using an Extended Theory of Planned Behaviour.
    Jenna Irwin, Frances O'Callaghan, Aleck Ian Glendon.
    Australian Psychologist. July 24, 2017
    Objective For children under 15 years, drowning accounts for higher worldwide mortality rates than any other injury source. Our aim was to determine the predictors of parents accessing learn‐to‐swim classes for their children and whether parents’ overall motivation contributed to the explanation of behavioural intention. Using an extended version of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), incorporating past behaviour and parents’ health motivation, barriers and benefits associated with parents’ intentions to enrol their child/children in learn‐to‐swim classes were investigated. Method Parents (N = 114) with school children in Kindergarten up to Year 6 were recruited from Australian rural communities (mean age [M] = 38.2 years; standard deviation [ SD ] = 7.0). They completed questionnaires including demographic information, swimming ability, direct and belief‐based measures of the TPB, past behaviour, and health motivation. Belief‐based measures were derived from a pilot study following Ajzen's (1991) guidelines. This was followed by administration of the main questionnaire. Results Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that attitudes and past behaviour, respectively, predicted 55.6% and 4.5% of variance in parental intentions. Multivariate analyses of variance highlighted a number of beliefs that could be targeted in campaigns to encourage parents to involve their children in swimming classes. Conclusions Recommendations for campaigns targeting this issue include: (a) induce positive attitudes towards enrolling children in swimming lessons and (b) target parents of children not previously enrolled in swimming lessons to influence their future intentions, with a particular focus on attitudes and changing beliefs about behaviours relevant to swimming lessons for their children.
    July 24, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12303   open full text
  • Physical Health in Public Mental Health Care: A Qualitative Study Employing the COM‐B Model of Behaviour to Describe Views and Practices of Australian Psychologists.
    Natalie Avery, Sue Patterson.
    Australian Psychologist. July 24, 2017
    Objective To inform improvement in the process and outcomes of care by describing the views and practices of psychologists working in public mental health services (PMHS) regarding provision of physical healthcare for consumers. Method Cross‐sectional qualitative study employing a theoretical model of behaviour (capability, opportunity, motivation, and behaviour; COM‐B model). Data collected in semi‐structured interviews with maximum diversity sample of 29 psychologists were analysed using the framework approach. Results Participants were cognisant of the need to improve physical health among people with severe mental illness (SMI); they endorsed, to varying extents, the obligation of PMHS and potential of psychologists, collectively to contribute to this goal through provision of interventions targeting health behaviours. Within a context in which psychology was generally underutilised, practice varied widely, ranging from avoidance to integration of physical health care in clinical practice. In combination, mixed‐messages about service priorities, role ambiguity, competing demands, and concern about adequacy of knowledge and skills inhibited attention to physical health for most participants, particularly those working in generic case management roles. Some highly motivated psychologists, most of whom worked in specialised teams within which attention to physical health was normative, made and capitalised on opportunities to develop and apply skills to enable consumers to change behaviour and improve physical health. Conclusion While further education and training will enhance capability and motivation of psychologists, realisation of the potential contribution to improvement in physical health of people with SMI will fundamentally, require assertion of the identity and value of the profession within mental health services. Ensuring optimal use of scarce resources necessitates careful consideration of deployment of discipline specific expertise, and clarity about responsibilities of psychologists within teams.
    July 24, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12302   open full text
  • Refugee Students’ Psychological Wellbeing and Experiences in the Australian Education System: A Mixed‐methods Investigation.
    Tahereh Ziaian, Helena Anstiss, Teresa Puvimanasinghe, Emily Miller.
    Australian Psychologist. June 21, 2017
    Objectives Refugee children and adolescents are widely acknowledged to experience multiple disadvantages that place them at increased risk of poor education and employment outcomes, which in turn affect their mental health and well‐being. The aim of this study is to explore the interconnection between their educational and schooling experiences, and mental health outcomes. Method We used a mixed methods approach. Participants included a multiethnic sample of 495 South Australian refugee children (4–12 years) and adolescents (13–17 years) from Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and former Yugoslavia. Mental health outcomes were assessed using the Children's Depression Inventory ( CDI ) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ( SDQ ). Thirteen focus groups with 85 refugee adolescents aged 13–17 years explored their educational experiences and well‐being. Results Quantitative analysis revealed differences between teacher, parent, and adolescent self‐ratings, with teachers identifying a higher proportion of refugee students with mental health problems than parents or adolescents. The focus groups identified inadequate educational support, parental pressure to excel, heavy family and household responsibilities, supporting psychologically distressed parents, and school based discrimination and racism as barriers to their educational progress. Qualitative results also afforded plausible explanations for the discrepancy between teacher‐ratings with parent‐ and adolescent self‐ratings of the mental health. Conclusion Analysis of both quantitative and qualitative findings provides insight into the interconnection between educational and schooling experiences of young refugees and their mental health. Avenues for further research include developing and evaluating more holistic models of education to address the interrelated education and mental health needs of refugee youth.
    June 21, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12301   open full text
  • Factor Analysis and Psychometric Validation of the Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire in an Australian Undergraduate Sample.
    James Collison, Justin Mahlberg.
    Australian Psychologist. June 14, 2017
    Objective Body image disturbance encompasses various cognitive and behavioural states originating from a distressing, negative evaluation of one's appearance. It is broader than negative body image, comprising not only dissatisfaction but also distress and dysfunction, and is a core feature of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). This study had two broad aims: to establish normative values for body image disturbance within an Australian population and to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire (BIDQ). Method Australian undergraduate students (N = 950, 744 female) from Western Sydney completed the BIDQ, along with measures of clinical psychopathology, self‐esteem, and functional impairment. Results The BIDQ displayed good internal consistency and predictable concurrent relationships with measures of depression, anxiety, stress, self‐esteem, and functional impairment. It also yielded a single latent construct, while higher scores were noted among participants who screened positively for BDD. Conclusions BIDQ scores for this sample differ to those originally reported, which may reflect sample differences or cultural variation. These values provide a more accurate and reliable guide for clinicians using the BIDQ in Australia than previously available. Overall, the BIDQ demonstrates good psychometric efficacy in an undergraduate sample, although future research should validate the measure among wider clinical and community populations.
    June 14, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12293   open full text
  • Rural and Remote General Practitioners’ Perceptions of Psychologists.
    Carly Rose Sutherland, Anna Chur‐Hansen, Helen Winefield.
    Australian Psychologist. June 09, 2017
    Objective As the first professional contact for most Australians with mental health concerns, general practitioners (GPs) are often considered the “gateway” to accessing psychologists. Understanding GPs’ views of psychologists is therefore of great importance to the profession. GPs serve a particularly important role in mental health in rural and remote areas given the lack of other services; however there has been limited research investigating the relationship between psychologists and GPs in rural areas. This study aimed to investigate rural GPs’ perceptions of rural psychologists. Method Semi‐structured qualitative telephone and in‐person interviews were conducted with 13 GPs working in rural and remote South Australia. Data were analysed thematically. Results Three main themes were identified: Psychologists are useful/helpful; working with psychologists can be challenging; and psychologists are not well understood. Rural GPs held mostly positive views about psychologists and their value in providing professional support and reducing GP workloads. However, GPs’ understanding of psychologists’ training and expertise varied considerably, with most reporting gaps in their knowledge. Challenges included limited access to psychologists and communication barriers. Communication was considered to be enhanced by co‐locating psychology services within the GP practice, which was also considered to be a valuable educational opportunity for GPs. Conclusion While rural GPs held largely positive views of psychologists, they may require further support in understanding what psychologists can offer and promoting psychology to their patients. Results may assist in improving communication between rural psychologists and GPs and inform strategies to improve rural GPs’ understanding of psychologists’ skills and training.
    June 09, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12295   open full text
  • Identification of a Suitable Short‐form of the UCLA‐Loneliness Scale.
    Brad Elphinstone.
    Australian Psychologist. June 09, 2017
    Objective The current study aimed to identify the most statistically appropriate short‐form of the UCLA‐Loneliness Scale (LS). This was intended to provide researchers and practitioners with a measure that reduces the burden on participants and measures a unidimensional model of loneliness in accordance with the theory proposed by Russell. Method Eight short‐forms of the UCLA‐LS were assessed in two undergraduate samples (N = 552, 206). Students were from a metropolitan Australian university and completed online surveys. Results One‐, two‐, and three‐factor (i.e., an overall loneliness factor, and two method factors representing positively and negatively scored items) models of the original 20‐item UCLA‐LS provided poor model fit. One 10‐item short‐form provided adequate model fit in both samples. However, all configurations of the measure were generally internally consistent and displayed convergent validity. Greater loneliness was significantly associated with reduced social wellbeing, positive affect, life satisfaction, vitality, and psychological wellbeing, and increased negative affect. Conclusions It is recommended that a 10‐item short‐form is used in future applications. This short‐form displayed similar internal consistency and convergent validity as the 20‐item measure despite being half as long, and provided superior model fit.
    June 09, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12285   open full text
  • Influences on Psychological Well‐Being and Ill‐Being in Older Women.
    Wee Hong Tan, Jeanie Sheffield, Soo Keat Khoo, Gerard Byrne, Nancy A. Pachana.
    Australian Psychologist. June 06, 2017
    Objectives To examine factors contributing to psychological well‐being and ill‐being in older Australian women. Methods A multi‐variable model examining personality traits, life events, medical diagnoses, and cognitive appraisal was tested on 296 women (mean age = 69.13, standard deviation = 10.20) from the Longitudinal Assessment of Women Study using a cross‐sectional design. Results Neuroticism, optimism, and extraversion were associated with both well‐being and ill‐being, but these relationships were partially mediated by cognitive appraisal. The relationship between number of life events and ill‐being was fully mediated by cognitive appraisal, while the relationship between number of life events and well‐being was partially mediated by cognitive appraisal. The number of medical diagnoses directly predicted well‐being. Conclusions The supported model suggests that individual and public‐health interventions targeting personality traits, cognitive appraisal, and life events might have potential to improve well‐being and reduce ill‐being as individuals age.
    June 06, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12297   open full text
  • Motivation to the Past, Present, and Future: Time Orientation and Disorientation before Therapy.
    Terence V Bowles.
    Australian Psychologist. May 17, 2017
    Objectives The aim of this research was to confirm the structure of time orientation and affects associated with the past, present, and future and self‐esteem of those beginning therapy and a comparison group. Method Responses from clinical respondents (n = 217; mean age 33 years) and non‐clinical respondent (n = 196; mean age 34 years) were used to analyse the structure of the measures. A matched group method was used to investigate group differences based on clinical status and gender of the respondent. Results The measures of time orientation and measures of affects associated with the past, present, and future were well structured and provide evidence of a balanced view in which an orientation to each time dimension is important. Results showed that the therapeutic group was less future, present, and past oriented. Further, the therapeutic group was consistently and significantly higher on negative affect and lower on positive affect and self‐esteem than the comparison group. The findings are discussed in reference to therapeutic and theoretical implications. Conclusions The concept of time orientation and the associated affects is of substantial interest to therapeutic interventions and the findings provide some evidence of the utility of attending to the strength of orientation to the three time dimensions and the dependency between them over their apparent separateness. The measures have utility in providing insights that inform the focus of therapy.
    May 17, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12289   open full text
  • Treatment of Pathological Worry in Children With Acceptance‐Based Behavioural Therapy and a Multisensory Learning Aide: A Pilot Study.
    Richard Meagher, Danuta Chessor, Vincent Jacques Fogliati.
    Australian Psychologist. May 05, 2017
    Objective The primary objective of this study was to provide an initial test of the efficacy of acceptance‐based behavioural therapy in reducing pathological worry and anxious symptomology in children. A secondary objective was to examine the benefit of supplementing standard acceptance‐based behavioural therapy with a multisensory learning aide (MSA). The MSA provides kinaesthetic, tactile, and visual stimuli to facilitate children's understanding of acceptance‐based behavioural therapy principles and the development of acceptance‐ and mindfulness‐based skills. Method Two variations of an acceptance‐based behavioural therapy treatment were administered over 8 weeks to children aged 7–11 years: a standard acceptance‐based behavioural therapy treatment condition, and a condition that supplemented acceptance‐based behavioural therapy with a novel MSA. Anxious symptomology and pathological worry were measured at pre‐treatment and post‐treatment. A program evaluation questionnaire was also administered to parents at post‐treatment. Results Results demonstrated that children in the acceptance‐based behavioural therapy with a novel MSA condition reported significant reductions in worry and anxious symptomology at post‐treatment. Furthermore, parents in this condition reported the model to be effective in helping their children understand concepts of acceptance, defusion, and meta‐cognition. Conclusions The present study found that acceptance‐based behavioural therapy, adapted for children and supplemented with a novel multisensory aide designed specifically to enhance treatment, led to reductions in child‐reported worry and parent‐reported anxiety. Parental feedback suggested that the multisensory aide was highly acceptable, and that it may have facilitated children's understanding of abstract therapeutic principles.
    May 05, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12288   open full text
  • Cultural Competence in Clinical Psychology Training: A Qualitative Investigation of Student and Academic Experiences.
    Lennie R.C. Geerlings, Claire L. Thompson, Ruth Bouma, Russell Hawkins.
    Australian Psychologist. May 05, 2017
    Objective Recent years have seen a marked increase in attention to cultural competence in clinical psychology practice in Australia. While the body of literature on the need for cultural competence is expanding, this is the first study that analyses how cross‐cultural training and practice is experienced and related to standardised models of cultural competence. Method Twelve participants (8 students and 4 academics; 9 females and 3 males, ages 22–57) in two Australian universities were interviewed on their experiences with cultural competence during clinical psychology training. Each semi‐structured interview took about 30 min and focused on identifying the training experiences and needs for cultural competence. Results Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of the transcripts delivered three master themes: experiences of culture, strategies for culturally competent practice, and experiences of cultural competence development. Conclusions Students and academics experienced a “western” bias in training, and consequently adopted a variety of strategies to adapt their practice with culturally non‐western clients. These findings draw attention to the need for structured cultural competence development in professional training programs.
    May 05, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12291   open full text
  • Non‐Work Time Activities Predicting Teachers’ Work‐Related Fatigue and Engagement: An Effort‐Recovery Approach.
    Adam Garrick, Anita S Mak, Stuart Cathcart, Peter C Winwood, Arnold B Bakker, Kurt Lushington.
    Australian Psychologist. May 05, 2017
    Objective Drawing on the effort‐recovery model of work stress, this study examined the effects of school teachers’ sleep quality and time spent in various non‐work time activities on work‐related stress and motivational outcomes. We proposed that sleep quality and different types of non‐work time activities would have differential effects on levels of work‐related fatigue and engagement. Method Nine hundred and sixty Australian school teachers (mean age 46 years, 707 females, 237 males) completed a cross‐sectional online survey measuring sleep quality, time spent in non‐work time activities, and work‐related fatigue and engagement. Results Teachers spent relatively higher amounts of time on work‐related activities outside of formal work hours, and lower amounts of time on health‐promoting activities such as exercise. Multiple regression analyses indicated that sleep quality was related to reduced fatigue and increased engagement, while time spent socialising outside of work was related to reduced fatigue. Time spent on work‐related tasks outside of working hours was related to both increased fatigue and engagement. Other activities, including passive activity, exercise, and hobbies, were not significantly related to either outcome. Conclusions We discuss the implications of our findings in relation to theories and research in work stress, particularly in the context of where priorities should be placed for self‐care interventions to facilitate teachers’ day‐to‐day recovery from work demands.
    May 05, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12290   open full text
  • Relationships between Reading Ability and Child Mental Health: Moderating Effects of Self‐Esteem.
    Mark E. Boyes, Bree Tebbutt, Kathryn A. Preece, Nicholas A. Badcock.
    Australian Psychologist. April 12, 2017
    Objective Children with reading difficulties are at elevated risk for externalising (e.g., conduct disorder) and internalising (e.g., anxiety and depression) mental health problems. Reading ability is also negatively associated with self‐esteem, a consistent predictor of child and adolescent mental health more broadly. This study examined whether self‐esteem moderated and/or mediated relationships between reading ability and mental health. Method One hundred and seventeen children (7–12 years) completed standardised reading assessments (Castles and Coltheart Test 2; CC2) and self‐report measures of mental health (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SDQ) and self‐esteem (Coopersmith Self‐esteem Inventory). Non‐verbal intelligence (IQ) was measured using the block design and matrix reasoning subscales of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, and was controlled for in all multivariate analyses. Results Reading ability was negatively associated with internalising symptoms. This relationship was not moderated by self‐esteem. Poor readers also reported more total difficulties and externalising symptoms, but only at low levels of self‐esteem. There was no evidence that self‐esteem mediated relationships between reading ability and mental health. Conclusions Poor reading was associated with internalising symptoms. Self‐esteem moderated the impact of reading ability on total difficulties and externalising symptoms, with high self‐esteem buffering against negative impacts of poor reading. However, the reliability of the self‐esteem scale used in the study was poor and findings need replication using a reliable and valid self‐esteem measure, as well as other measures of child mental health. If replicated, future research should examine whether interventions aiming to improve self‐esteem can reduce the risk of externalising problems in children with reading difficulties.
    April 12, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12281   open full text
  • Does the Dark Triad Predict Prejudice?: The Role of Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, and Narcissism in Explaining Negativity Toward Asylum Seekers.
    Joel Anderson, Christopher Cheers.
    Australian Psychologist. March 31, 2017
    Objective Personality has a long history of being linked to attitudes toward various social groups, but little research has explored how darker aspects of personality might contribute to social attitudes. In this article, we explore the role of the ominous personality traits in the Dark Triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) in accounting for prejudice, in the specific case of antipathy toward asylum seekers. Method A community sample of 173 Australians (Mage = 23.37 years, SD = 7.88; 74% females) responded to measures of classical and modern explicit attitudes and implicit attitudes toward this group. This study used a correlational research design. Results The sample reported neutral explicit attitudes (both classical and modern) but implicit attitudes were negative. Classical attitudes were less negative than modern attitudes. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses revealed political conservatism and psychopathy predicted modern explicit attitudes while political conservatism and Machiavellianism predicted classical attitudes. Narcissism was unrelated to all attitudes, and none of the Dark Triad personality traits were related to implicit attitudes. Conclusion The implications of the relationships between sub‐clinical personality traits and social attitudes are discussed in reference to intervening with punitive attitudes towards this vulnerable social group. This article presents new evidence that Machiavellianism is related to classic attitudes, and provides more evidence that psychopathy is related to modern attitudes. Finally, this article adds to the scarce literature on implicit attitudes towards asylum seekers.
    March 31, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12283   open full text
  • Closing the Gap in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Youth Suicide: A Social–Emotional Wellbeing Service Innovation Project.
    Delaney Michael Skerrett, Mandy Gibson, Leilani Darwin, Suzie Lewis, Rahm Rallah, Diego De Leo.
    Australian Psychologist. March 30, 2017
    Objective The suicide rate for Queensland's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people is over four times that of their non‐Indigenous counterparts, with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children (under 15) dying by suicide at 12 times the non‐Indigenous rate. There is a need for interventions that are culturally validated and community‐endorsed. The aim of this article is to describe the design and implementation of a group‐based intervention, as well to report the results of the various qualitative and quantitative measures. Method Sixty‐one Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander persons aged 11–21 years completed a social–emotional wellbeing (SEWB) program at headspace Inala. Data were available through to 2‐month follow‐up for 49 participants. The program was designed and delivered in collaboration with the local Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community. Results There was a statistically significant decrease in suicidal ideation experienced by the participants after completing the program. Qualitative measures indicated that participants experienced improved understanding of holistic health and an increased number of coping skills. Conclusions Not only was this the first evaluated intervention in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth to ever report a decrease in individual suicidality, the program was carefully designed and implemented in consultation with community in a culturally sensitive manner and thus provides an invaluable framework for future SEWB work.
    March 30, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12277   open full text
  • Preliminary Exploration of Psychologists’ Knowledge and Perceptions of Electronic Security and Implications for Use of Technology‐Assisted Supervision.
    Russell Blackman, Frank P. Deane, Craig Gonsalvez, Daniel Saffioti.
    Australian Psychologist. March 20, 2017
    Objective Technology is increasingly used in the provision of psychology services, and technology‐assisted supervision may offer improved access, convenience, and cost efficiencies in supervision settings, as well as augmenting and extending traditional supervision tools. The successful implementation and uptake of technology in supervision and training may be impacted by psychologists’ understanding of digital security mechanisms and their perception of risk associated with new technologies. Method Twenty‐five psychologists completed a survey exploring knowledge of e‐security, perceptions of risk associated with different behaviours in both digital and more traditional working contexts, and the extent to which they engaged in these behaviours. Comfort and willingness to utilise new supervision technologies was also assessed. Results Results reveal a perceived lack of understanding of electronic security mechanisms. Comparisons of perceived risk between physical and equivalent digitally managed information were rated as similar. Psychologists tend to engage in higher perceived risk behaviours less often, although there are some clear discrepancies. Greater knowledge of e‐security was associated with less comfort in using new supervision technologies. Conclusions User perceptions of risk may impact the uptake of potentially useful technologies that support supervision. Education in the implementation of appropriate digital security mechanisms is recommended, coupled with further research to understand barriers associated with greater knowledge of security risks.
    March 20, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12262   open full text
  • Is Supervisor Training Effective? A Pilot Investigation of Clinical Supervisor Training Program.
    Analise O'Donovan, Bonnie Clough, Jemima Petch.
    Australian Psychologist. March 20, 2017
    Objective Although competency‐based training of supervisors is now compulsory in many countries, there has been limited evidenced‐based literature to guide the profession as to the most effective ways of training supervisors. The aim of the current pilot study was to examine the effects of a supervisor training program on supervisor, supervisee, and evaluator perceptions of supervisory competence. Method Ten female and two male supervisors employed by a state‐wide counselling service participated in the study. Data, including taped supervision sessions relating to supervisor, supervisee, and evaluator perceptions of supervisory competence, skill, and process were collected at three time points; two prior to a supervisor training program and one following the program. Results The evaluator observed significant improvements in supervisory competence from pre‐ to post‐training. Although supervisors reported no significant change in competence as a result of training, they did report areas of positive changes in supervisory practice. Across time supervisors also reported a significant decrease in their perception of the supervisor–supervisee alliance on one measure, but this was not noted by the evaluator or supervisee, or on other measures of supervisory alliance. Conclusions Evaluator ratings of supervisor competency and qualitative supervisor feedback provide preliminary support for the effectiveness of supervisor training. However, the pilot study was underpowered and some of the measures require further psychometric testing, which will need to be addressed in future research.
    March 20, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12263   open full text
  • Addressing Professional Competency Problems in Clinical Psychology Trainees.
    Kathryn Nicholson Perry, Mark Donovan, Rosalind Knight, Alice Shires.
    Australian Psychologist. March 20, 2017
    Objective Clinical psychology trainees with problems of professional competence (PPC) continue to be a challenge for courses. Despite the rapid development of competency‐based training models, the impact of this shift to the identification and management of professional competency problems is unclear. This project aims to describe how clinical psychology trainees with PPC are identified and managed within the Australian and New Zealand context. Method An online survey was distributed through Australian and New Zealand universities offering clinical psychology training programmes. Questions addressed approaches to monitoring progress on placements, identification and management of trainees determined to be underperforming on placements, and the perceived usefulness of a range of strategies such as the use of standardised‐rating tools. Results Thirty one responses were received, representing 40 clinical psychology training courses in 22 institutions across Australia and New Zealand. In all cases, at least one trainee with a PPC had been detected in the previous 5 years, most commonly attributed to psychological, behavioural, and developmental issues. Respondents reported the use of a range of preventive and remedial strategies, including the use of psychometrically validated competency evaluation rating forms to assist in the grading of placements. Conclusion Trainees with PPC occur on a fairly regular basis in clinical psychology training courses in Australian and New Zealand. While some processes involved in the identification and management of these students have been refined and systematised, some opportunities to facilitate early identification and remediation may yet need further enhancement.
    March 20, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12268   open full text
  • A Framework to Support Experiential Learning and Psychological Flexibility in Supervision: SHAPE.
    Eric M.J. Morris, Linda Bilich‐Eric.
    Australian Psychologist. March 20, 2017
    Objective In this article, we describe a pragmatic framework for supporting supervision, based on a contextual behavioural perspective. Method The development of psychological skills to a competent level requires didactic and experiential learning, and supervision is agreed to be a central vehicle for the integration of these experiences. Alongside engaging in problem‐solving and giving instructions (to build adherence), supervisors can reasonably expect supervisees to learn from experience by attending closely to influences and effects of their choices. Experiential learning can help the psychologist to develop sensitivity in applying knowledge and skills in effective and safe ways for clients (thus demonstrating competence). Results We argue that contingency‐shaped learning is strengthened by including supervision elements that promote psychological flexibility (the capacity to actively embrace one's private experiences in the present moment and engage or disengage in patterns of behaviour in the service of chosen values). Psychological flexibility has been found to foster wellbeing, work effectiveness, openness to new learning, compassion, and acceptance of difference and diversity, in workplace settings. Moreover, the psychological flexibility of psychologists has been found to predict the use of evidence‐based interventions, such as exposure. Conclusion The SHAPE framework identifies five features (Supervision values; Hold stories lightly; Assessment of function; Perspective‐taking; Experiential methods) likely to promote psychologists’ psychological flexibility and experiential learning in the supervision context. These five features are extensions of agreed supervision best practices, enhanced by developments in contextual behavioural science (perspective‐taking, cognitive defusion, and acceptance). We describe examples of using SHAPE, and present research directions, to assess whether these features promote experiential learning in supervision.
    March 20, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12267   open full text
  • The Supervision Evaluation and Supervisory Competence Scale: Psychometric Validation.
    Craig J. Gonsalvez, Geaty Hamid, Nicole M. Savage, Danielle Livni.
    Australian Psychologist. March 20, 2017
    Objectives The last two decades has witnessed a strong endorsement of competency‐based models for both practitioner training and professional supervision. The valid and reliable measurement of supervisee and supervisory competence is an essential step towards progress, yet currently there are few instruments that can claim to measure the range of supervisor competencies. The current study establishes the Supervision Evaluation and Supervisory Competence (SE‐SC) scale as a new, psychometrically sound instrument. Method A total of 142 supervisees anonymously completed overall evaluations of supervision satisfaction and supervisor effectiveness and of specific supervisor competencies using the SE‐SC instrument. The specific competencies were subjected to a hierarchical cluster analyses to determine the underlying structure of supervisory competence. Results The results supported a six‐cluster solution that included (a) Openness, caring and support, (b) Supervisor's Knowledge and Expertise as Therapist, (c) Supervision Planning and Management, (d) Goal‐Directed Supervision, (e) Restorative Competencies, and (f) Insight into and Management of Therapist‐Client Dynamics and Reflective Practitioner Competencies. The results yielded excellent internal reliability, test–retest reliability, and concurrent validity for the six clusters, with high and meaningful correlations with subscales of the Supervisory Working Alliance Inventory (SWAI) and the Supervisory Styles Inventory (SSI). More importantly, the six clusters together better predicted overall scores on supervision satisfaction and effectiveness (85% of variance) than did subscales of the SWAI (56%) and the SSI (57%). Conclusion The SE‐SC demonstrates good psychometric properties and is a useful scale to measure a supervisee's evaluation of supervisory competence.
    March 20, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12269   open full text
  • Dysmorphic Appearance Concern and Hazardous Alcohol Use in University Students: The Mediating Role of Alcohol Expectancies.
    Mitchell Cunningham, Lexine Stapinski, Scott Griffiths, Andrew Baillie.
    Australian Psychologist. March 17, 2017
    Objective A paucity of research has examined the link between body image concerns and alcohol use in university students. Individuals with elevated body image concerns may use alcohol due to the endorsement of expectancies that alcohol will reduce discomfort deriving from appearance concerns. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the how the link between body image concerns (i.e., dysmorphic appearance concerns) and hazardous alcohol use may be accounted for by alcohol‐related expectancies. Method Participants were 138 undergraduates (74% male) who completed an online survey that gauged dysmorphic appearance concern, alcohol use, and alcohol‐related expectancies. Results Results not only showed a link between dysmorphic appearance concern and hazardous alcohol use, but that the link between the constructs was partially mediated by positive alcohol expectancies. Moreover, individuals with elevated dysmorphic appearance concern appeared to use alcohol for their perceived sexual facilitation benefits and providing “liquid courage.” Conclusions Therapies aimed at reducing hazardous alcohol use may benefit from targeting positive alcohol expectancies in young adults with elevated dysmorphic appearance concern.
    March 17, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12275   open full text
  • The Role of Social Support, Being Present, and Self‐kindness in University Student Psychological Distress.
    Helen M. Stallman, Jeneva L. Ohan, Belinda Chiera.
    Australian Psychologist. February 24, 2017
    Objective Self‐kindness, which is thought to be part of self‐compassion, has the potential to contribute to mental health, as well as serve as a focus for interventions. However, little attention has been given to the potential role of self‐kindness specifically, especially in the context of mindful presence and available social support, in buffering distress. Method Structural equation modelling was used to test a theoretically based model of how these factors relate to each other and psychological distress. Participants were 592 Australian university students. Results Results confirmed our hypotheses, showing that: (a) receiving social support is important to the capacity for self‐kindness both directly and indirectly through the ability to “be present,” and (b) the relationship between social support and psychological distress is partially mediated by the practices of self‐kindness and being present. The model of social support, being present, and self‐kindness accounted for half the variance in psychological distress. With the addition of stressors, a regression model explained a total of 62% of the variance. Conclusions These findings have implications for understanding the construct of self‐kindness and its role in the development of interventions to improve student success.
    February 24, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12271   open full text
  • Sports Media Representations of Concussions in the National Rugby League.
    Megan Kennard, Tracey McLellan, Audrey McKinlay.
    Australian Psychologist. February 24, 2017
    Objective Concussion is poorly understood by the general public who are regularly exposed to this type of injury via televised sports such as the National Rugby League (NRL). This study investigated media representations of concussion by examining the terminology used by the commentators during the 2010 and 2011 NRL seasons. Method Data was obtained through a surveillance design where commentary statements were recorded for each observable concussion. Results Dramatic terminology was the most frequently used followed by entertaining and humorous terminology. Commentators often portrayed the way the incident had occurred and the player's reaction to being concussed. However, information about a player sustaining an injury that required medical attention was rarely conveyed. Conclusion Media tend to trivialise concussion and this may have an impact on the public's knowledge of, and influence their response to, concussion.
    February 24, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12272   open full text
  • A Systematic Review: Non‐Suicidal Self‐injury in Australia and New Zealand's Indigenous Populations.
    Emma B. Black, Steve Kisely.
    Australian Psychologist. February 24, 2017
    Objective To undertake a systematic review of non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) prevalence, patterns, functions, and behavioural correlates for the Indigenous populations of Australia (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders) and New Zealand (NZ; Maori). Method We searched the following electronic databases: PubMed, MedLine, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PsycInfo, and PsycArticles, CINAHL, and the Informit Health and Indigenous Peoples collections. Studies were included for review if they were published within the last 25 years and reported on NSSI in Australia and NZ's Indigenous populations. Results Seven studies were included, six of which came from Australia. The prevalence of NSSI in Australia ranged from 0.9% up to 22.50%; statistics varied by the different samples, types of prevalence, and relationship to alcohol. Several studies found that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples had higher rates of NSSI than other Australians, but that this was not significantly higher. Two studies indicated that NSSI was linked to alcohol use, incarceration, and a younger age. The one NZ study was of injury and not specifically NSSI. Conclusions Findings are limited due to a small pool of literature. Cultural variations in NSSI presentation should be considered when working with Indigenous populations. Further research is required to help determine what cultural variations may exist.
    February 24, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12274   open full text
  • Identifying and Addressing Barriers to Treatment Decision‐making in Bipolar II Disorder: Clinicians’ Perspective.
    Alana Fisher, Vijaya Manicavasagar, Louise Sharpe, Rebekah Laidsaar‐Powell, Ilona Juraskova.
    Australian Psychologist. February 14, 2017
    Objective Treatment decision‐making in bipolar II disorder is complex due to limited evidence on treatment efficacy and potentially burdensome side‐effects of options. Thus, involving patients and negotiating treatment options with them is necessary to ensure that final treatment decisions balance both clinician and patient preferences. This study qualitatively explored clinician views on (a) effective treatment decision‐making, unmet patient needs for (b) decision‐support and (c) information. Method Qualitative semi‐structured interviews with 20 practising clinicians (n = 10 clinical psychologists, n = 6 general practitioners, n = 4 psychiatrists) with experience treating adult outpatients with bipolar II disorder were conducted. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically using framework methods. Self‐report professional experience, and clinician preferences for patient decision‐making involvement were also assessed. Results Qualitative analyses yielded two inter‐related themes: (a) challenges and barriers to decision‐making and (b) facilitators of clinician decision‐making. Symptom severity, negative family attitudes, system‐based factors, and information gaps were thought to pose challenges to decision‐making. By contrast, decision‐making was supported by patient information, family involvement and patient‐centredness, and a strong therapeutic relationship. Clinician views varied depending on their professional background (medical vs clinical psychologist), patient involvement preferences, and whether the clinician was a bipolar specialist. Conclusions Whilst clinicians uniformly recognise the importance of involving patients in informed treatment decision‐making, active patient participation is hampered by unmet informational and decision‐support needs. Current findings inform a number of bipolar II disorder‐specific, clinician‐endorsed strategies for facilitating patient decision‐making, which can inform the development of targeted patient decision‐support resources for use in this setting.
    February 14, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12264   open full text
  • Competency‐based Clinical Supervision: Status, Opportunities, Tensions, and the Future.
    Carol A. Falender, Edward P. Shafranske.
    Australian Psychologist. January 30, 2017
    Although competency‐based clinical supervision has been adopted in many international clinical training settings, acceptance has been variable with scholarly opinion outpacing actual practice. The transtheoretical molecular model, as articulated by Gonsalvez and Calvert (2014), offers a structure for advancing competency‐based supervision and an important contribution, providing for definition of content and processes implicit in supervision practice. Barriers to implementation of competency‐based supervision include lack of consensus on effective supervision practices, lack of empirical support for the model, and an absence of systematic training in clinical supervision during the training trajectory. However, the competency‐based model, when implemented with fidelity to an explicit approach with designated competencies (Falender & Shafranske, 2017; Gonsalvez & Calvert, 2014) provides essential components for implementation. These include supervisee and supervisor self‐assessment of competence as a platform for goal setting, establishment of a collaborative supervisory relationship through this process, attention to the power differential implicit in the relationship, with a promise of transparency in feedback provided through competence assessment and monitoring, attention to diversity and multicultural personal factors, and ethical, legal, and regulatory factors. The process of supervision enhances the supervisee's metacompetence, or awareness of what he/she knows and does not know, and skill development through systematic targeted monitoring and feedback. However, significant tensions arise in balancing multiple supervisor roles and responsibilities involving multicultural and global competence. Steps are proposed to advance supervisor competence within competency‐based supervision and the requisite practices are identified that define it as a model for future study and empirical analysis of supervision efficacy.
    January 30, 2017   doi: 10.1111/ap.12265   open full text
  • Neuropsychology and Youth Mental Health in Victoria: The Results of a Clinical Service Audit.
    Caroline A. Fisher, Sarah E. Hetrick, Zalie Merrett, Emma M. Parrish, Kelly Allott.
    Australian Psychologist. December 13, 2016
    Objective The allocation of neuropsychology services in Victoria's public youth mental health system is very limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of a youth mental health neuropsychology service over a 16‐month period, and to evaluate referrer feedback about the service. Methods A 16‐month clinical data audit and referrer survey of the Eastern Health Child and Youth Mental Health Service neuropsychology service. Results A total of 45 clients were seen for assessment during the audit period with an age range of 7–25 years. Neuropsychological involvement identified DSM diagnoses in 42% of clients, as well as findings that were considered to be of neuropsychological importance in a further 51%. Case manager referrer surveys were returned at a rate of 58%, with 100% of responses indicating that the neuropsychological input had assisted with treatment planning, and that 79% of responders had altered their therapeutic approach after receiving the neuropsychological results. Conclusions Neuropsychology input in youth mental health services is useful from both a diagnostic and treatment planning perspective and often results in alterations in the therapeutic approach of case managers.
    December 13, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12259   open full text
  • Exploring Decision Making Around Therapist Self‐Disclosure in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
    Emma Miller (nee Johnston), Angela McNaught.
    Australian Psychologist. December 13, 2016
    Background Therapist self‐disclosure (TSD) usage varies greatly among different psychotherapy orientations. Anecdotal evidence seems to suggest that there are reasons for its judicious use, and a small number of researchers have proposed guidelines for how TSD should be used to help therapists across psychotherapy models make decisions around disclosure. However, there is almost no literature specifically exploring how cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) practitioners make decisions around employing TSD within the CBT framework. Objective This study aimed to explore how experienced CBT practitioners make decisions around TSD. Method In‐depth qualitative interviews were conducted with six clinical psychologists who were trained and experienced in CBT, and the interviews were analysed thematically. Results There were two overarching themes in terms of how they made decisions to self‐disclose: (A) the rules for TSD use, which included sub‐themes (a) it must have a clear purpose, (b) it must fit, (c) the therapist must maintain boundaries, and (d) the therapist must always reflect on his/her use of TSD; and (B) how they use TSD, which included subthemes of (a) using it as a tool for change and (b) using it to manage the therapeutic relationship. Conclusion Participants’ decisions on whether or not to self‐disclose were strongly influenced by the CBT model, and this process went beyond what is suggested in the transtheoretical literature. Understanding this process may lead to the development of CBT‐specific guidelines for making TSD‐related decisions.
    December 13, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12260   open full text
  • Predicting Supervision Outcomes: What is Different about Psychological Assessment Supervision?
    Marla J. Vannucci, Douglas M. Whiteside, Seema Saigal, Lauren Nichols, Sasha Hileman.
    Australian Psychologist. December 02, 2016
    Objective Psychological assessment is a key activity for psychologists and a foundational element of psychology training, and psychological assessment supervision differs from psychotherapy supervision. The present study investigated factors that promote effectiveness in psychological assessment supervision. Method Participants were 47 assessment practica students at a clinical psychology doctoral program in the USA, their supervisors, and faculty evaluators of the Clinical Qualifying Exam‐Assessment (CQE‐A), which was the student competency outcome measure. Students were grouped by CQE‐A performance: pass (n = 15), remediate (n = 23), and fail (n = 9). Results Successful students performed better on tasks that required them to integrate complex client information, reported more supplemental supervision experiences, such as in group or provided by unlicensed advanced trainees, and indicated that supplemental experiences were associated with greater confidence. Successful students were rated as more able to manage anxiety during the CQE‐A and to use practicum supervision effectively. Students who failed reported greater focus in supervision on basic skills, and demonstrated inaccuracy in skills self‐assessment. Student satisfaction was positively correlated with regular monitoring, ongoing feedback, clear goals and expectations, clear evaluation criteria, an initial baseline skills assessment, regular meetings, and supervisors staying updated. Conclusions Linking skills assessment, goal setting, and evaluation are important for successful student outcomes. A developmental approach may aid in customizing supervision. Tools, such as supervision agreements and training to orient students to the process of assessment supervision, may impact student ability to use supervision effectively. Group and supplemental supervisors can aid in monitoring students and fine tuning skill development.
    December 02, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12258   open full text
  • How Effective is Cognitive Remediation in Enhancing Vocational Outcomes for Job Seekers with Severe Mental Illness in Australia?
    Natalia A. Contreras, David J. Castle, Caroline Crosse, Dea Morgain, Ellie Fossey, Carol Harvey, Susan L. Rossell.
    Australian Psychologist. December 02, 2016
    Objective Despite advances in the treatment of people with severe mental illness (SMI), access to work for this community still remains a challenge. Cognitive remediation (CR) is an intervention that can improve employment outcomes, especially when offered alongside employment support. This pilot study aimed to determine whether CR enhances vocational outcomes for job seekers participating in an innovative vocationally oriented psycho‐educational program implemented in Australia. Method Fourteen participants with SMI were enrolled in Health Optimisation Program for Employment (HOPE) and attended 20 sessions of CR. Assessments were performed at baseline, post‐CR, and 3 months follow‐up. Individuals were assessed on a number of occupational and psychosocial variables (e.g., hours of paid and unpaid work, self‐esteem, quality of life, social relationships), in addition to undertaking the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. Results There was no increase in hours of paid work for those in employment, but 46% of the group initiated tertiary studies between baseline and 3‐month follow‐up. There was a trend towards a significant increase in number of volunteer hours, with 31% of individuals having initiated a non‐paid activity at the end of the CR. As predicted, cognition improved over time as did psychosocial outcomes in the areas of self‐esteem, quality of life and social relationships. Conclusions Consistent with previous studies, CR improved psychosocial and cognitive functioning. While employment benefits were not found, promising outcomes were reported on volunteering and educational participation. This pilot suggests there may be potential for combining CR with HOPE to enhance vocation‐related participation and potential employability of job seekers with SMI in Australia. Given these preliminary findings, a further clinical trial with appropriate control group and sample size is required to validate the effectiveness of HOPE+CR.
    December 02, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12256   open full text
  • Gender Differences in Self‐reported Depression and Co‐occurring Anxiety and Stress in a Vulnerable Community Population.
    Anna Cavanagh, Peter Caputi, Coralie J Wilson, David J Kavanagh.
    Australian Psychologist. November 14, 2016
    Objective University students are vulnerable to depression and other co‐occurring mental disorders, but few receive treatment. Male university students are at particular risk of not receiving assistance. A better understanding of gender differences in the experience of depression may assist in improving its detection and the provision of appropriate support and prevention strategies. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify whether male and female university students have different patterns of self‐reported depression and co‐occurring anxiety and stress. Method A total of 1,401 first year students from a regional Australian university completed the 21‐item version of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales. Data were collected in 2001, 2006, 2010, and 2012. Multidimensional scaling analyses were conducted to identify patterns of depression, anxiety, and stress in men and women with different depression severity. Results Depressed men reported mixed patterns of depression, anxiety, and stress that were clustered by behavioural and physiological function, whereas depressed women reported distinctive patterns of depression, anxiety, and stress as prescribed by categories of the individual Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales. Conclusions Depressed male and female university students may categorise and interpret their psychological distress differently. Depressed men might tend to categorise symptoms by function and physiology, whereas depressed women might prefer to use common verbally defined constructs of psychological distress. It may be important for mental health professionals to consider these gender differences in categorisation and patterns of symptoms when screening for depression to increase chances of university students receiving appropriately targeted treatment.
    November 14, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12184   open full text
  • Barriers to Provision of External Clinical Psychology Student Placements.
    Alice Shires, Lil Vrklevski, Judy Hyde, Vida Bliokas, Akeesha Simmons.
    Australian Psychologist. November 10, 2016
    Objective With increasing focus on the treatment of mental health problems the need for clinical psychologists is expanding, driving strong demand for postgraduate clinical psychology training programs. Although the number of training places in Australia has increased, the availability of external placements appears to have lagged behind, causing significant challenges to students. Using a survey of clinical psychologists in New South Wales, Australia, this study evaluated the capacity for placements and explored issues that may impact on field placement capacity. Method A survey was developed in order to identify potential student placement capacity and factors that may prevent potential supervisors from offering placements to students. The survey was distributed electronically through clinical psychology networks targeting those employed in NSW. Results One hundred and forty endorsed clinical psychologists completed the survey. Of these, 42% stated they felt unable to offer field placements to students within the next 12 months. The most commonly cited barriers to offering a placement included a lack of time (21%); not being a PsyBA supervisor (18%); being employed part‐time (18%) and the concern that clinical supervision time did not attract funding under the current public health funding model (16%). Conclusion The study provides an estimate of clinical field placement capacity in NSW. The results suggest that the capacity in the existing clinical psychology workforce could meet clinical field placement demand. The authors discuss reasons why anecdotally, this does not appear to reflect the reality of field placement coordinators and students. The authors provide possible strategies for addressing the issues raised.
    November 10, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12254   open full text
  • Resilience and Subjective Wellbeing: A Psychometric Evaluation in Young Australian Adults.
    Adrian J. Tomyn, Melissa K. Weinberg.
    Australian Psychologist. November 01, 2016
    Objective Resilience is an important and underdeveloped area of research, and there are few studies that describe levels of resilience among youth samples. A major aim of this research is to explore the utility of an adapted form of the 10‐item Connor Davidson Resilience Scale and to clarify the association between this construct and a robust measure of subjective wellbeing. Method A representative sample of 1000 Victorians aged 16–25 years participated in a telephone interview comprising the modified 10‐item Connor Davidson Resilience Scale and the Personal Wellbeing Index. Results The modified 10‐item Connor Davidson Resilience Scale demonstrated adequate inter‐item reliability and factored as intended. A moderate, positive correlation was found between the modified 10‐item Connor Davidson Resilience Scale and the Personal Wellbeing Index. Significance testing revealed group differences for gender, age, and annual household income. The results are also used to establish theoretical “normal” ranges for resilience in Victoria's youth population. Conclusion The results from this study support the modified 10‐item Connor Davidson Resilience Scale as a valid and reliable measure of young people's resilience using traditional psychometric tests. Moreover, this is the first study to describe the levels of resilience among Victorian youths and to evaluate these data alongside a robust measure of subjective wellbeing. The implications of the findings for government policy and service delivery are discussed.
    November 01, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12251   open full text
  • Illness Perceptions, Coping, Benefit Finding, and Adjustment in Individuals with Hepatitis C.
    Simon Langston, Mark S. Edwards, Michael Lyvers.
    Australian Psychologist. October 12, 2016
    Objective To investigate the ability of illness perceptions, adaptive, and maladaptive coping strategies, and benefit finding to predict physical and psychosocial adjustment among individuals diagnosed with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), within an expanded self‐regulatory model of illness (SRM). Method A total of 126 participants with HCV completed an online questionnaire assessing illness perceptions, coping, benefit finding, and four adjustment outcomes, depression, physical functioning, life satisfaction and positive affect. Results Illness perceptions made significant contributions to the variance in adjustment outcomes across the four psychosocial and physical adjustment areas. At an individual level, personal control, identification with HCV symptoms, perceptions related to illness duration, illness coherence, and emotional responses to HCV made significant contributions to the prediction of adjustment. Similarly, the combined contributions of adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies explained significant variance across the four adjustment areas. Greater adoption of maladaptive coping strategies predicted poorer physical health, higher reported depression, greater life satisfaction, and positive affect outcomes, while increased engagement with adoptive coping strategies predicted higher positive affect. Increased benefit finding predicted greater positive affect, life satisfaction, and higher depression. Conclusion Results demonstrate the ability of the SRM features of illness perceptions and coping, and benefit finding to predict physical and psychosocial adjustment outcomes within the context of HCV.
    October 12, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12255   open full text
  • Excellence in Research in Australia 2010, 2012, and 2015: The Rising of the Curate's Soufflé?
    Simon F. Crowe, Stephanie Watt.
    Australian Psychologist. October 12, 2016
    Objective The Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA) data collections completed in 2010, 2012, and 2015 were developed by the Australian Research Council to identify the quality of research produced by the broad range of Australian tertiary education institutions. In each evaluation, the quality of research produced by the institutions was rated on a 5‐point scale ranging from “well above world standard” to “well below world standard” within each field of research (FoR). The FoRs relevant to psychology include codes 1701 (Psychology), 1702 (Cognitive Sciences), and 17 (Psychology and Other Cognitive Sciences), a combination of the aforementioned codes. Method This analysis examined and compared the ratings of the 41 Australian universities across the years 2010, 2012, and 2015 for the psychology codes (i.e., 17, 1701, and 1702), as well as examining the combined means for all three data collections. The universities were also compared according to institution type (i.e., Group of 8, the Australian Innovative Research Universities, the Australian University Technology Network, and the Regional Universities Network across years. The final analysis compared other codes relevant to psychology across the years 2010, 2012, and 2015. Results Results of the analyses revealed an overall improvement in research ratings by the universities, with most improving or at least holding their ground. Conclusion It is still concerning that almost 40% of the institutions did not meet the benchmark of at or above world standard. Some of the issues associated with the ERA data collections are discussed, and suggestions are made for improving this process.
    October 12, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12248   open full text
  • Brief Online Training with Standardised Vignettes Reduces Inflated Supervisor Ratings of Trainee Practitioner Competencies.
    Josephine Terry, Craig Gonsalvez, Frank Patrick Deane.
    Australian Psychologist. October 12, 2016
    Objective Supervisor assessments of trainee competence are integral to ensuring that clinical psychology trainees reach competency benchmarks. The commonly used Clinical Psychology Practicum Competencies Rating Scale (CΨPRS) has been shown to elicit inflated ratings of competency. Hence, the aim of this study is to examine whether brief supervisor training reduces ratings by providing objective criteria with which supervisors can assess trainee competency. Method The ratings included were of 124 psychology trainees from nine Australian university clinical programmes. Of 170 supervisors, 32 completed the online training immediately prior to commencing the CΨPRS. Training required supervisors to rate the competency level described in five standardised vignettes (Beginner through to Competent). Vignette ratings, as determined by a panel of expert supervisors, were provided as feedback. A sixth calibration vignette was also rated (no feedback provided). Firstly, CΨPRS ratings from the trained and untrained supervisors were compared. Secondly, the difference between supervisor and expert ratings of the calibration vignettes were compared across trained and untrained groups. Results Trained supervisors provided lower CΨPRS ratings than untrained supervisors. In addition, trained supervisors (vs untrained supervisors) provided ratings of the calibration vignette that more accurately matched the ratings provided by the expert panel. Conclusions Brief online training using standardised vignettes was associated with lower CΨPRS ratings. The standardised vignettes helped calibrate supervisors’ ratings and likely attuned supervisors to the skills and competency levels that are expected at particular developmental stages. As a consequence, training appeared to reduce ratings, arguably resulting in more accurate assessments of trainee performance.
    October 12, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12250   open full text
  • Repetitive, Safe, and Automatic: The Experience of Appearance‐Related Behaviours in Body Dysmorphic Disorder.
    Alissa Oakes, James Collison, Jo Milne‐Home.
    Australian Psychologist. September 26, 2016
    Objective Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) entails a preoccupation with a perceived appearance defect, which causes distress and/or functional impairment. The individual must also perform repetitive behaviours in response to these concerns (e.g., mirror checking, excessive grooming). Prior research has focused primarily on preoccupation, and behaviours have rarely been examined. As such, there is limited insight regarding how these activities are perceived by the sufferer. This study therefore examined how individuals with BDD experience these behaviours. Method Eight individuals diagnosed with BDD completed a 60‐min, semi‐structured interview. Inductive thematic analysis was employed to investigate semantic themes within the data. Results Three themes emerged: “Routine and repetitive”, “Safety through control,” and “Natural and automatic.” These findings portray a complex experience of distressing activities that may also provide comfort and safety, in time coming to embodying what “normal” constitutes for the individual. Conclusions The experience of BDD behaviour is complex. Camouflaging and using make‐up provided a sense of relief and/or reassurance, whereas other behaviours were reported as distressing and likely to promote further concerns. Ironically, participants were seemingly dissatisfied with these symptoms, while also drawing comfort and a sense of identify from them. This inconsistent pattern of reward and punishment supports existing conceptual models of BDD, and may explain why these symptoms are so difficult to manage and/or change (i.e., via negative reinforcement). It also suggests that different types or categories of behaviour may exist for BDD (e.g., checking vs fixing behaviours), reflecting different functions and/or underlying motivations among individuals.
    September 26, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12247   open full text
  • Associate Editor positions Australian Psychologist Call for Expressions of Interest.

    Australian Psychologist. September 26, 2016
    There is no abstract available for this paper.
    September 26, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12252   open full text
  • Does Size Really Matter? Contributions to the Debate on Short Versus Long Neuropsychology Assessments.
    Michelle Helena White, Donna Maria Spooner.
    Australian Psychologist. September 26, 2016
    Objective There has been increasing interest in recent years in the variation in assessment practices within the neuropsychology profession. This article explores one of the central areas of variation by reviewing the issues surrounding brief versus more comprehensive assessments and some of the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches. Methods Some of the many factors influencing the length of assessments that neuropsychologists choose to conduct, and the way these are interpreted, are discussed. These factors include the principles of test selection, the potential of measurement error, the emphasis we place on our previous experience to guide selection and interpretation of tests, and our ethical and legal obligations. The potential utility of employing testing assistants to perform the routine parts of assessments is also explored. Results While there can be some disadvantages to conducting comprehensive assessments, many benefits of this approach are also identified. Conclusions Overall, it is argued that neuropsychologists should abide by evidence‐based practices that stem from scientific theory as opposed to conducting less reliable assessments that may be largely driven by cost‐effectiveness.
    September 26, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12206   open full text
  • In Brief, Look Sharp: Short Form Assessment in the Geriatric Setting.
    Nancy A Pachana, Leander K Mitchell, Donna M Pinsker, Elissa Morriss, Ada Lo, Monique Cherrier.
    Australian Psychologist. September 26, 2016
    Objective Older adults are an increasing proportion of the population globally. They are also an underserved population with respect to psychological services generally, and neuropsychological services specifically, with both cognitive and psychological concerns going undetected and therefore untreated. Strategies to improve detection of cognitive and psychological concerns in this population, as well as means of obtaining data within limited time or service delivery constraints, include the use of relatively brief assessment protocols. This review of such tools aims to assist clinicians in understanding when best to use such approaches with older adults. Method A review of the extant empirical literature on brief assessment tools for older adults was undertaken, with the aim of enumerating both advantages and drawbacks of the use of such tools. Results Although short‐form assessments in geriatric settings can indeed be advantageous and appropriate, if used incorrectly, they can potentially hamper accurate diagnosis and treatment. Measures, which hold particular promise with this population span, refer to both cognitive and affective measures, and include instruments designed for specific populations, for example specific cultural groups or disorders. Conclusion Older adults present across a wide range of settings, often with complex presentations, impaired cognition, and frail health that can challenge both diagnostic and assessment efforts as well as actual health service provision. This review provides data to enable practitioners to sharpen their practice with brief assessments for greatest efficacy in serving geriatric populations. Consideration is also given to possible areas for future clinical and research developments with respect to brief assessment strategies.
    September 26, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12203   open full text
  • Short Form or Short Changed? An Example of the Impact of Brief Assessments on Clinical Decision‐Making in a Neuropsychological Case.
    Deborah S Anderson.
    Australian Psychologist. September 19, 2016
    There are many styles of neuropsychological practice, but the primary purpose of all assessments is to provide an understanding of cognition and how it relates to known or suspected brain conditions. The tools that the clinician selects to explore these hypotheses are important. Whilst some clinicians prefer tools with extensive psychometric data, others are more comfortable with combining clinical judgement with observations on a smaller number of tasks. The relative merits of these approaches are examined using hypothetical test data.
    September 19, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12241   open full text
  • How Young Refugees Cope with Conflict in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Urban Schools.
    Georgiana Cameron, Erica Frydenberg, Alun Jackson.
    Australian Psychologist. August 30, 2016
    Objective This study compared how young people from diverse migration backgrounds (refugee, immigrant, and local) cope with interpersonal conflicts with an aim to understand how practitioners can most effectively support young people of different backgrounds. Productive, non‐productive, and reference to other coping styles were expected to differ according to students’ age, exposure to trauma, and migration backgrounds. Methods Mixed methods were used to explore the meaning of conflict within culturally and linguistically diverse school settings, and investigate how social factors influenced students’ preferred coping styles in relation to conflict. Eighty students attending mainstream and specialist language schools in Melbourne completed measures regarding their exposure to traumatic events and preferred coping styles when dealing with conflicts. Results Significant positive correlations were found between exposure to trauma and age, as well as exposure to trauma and the use of non‐productive coping across the sample. Analyses on traumatic event items revealed that young refugees, compared to immigrant or locals, were more likely to have been exposed to events such as sudden death of a person, fire, or war zones. Conclusions Findings suggested practitioners must consider how multiple factors such trauma, social environment, and everyday stressors influence how young people cope with conflict. Universal interventions with a problem‐solving and coping framework are likely to be beneficial to those students exposed to trauma and whole school communities.
    August 30, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12245   open full text
  • Development of an Internet Intervention to Promote Wellbeing in College Students.
    Helen M Stallman, David J Kavanagh.
    Australian Psychologist. August 28, 2016
    Objective While tertiary students commonly experience distress that substantially impacts functioning and performance, few seek help. Innovative strategies are needed to promote wellbeing and address this distress. The current article describes the development, acceptability testing, and use of an Internet intervention to promote student wellbeing and resilience—thedesk. Method Acceptability and useability of the program were evaluated by user analytics and focus groups. Results In the first 3.5 years, 118,000 individuals accessed the website and had 163,000 sessions averaging 5.3 min and 6.9 accessed pages. Users’ wellbeing scores were positively skewed, suggesting that the engaged content has broad relevance. While the percentage of people leaving the site after viewing the homepage was considered acceptable at 50%, there is significant room to improve engagement. Responses from consumer focus groups suggested high acceptability, perceived usability, and likely utility. Concerns included data security and, for international students, the need for greater direction on program use. Conclusions While further research is needed to evaluate the effects of thedesk on wellbeing and distress, the current results suggest that it provides highly accessible support that is well accepted by most tertiary students and has the potential for use as a stand‐alone intervention or, adjunctively, to increase the impact of other student support.
    August 28, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12246   open full text
  • The Availability of Psychological Services for Aged Care Residents in Australia: A Survey of Facility Staff.
    Jennifer Stargatt, Sunil S. Bhar, Tanya E. Davison, Nancy A. Pachana, Leander Mitchell, Deborah Koder, Carol Hunter, Colleen Doyle, Yvonne Wells, Edward Helmes.
    Australian Psychologist. August 26, 2016
    Objective Rates of depression and anxiety are high among older adults in residential aged care facilities (RACFs). This study examined the extent to which psychological services are made available to facility residents in Australia, and investigated barriers to accessing such services. Method The sample consisted of 90 senior staff from a random sample of RACFs. Participants completed self‐report questionnaires regarding their perspectives on the availability of psychological services and potential barriers to access psychological services. Results Access to psychological services was poor. Psychologists were employed at a rate only one third that of other providers of mental health services. Residents were rarely referred to psychologists or to psychological treatments. The most important barriers to access, as perceived by participants, were the low availability of psychologists specialising in treating older adults, lack of government funding for such access, and limited staff training in detecting depression and anxiety. Conclusion Access to psychologists and psychological services remains poor in Australian residential aged care settings. Such access may be improved by developing a workforce of clinical geropsychologists, improving funding mechanisms for residents to access psychological services, and addressing staff knowledge about depression and anxiety.
    August 26, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12244   open full text
  • Impact of Client Suicide on Psychologists in Australia.
    Melissa Finlayson, Janette Graetz Simmonds.
    Australian Psychologist. August 11, 2016
    ObjectiveThis research aimed to assess the frequency and impact of client suicides on psychologists in Australia. MethodParticipants were 178 psychologists who completed an online self‐report questionnaire concerning the frequency of occurrence and impact of client suicide. ResultFifty six (31.5%) participants reported one or more client suicides. Psychologists with more years of experience reported more client suicides. Participants who had experienced a client suicide reported a range of emotional, cognitive and behavioural reactions as well as professional impacts. Ratings of responsibility, preventability and predictability of a client suicide were associated with emotional and/or professional impacts. Beneficial coping responses included talking to supervisors and colleagues, recognising the psychologist is not responsible and having increased acceptance of a client suicide. ConclusionsThe findings have important implications for training, workplace practices and research.
    August 11, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12240   open full text
  • Neuropsychology Supervision: Incorporating Reflective Practice.
    Nicola J. Gates, Christine I. Sendiack.
    Australian Psychologist. August 11, 2016
    Objective Clinical supervision is fundamental to the training of psychologists. Neuropsychology (NP) is recognised as a distinct discipline of psychology and is an area of endorsement; however, specific training in NP supervision has received limited attention. Reflective practice is a supervisor competency required by the Psychology Board of Australia (PBA) and is one element of NP foundational competencies. Reflective practice can be described as the process of consciously analysing decision‐making, and drawing upon theory and experience, in order to improve clinical practice. This discussion paper aims to improve the supervision of neuropsychologists in Australia by providing an explicit framework to incorporate reflective practice into NP supervision. Method As a discussion paper, the first stage is to review the NP supervision literature; and second to provide a practical supervision framework to integrate reflective practice in accordance with current research, NP‐specific requirements, and the PBA. Results The extant literature on NP supervision is exceedingly limited. NP supervision training frameworks were based upon developmental and competency‐based models and indicate that reflective practice is a core element. A practical framework for the implementation of reflective practice was effectively developed. Conclusions The reflective approach allows supervisees to attain core functional and foundational neuropsychological competencies, and is flexible to allow for different contexts and potentially new supervision training requirements. Importantly, the reflective practice framework supports ongoing professional development and competency throughout the neuropsychologists’ professional career span.
    August 11, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12242   open full text
  • Investigating Discrepancies between Predicted and Observed Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐Version IV Full‐Scale Intelligence Quotient Scores in a Non‐Clinical Sample.
    Stephanie Watt, Bennie Gow, Kate Norton, Simon F. Crowe.
    Australian Psychologist. August 11, 2016
    Objective In neuropsychological assessment estimates of how a client was performing prior to an injury is achieved by using instruments that have been developed to predict premorbid abilities, such as the National Adult Reading Test (NART), the re‐standardised NART (NART‐2), the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR), and the Test of Premorbid Functioning (TOPF), and comparing these to scores from tests of current ability, such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐Fourth Edition (WAIS‐IV). These instruments have been criticised, however, due to concerns regarding the accuracy of their predictions. Method This study evaluated the ability of the NART, NART‐2, WTAR and TOPF to accurately estimate current full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) as measured by the WAIS‐IV in an unimpaired Australian sample. Results For the sample as a whole, the NART significantly over‐estimated FSIQ, whilst the TOPF significantly underestimated FSIQ. In the low average IQ group, scores were over‐estimated by the NART‐2 and WTAR. In the average group, the predicted FSIQ scores produced by each measure were relatively accurate. In the high average group, NART was the best predictor of FSIQ, while the other tests all significantly underestimated IQ. Conclusions It was concluded that reading tests may not be the most accurate method for predicting IQ, and that other approaches which include demographic correction the should be further explored.
    August 11, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12239   open full text
  • Recognising an at Risk Mental State for Psychosis: Australian Lay People and Clinicians’ Ability to Identify a Problem and Recommend Help Across Vignette Types.
    Kate T. Greenhalgh, Dianne C. Shanley.
    Australian Psychologist. August 08, 2016
    Objective This study assessed lay people and clinicians’ recognition of an at risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis, their intentions to recommend help, and the equivalence of written and videotaped vignettes when detecting the problem. Methods In an Australian online survey, 52 lay people and 32 psychologists with provisional or full registration were randomly assigned to either a videotaped or written vignette of someone with an ARMS. Measures assessed detection and labelling of the mental health problem, and lay people's intentions to recommend help. Results Data were analysed with Chi‐Square statistics, Fisher's Exact tests, and Multinomial Logistic Regression. Lay people frequently detected that a mental health problem existed but labelled it incorrectly. All clinicians detected that a mental health problem existed and most labelled it correctly. Lay people's detection that a mental health problem existed was not associated with vignette type but videotaped vignettes produced significantly more correct labelling. Clinicians had poorer labelling when the vignette was videotaped. Correct labelling was associated with intentions to recommend help to a doctor, psychiatrist, and psychologist/counsellor but not with other help sources or with “no help.” Conclusions Results indicated that if lay people received further education about ARMS, they may be more likely to recommend help to certain mental health professionals. They further highlight the need to use multiple vignette methods in mental health literacy research and the importance of simulated learning about ARMS in professional training environments. Replication of these results in larger samples is required.
    August 08, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12238   open full text
  • Body Weight, the Home Environment, and Eating Behaviour Across Three Generations of Women: A Quasi‐Longitudinal Study in Four Mediterranean and Non‐Mediterranean Countries.
    Jane Ogden, Marianna Dalkou, Marianna Kousantoni, Stephanie Savona Ventura, Rebecca Reynolds.
    Australian Psychologist. August 03, 2016
    Objective A quasi‐longitudinal design was used to explore how changes in the home environment reflect body weight and eating behaviours in three generations of women across two non‐Mediterranean (UK and Australia) and two Mediterranean countries (Greece and Malta). Method A within‐ and between‐subjects design was used. The within‐subjects factor was generation (daughters, mothers, and grandmothers). The between‐subjects factor was nationality [Mediterranean (Malta, n = 135 and Greece, n = 106) vs non‐Mediterranean (UK, n = 120 and Australia, n = 96]. Body mass index (BMI), eating behaviour, and aspects of the home environment were assessed using questionnaires for family triads. Results There were consistent differences by generation in terms of BMI, eating behaviour, and most aspects of the home environment, with daughters being lighter but reporting less healthy diets in terms of drinks, snacks, meals, and food preparation than either their mothers or grandmothers and a lower endorsement of parental control over food, a lower belief in controlling forms of parenting, and a lower belief in the mothers’ autonomy over their daughter. Further, those from Mediterranean countries were heavier and reported poorer diets and a stricter approach to the home environment. The results also indicate that a shift between the generations was more marked in Mediterranean countries, with more pronounced differences occurring between daughters, their mothers, and grandmothers. Conclusion Increased weight may be associated with a less managed home environment and poorer eating behaviours, which are particularly apparent in those from Mediterranean countries, where daughters may be reacting against their more controlling family culture.
    August 03, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12224   open full text
  • Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Towards Asylum Seekers in Australia: Demographic and Ideological Correlates.
    Joel Anderson.
    Australian Psychologist. July 30, 2016
    Objective Attitudes toward asylum seekers that have been reported in Australia are negative and pervasive. To date, this body of literature has explored only measured explicit responses. This article is the first to explore their implicit counterpart. Method Two cross‐sectional studies measured explicit and implicit attitudes towards asylum seekers. The first study used a community sample (N = 183, M age = 24.98 years, 115 females), and the second used a sample of students (N = 106, M age = 22.75 years, 87 female). The sample in Study 2 also responded to scales measuring levels of ideological orientations toward social dominance orientation (SDO), right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA), and principle of social justice. Results In Study 1, an exploration of demographic variables revealed that gender predicted explicit attitudes, but gender and religious affiliation predicted implicit attitudes. In Study 2, an exploration of ideological variables revealed that higher levels of SDO and RWA predict negative explicit attitudes, and macrojustice principles predict positive explicit attitudes, but only SDO predicts (negative) implicit attitudes. Conclusions The evidence presented reveals some discrepancies between factors that predict explicit and implicit attitudes toward this socially vulnerable group, and the findings are interpreted as evidence for a dual‐construct model of attitudes toward asylum seekers.
    July 30, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12229   open full text
  • School's out Forever: Postsecondary Educational Trajectories of Students with Autism.
    Dillenburger Karola, Jordan Julie‐Ann, McKerr Lyn.
    Australian Psychologist. July 21, 2016
    Objective Postsecondary educational attainment is the key for successful transition to adulthood, economic self‐sufficiency, and good mental and physical health. Method Secondary analyses of school leavers’ data were carried out to establish postsecondary educational trajectories of students on the autism spectrum in the United Kingdom. Results Findings show that students with autism who had attended mainstream secondary schools enter Further Education (post‐16 vocational training) at lower rates and Higher Education (University) institutions at a similar rate to other students. They study the full range of subjects on offer. However, they are more likely to be younger, study at a lower academic level, and remain living at home with their parents. Conclusion While course completion data were not yet available, attainment data showed that prospects are improving, although more needs to be done to enable these young adults to achieve their full postsecondary educational potential.
    July 21, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12228   open full text
  • A Multidisciplinary Perspective on Motor Impairment as an Early Behavioural Marker in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
    Tamara May, Jennifer McGinley, Anna Murphy, Trina Hinkley, Nicole Papadopoulos, Katrina J Williams, Jane McGillivray, Peter G Enticott, Richard J Leventer, Nicole J Rinehart.
    Australian Psychologist. July 21, 2016
    Objectives There is no medical test for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a heterogeneous condition currently defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM‐5) by dysfunction in social, communication, and behavioural dimensions. There is agreement in the literature that the motor profile of ASD may hold the key to improving clinical and diagnostic definition, with DSM‐5 now referring to motor deficits, including “odd gait” (p. 55), as part of the ASD clinical description. This review describes the history of motor impairment in ASD, types of motor problems, and age‐related motor findings and highlights evidence gaps and future research. Method A narrative review is provided of the research literature describing motor impairment in ASD and its ability to differentiate between ASD versus non‐ASD cohorts. Results Findings show differences in motor development in children with ASD from infancy onwards, including difficulties across motor coordination, arm movements, gait, and postural stability. Motor disturbance may appear in young children with ASD prior to social and language difficulties becoming clinically apparent. However, challenges remain in defining and measuring the early motor profile that is specific to ASD. Despite well‐established motor impairments in ASD, there is a lack of evidence regarding which motor‐based interventions will be effective in this group. Conclusions Motor impairment holds promise as an early diagnostic sign, a behavioural marker, and a means by which to improve identification and possibly phenotypic delineation in ASD. Further research is required to determine whether motor abnormalities can sensitively differentiate ASD from other developmental conditions and to establish evidenced‐based interventions to reduce the associated impairment.
    July 21, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12225   open full text
  • The Role of Multi‐Stakeholder Collaboration and Community Consensus Building in Improving Identification and Early Diagnosis of Autism in Low‐Resource Settings.
    Lucia Murillo, Andy Shih, Michael Rosanoff, Amy M. Daniels, Kara Reagon.
    Australian Psychologist. July 21, 2016
    Objective Research has demonstrated that early intervention for children with autism can lead to improvements in core symptoms and enhance cognition, adaptive functioning, and quality of life. Unfortunately, most children are diagnosed too late to fully benefit from these services. Even in regions where diagnosis of autism can reliably be made, families often face additional barriers in accessing quality services. This article describes case examples in which Autism Speaks’ Global Autism Public Health (GAPH) Initiative partnered with communities to facilitate a process of multi‐stakeholder collaboration to better understand local autism priorities related to awareness activities, early diagnosis, and developing autism surveillance systems. Method This paper utilised a nested case study to demonstrate how GAPH employs multi‐stakeholder collaboration, community‐based participatory research (CBPR) and consensus building to enhance early identification in low‐resource settings. Each of these processes influenced different phases of the projects. Results In the first example, Autism Speaks adopted a CBPR approach to understand and address barriers to help‐seeking behaviour among the Korean community affected by autism in New York City. The second example describes an international effort to develop open‐source screening and diagnostic tools for autism that can be delivered by non‐specialists in low‐resource settings. The last example describes efforts to facilitate the development of an autism registry in Ireland to inform health policy decisions. Conclusions Collectively, these examples outline approaches the GAPH initiative uses to support global communities in working to overcome challenges related to the needs of individuals with autism and their families.
    July 21, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12226   open full text
  • Examining Autism Detection in Early Childhood (ADEC) in the Early Identification of Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD).
    Robyn L. Young, Yong‐Hwee Nah.
    Australian Psychologist. July 21, 2016
    Objective Screening for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an important first step in the identification of children considered at risk of developing the disorder and in need of further assessment, intervention, and services. In this paper, we reviewed some commonly used ASD‐specific screening tools and focused on the use of an ASD‐specific screening tool developed in Australia, the Autism Detection in Early Childhood (ADEC), in enhancing the early identification of young children with ASD. The ADEC was developed as a clinician‐administered screening tool that was time‐efficient, suitable for children under 3 years, easy to administer, and suitable for persons with minimal training and experience with ASD. Method A systematic search of published research studies was performed to review key findings of the ADEC and some commonly used ASD‐specific screening tools through February 2015. The Psych‐Info and Google Scholar online databases were searched concurrently for entries containing any combination of the terms (a) autism screening and (b) autism detection in early childhood. Results We found four studies suggesting that screening for ASD using the ADEC can be sensitive and specific in children under the age of three. The ADEC is comparable to some commonly used ASD‐specific screening tools. Conclusions Based on the studies presented, as compared to some commonly used ASD‐specific screening tools, the ADEC is a sound and effective ASD screening tool, suitable for use with young children ranging from 12–36 months of age, and can be used with confidence to compliment the developmental surveillance and assessment processes. There is also the potential and possibility of translating the ADEC across different socio‐economic populations, including developing and low‐resource countries.
    July 21, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12223   open full text
  • Incremental Validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Second Edition (MMPI‐2) Relative to the Beck Depression Inventory‐Second Edition (BDI‐II) in the Detection of Depressive Symptoms.
    Daniela C. Serrano Burneo, Stephen C. Bowden, Leonie C. Simpson.
    Australian Psychologist. July 20, 2016
    Objective This study aimed to determine the incremental validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Second Edition (MMPI‐2), relative to the Beck Depression Inventory‐Second Edition (BDI‐II) in the detection of depressive symptoms in neurological patients. An additional aim was to determine whether over‐reporting and under‐reporting as measured by the MMPI‐2 validity scales, predicted BDI‐II scores. Method The sample comprised 406 consecutive participants seen for neuropsychological assessment. The sample was divided into two subsamples for analysis, a heterogeneous neurosciences sample and a seizure disorders sample. Rates of elevated scores were compared and the prevalence of over‐reporting and under‐reporting by subsample was also examined. Results A total of 31.8% participants were classified as depressed by both the BDI‐II and the MMPI‐2 Scale 2 and 38.2% participants were classified as not depressed by both tools. However, the BDI‐II missed a total of 24.4% cases of elevated depressive symptoms detected by MMPI‐2 Scale 2, whereas Scale 2 only missed 5.7% of depressed cases detected by the BDI‐II. Depression rates did not vary significantly by subsample. Over‐reporting and under‐reporting rates were similar for both subsamples. Multiple linear regression showed MMPI‐2 depression (Scale 2) and over‐reporting of symptoms (scale Fb) predicted BDI‐II scores in both subsamples. Under‐reporting of symptoms (scales L) was found to be a significant predictor of BDI‐II scores in the seizure disorders sample. Conclusions If only the BDI‐II is used to screen for depression, there is a risk of misclassification errors as BDI‐II scores are influenced by over‐reporting and under‐reporting of symptoms.
    July 20, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12231   open full text
  • Are Tests of Premorbid Functioning Subject to the Flynn Effect?
    Kate Norton, Stephanie Watt, Bennie Gow, Simon F. Crowe.
    Australian Psychologist. July 20, 2016
    Objective While there is a wealth of research into the Flynn effect, as yet no research exists examining the effect on tests of premorbid functioning. This study investigated the ability of the National Adult Reading Test (NART), the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR), and the Test of Premorbid Functioning (TOPF) to predict premorbid IQ. It was hypothesised that the tests of premorbid functioning would produce differing premorbid IQ estimates, with the NART predicting the highest premorbid IQ scores, followed by the NART‐2 and the WTAR, with the TOPF predicting the lowest scores. Method Ninety‐five unimpaired Australian male and female participants aged between 18 and 65 years were administered a comprehensive battery of tests, including each of the tests of premorbid functioning. Results Results indicated that premorbid IQ estimates were significantly different (p < .001) from each other, with the NART producing the highest premorbid IQ estimate and the TOPF the lowest estimate. Conclusions These findings indicate that premorbid estimates of functioning are subject to the Flynn effect, thus use of estimates produced by tests of premorbid abilities that were designed to predict to earlier editions of the Wechsler scales will tend to inflate the level of premorbid baseline, leading to the possibility of spurious diagnosis of deficit. Clinicians should employ the most recently normed versions of these tests and employ the premorbid estimate which has been validated to predict the edition of the Wechsler scales that the individual will actually be using during any testing.
    July 20, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12235   open full text
  • Drunkorexia: An Empirical Investigation among Australian Female University Students.
    Alissa Knight, Gianluca Castelnuovo, Giada Pietrabissa, Gian Mauro Manzoni, Susan Simpson.
    Australian Psychologist. June 30, 2016
    Objective Anecdotal claims insinuate that female Australian university students may be engaging in a new type of hazardous phenomena called “drunkorexia” (i.e., using disordered eating to compensate for planned binge drinking). However, to date, this conjecture has not been validated by empirical evidence. The primary aim of the present study was to estimate the frequency of drunkorexia behaviours in a population of non‐clinical Australian undergraduate female university students. A secondary aim was to explore whether drunkorexia may be a stand‐alone problem, separate from traditional eating disorders. Methods One hundred and thirty‐six healthy female Australian undergraduate university students between 18 and 25 years (M=21.32, SD=2.73) completed the self‐report Compensatory Eating and Behaviors in Response to Alcohol Consumption Scale to screen for drunkorexia symptomatology. Results Among the study sample, 57.7% (n = 85) of Australian female university students reported drunkorexia‐type behaviours 25% of the time or more, while 27.2% (n = 37) reported no drunkorexia‐type behaviour. In addition, 16.2 8% (n = 22) of the participants reported engaging in characteristic drunkorexic behaviours to specifically offset ingested alcohol calories while not engaging in such behaviours routinely for any other reason or with any other type of food or drink. Conclusions Results of this study add preliminary empirical evidence that a number of Australian female university students are employing drunkorexia‐type behaviours as a way to drink alcohol without the concern of ingested calories. Further evidence is needed to definitively conclude that drunkorexia represents a distinctive problem that is separate from traditional eating disorders.
    June 30, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12212   open full text
  • Practitioner Perceptions of the Assessment and Diagnosis of Autism in Australia.
    Samantha L. Ward, Karen A. Sullivan, Linda Gilmore.
    Australian Psychologist. June 30, 2016
    Objective Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can potentially be diagnosed by 3 years of age. Yet, 2012 Australian diagnostic data showed most children are diagnosed after this age. This study examined whether an ASD diagnostic “gap” exists and explored practitioners’ perceptions of the assessment and diagnostic process. Method Using a modified version of an existing questionnaire, we undertook a national survey of Australian practitioners who assess infants and children with possible ASD (psychologists, n=54; paediatricians, n=42; psychiatrists, n=8). Results Approximately 63% of practitioners reported most likely recommending an ASD diagnosis in a child 3 years or older. Over 60% of practitioners identified the following factors as influencing their practice in relation to ASD diagnosis in children under 3 years of age: preference for a “watch and wait approach” (92%); the perceived difficulty of the diagnosis (79%); inability to see children early enough because of initial assessment waiting list (75%), and the perceived limitations of diagnostic aids, including assessment measures (63%) and the diagnostic criteria (69%). Variations in assessment and diagnostic practices were reported by the three professional groups. Conclusion A number of factors may influence the timing of ASD diagnosis for children in Australia and could contribute to a diagnostic “gap.” The practitioner‐reported challenges suggest potential improvements to the ASD diagnosis process.
    June 30, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12211   open full text
  • The Establishment of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in Argentina.
    Guido Pablo Korman.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    --- - |2 Although Argentina is well known for the popularity of psychoanalysis, in recent years the field of psychotherapy has been expanded to include cognitive behavioural therapy. At present, cognitive behavioural therapy has become much more common in universities and postgraduate educational programmes in Argentina. This work aims to describe the development of cognitive behavioural therapy in Argentina. First, we will depict some general characteristics of psychology in Argentina. Then, we will refer to the first cognitive behavioural therapists in Argentina, highlighting the trajectories of the local main figures, and the events that paved the road for the development of this model in Argentina, such as the visit of Hans Eysenck to Buenos Aires, the impact of Aaron T. Beck's work, and the presence of Vittorio Guidano. Then, we will describe the various institutions that, in the 1990s, established the Argentinian Cognitive Therapies Association. Finally, we will describe the current development of cognitive behavioural therapy in Argentina, and analyse its characteristics and the challenges of local culture. - Australian Psychologist, EarlyView.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12195   open full text
  • Exploring Psychological wellbeing in a Sample of Australian Actors.
    Alison E Robb, Clemence Due, Anthony Venning.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objective The objective of the current study was to explore what factors might impact the psychological wellbeing of adult, Australian professional actors. Method Twenty South Australian actors were recruited using purposive and snowball sampling. Ten were male and 10 female, ranging in age from 22 to 66 years old, with self‐reported professional experience ranging from 1 to 50 years. The participants were interviewed in‐depth about their experiences of being an actor, with a particular focus on wellbeing, and the data were analysed using thematic analysis, with numerous checks in place for methodological rigour. Results Two broad categories of themes were established; environmental and personal factors. Environmental factors included power, lifestyle, fringe‐dwelling, engagement, the tribe, and taking care of yourself. Personal factors included pursuit, strengths, the calling, precariousness and looking within. Conclusions Themes were considered in terms of contemporary wellbeing theory, along with clinical implications relating to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM5). Findings included: actors experience a range of threats to wellbeing, such as problems with autonomy, lack of environmental mastery, complex interpersonal relationships and high self‐criticism. Factors facilitating wellbeing include ongoing personal growth and a sense of purpose. The findings also suggest that actors are vulnerable to depression, generalised anxiety symptoms, vicarious trauma, and perfectionism.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12221   open full text
  • Stagnant or Successful, Carefree or Anxious? Australian University Students' Goals and Beliefs About Adulthood and Their Current Well‐being.
    Megan Weier, Christina Lee.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objective This article questions an assumption that modern young adults are unwilling to grow up, do not wish to take on traditional adult roles, and experience their current lives as carefree. Goals and beliefs for adulthood, and current mental health, were assessed. Methods A total of 518 Australian university students aged 18–25 (73% female, mean age 19 years, 72% Australian born) completed surveys of their goals for age 40, the goals they believed significant others held for them, and their views of life now and in the future, as well as standard assessments of mental health and well‐being (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale 10; Goldberg anxiety subscale, Life Orientation Test—Revised, Perceived Stress Scale, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support). Results Students overwhelmingly aspired to “traditional” adult roles: over 90% wanted to be married, with children, and to be in paid employment. Their highest priorities were finishing education, finding a life partner, and finding satisfying work. They generally selected positive adjectives to describe their futures, but selected negative adjectives to describe their current lives, and reported high levels of depressive symptoms, anxiety, and stress. Conclusions Findings suggest that these modern young adults are not leading carefree lives, nor are they reluctant to “grow up.” Aspirations for family and employment, coupled with positive views of the future, are encouraging, while high levels of depressive symptoms, anxiety, and stress are cause for concern. Clinical responses to young people need to acknowledge instability that can result from spending extended periods of time “in‐between.”
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12169   open full text
  • Eating Disorder Patient Experiences of Volitional Stigma Within the Healthcare System and Views on Biogenetic Framing: A Qualitative Perspective.
    Amy Bannatyne, Peta Stapleton.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objective Research has consistently indicated that fear of stigma is a pertinent factor when understanding the poor prevalence of treatment seeking among individuals with mental illness, particularly eating disorders (EDs). The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment experiences of ED sufferers within an Australian context, in addition to exploring patient views on framing EDs as biogenetic conditions, given the increased understanding and presentation of EDs as biologically based conditions. Methods Semi‐structured online data collection was conducted with 35 Australian women with a history of an ED (54.3% in treatment, 45.7% in “recovery” or “recovered”). The data were evaluated using a three‐phased coding system, allowing findings to emerge from significant themes inherent within the raw data (thematic analysis). Results Treatment was perceived as traumatic, punitive, blaming, lacking in understanding/education, and overemphasised the physical dimensions of the illness. The experience of volitional stigma in the health “care” system was frequent and expected, and for many sufferers had adverse effects. Biogenetic framing was perceived to be more likely to reduce (rather than exacerbate) stigma, particularly perceptions of volition and personal responsibility. Although reductions in blame and responsibility were welcomed, there was concern that biogenetic explanations could negatively impact recovery by endorsing genetic fatalism and encouraging self‐fulfilling prophecies via genetic essentialism. Conclusions Overall, findings highlight that attention to volitional stigma within the health system is required (particularly education) and that aetiological framing (with caution and sensitivity) is perceived to be a feasible stigma reduction method by ED sufferers.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12171   open full text
  • Goal‐setting, Feedback, and Assessment Practices Reported by Australian Clinical Supervisors.
    Craig J Gonsalvez, Talia Wahnon, Frank P Deane.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objective The objective of the current study was to compare current supervisory practices in Australia against those derived from pedagogic principles and/or practice guidelines recommended by experts in the field. Three core supervisor competencies, namely goal‐setting, providing formative feedback, and conducting summative assessments, were chosen for scrutiny. Methods One hundred thirteen accredited psychology supervisors in Australia completed an online questionnaire that had supervisors report details about their goal‐setting, feedback, and summative assessment practices in supervision. Results Several aspects pertaining to summative assessment require improvement. Specifically, the limited use of observational techniques was inconsistent with principles of competency‐based pedagogies and with recommendations by experts. A significant percentage of supervisors believed that summative ratings of trainee competence conducted by themselves (58%) and by their peers (66%) were compromised by leniency effects. Further, half the supervisors surveyed reported that summative assessments were made difficult by little or no guidance from training institutions about the benchmarks trainees were expected to meet at the end of placements. Conclusions Supervisory practices concerning goal‐setting were generally consistent with best‐practice guidelines derived from the literature. However, improvements are warranted in key supervisory practices, including more frequent use of observational techniques to inform formative feedback, more effective strategies to counter leniency in summative assessment, and better communication between training institutions and supervisors.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12175   open full text
  • Understanding the Experience of Parents with a Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder.
    Dianna R Bartsch, Rachel M Roberts, Matthew Davies, Michael Proeve.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objective A parental diagnosis of borderline personality disorder has been associated with high levels of parenting distress and greater risk of psychopathology and psychosocial issues among their children. The aim of the present study was to investigate the experience of parents who have a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and their perceptions regarding access to appropriate parenting supports and resources. Methods Eleven mothers and one father with a past and/or present diagnosis of borderline personality disorder participated in focus groups in which they were asked questions about their experiences of parenting and service provision. Participants were aged between 29 and 59 years (M = 40.17; standard deviation = 9.53), and the majority identified themselves as Caucasian (83%). The study design was qualitative, and thematic analysis was utilised to identify common themes. Results Thematic analysis identified four key themes of parenting challenges, parenting rewards, barriers to accessing support, and recommendations for improving parenting experience. Seventeen subthemes were also identified and are represented graphically. Conclusions Parents with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder find parenting both a challenging and rewarding experience. While a number of themes identified by parents with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder are similar to those reported by parents with other forms of severe mental illness (i.e., rewards, stigma, fear of custody loss, and negative service provision experiences), there was also evidence of specific themes relating to the symptoms of borderline personality disorder and parenting. Recommendations are provided for improving services for these parents.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12174   open full text
  • Effect of Headache Websites on Locus of Control and Self‐efficacy of Readers.
    Paul R Martin, Hui‐Yuan Timmings.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objective Could a website be developed that would be more evidence‐based and lead to readers having more positive cognitions (locus of control, self‐efficacy) with respect to managing their headaches than the current websites? Method A new website was developed based on learning to cope with headache triggers rather than the traditional advice to avoid all triggers. An existing, commonly accessed, influential website was used for comparative purposes, which was equal in length and equivalent in readability to the new website. Sixty‐two participants (42 female, 20 male) who had suffered from frequent headaches for at least 12 months were randomly assigned to reading one website or the other, followed by completing the following measures: Headache Management Self‐Efficacy Scale, Headache‐Specific Locus of Control scale, and a survey including questions on confidence and optimism with respect to managing headaches. Results Analyses indicated that readers of the “coping” website compared with the traditional website had higher self‐efficacy (p < .001) and lower chance locus of control (p < .001). The difference between the groups on internal locus of control was not significant when family‐wise error adjustments were made (p < .04). Readers of the “coping” website felt more confident in managing their headaches (p < .006), more optimistic in managing their headaches (p < .003), and more optimistic that their headaches might decrease in frequency, intensity, and duration (p < .001). Conclusion Websites need periodic revision as the research literature unfolds, and website designers should take into account the cognitive impact of websites.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12177   open full text
  • Diagnosing Mild Cognitive Impairment as a Precursor to Dementia: Fact or Fallacy?
    Shannon Z Klekociuk, Nichole L Saunders, Mathew J Summers.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) describes a period of subclinical cognitive decline associated with an increased risk for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, research groups have rapidly moved from defining MCI as a risk profile for AD, to promoting MCI as a clinical diagnosis without sufficient evidence of its validity as a diagnostic entity. Specifically, the criterion, subjective change in cognition, remains controversial in light of growing evidence that subjective reports are inadequate predictors of genuine cognitive impairment. Further, operationalisation of the cognitive impairment criterion varies widely across studies in terms of which domains are assessed, and how these domains are assessed. Many studies also fail to acknowledge the psychometric limitations of neuropsychological measures and how this may impact the diagnosis of MCI. In addition, recent research indicates that MCI is longitudinally unstable, with up to 48% of those diagnosed with MCI “recovering” to age appropriate levels of functioning over time. While the MCI concept as it is currently defined may be useful in terms of indicating a risk profile, its ability to sensitively and specifically identify those who will transition to a clinical state remains questionable.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12178   open full text
  • The Impact of Personality and Workplace Belongingness on Mental Health Workers' Professional Quality of Life.
    Klaire Somoray, Jane Shakespeare‐Finch, Deanne Armstrong.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objectives Mental health workers are constantly exposed to their clients' stories of distress and trauma. While listening to these stories can be emotionally draining, professionals in this field still derive pleasure from their work. This study examined the role of personality and workplace belongingness in predicting compassion satisfaction, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout in mental health workers. Methods Mental health staff (N = 156) working in a counselling service completed a questionnaire that included measures relating to professional quality of life, the Five‐Factor Model of personality, workplace belongingness, as well as questions relating to the participants' demographic profile, work roles, and trauma history. Results The results indicated that high levels of emotional stability (low neuroticism), extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and being connected at work, are essential factors that promote the professional quality of life of mental health workers. Specifically, workplace belongingness was the strongest predictor of compassion satisfaction and low levels of burnout, while neuroticism was the strongest predictor of secondary traumatic stress. Conclusions Important implications from this study include: (a) encouraging mental health staff to increase self‐awareness of their dispositional characteristics and how their personalities affect their well‐being at work; and (b) encouraging management to facilitate practices where mental health workers feel connected, respected, and supported in their organisation.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12182   open full text
  • The Interpreter Is Not an Invisible Being: A Thematic Analysis of the Impact of Interpreters in Mental Health Service Provision with Refugee Clients.
    Trephina Gartley, Clemence Due.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objective Given that many refugees are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds and may have limited English language competency, health professionals must frequently work with interpreters to provide services to clients. This study aims to examine how working with an interpreter affects mental healthcare for refugee clients. In particular, the study aims to consider the perspectives and opinions of mental health practitioners who have worked with refugee clients with the help of an interpreter, along with identifying what factors play a role in enhancing or limiting the therapeutic alliance between mental health professionals and clients where an interpreter is mediating communication. Method Mental health professionals (specifically registered mental health social workers and clinical psychologists) working with refugees in South Australia were interviewed (N = 7). Data were analysed using thematic analysis, as part of a qualitative research paradigm. Results Analysis of the data identified the following key themes: “refugees are unique,” “interpreters are necessary and important,” “interpreters are important to the therapeutic alliance,” “interpreters can present challenges to therapy and therapeutic relationships,” and “training is a problem.” The supportive presence of interpreters, along with the multiple roles interpreters often adopt inside and outside the therapy room, were also highlighted as important in building strong therapeutic alliances. Conclusion This study found that interpreters were considered to be an integral part of providing mental healthcare to refugee clients, and sometimes contributed to the therapeutic alliance themselves. Future research could incorporate the experiences of interpreters and refugee clients to provide a more comprehensive perspective.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12181   open full text
  • The Mediating Role of Self‐compassion in Student Psychological Health.
    Mele Fong, Natasha M Loi.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objective Self‐compassion is an adaptive emotion‐regulation strategy characterised by self‐kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness. This cross‐sectional study examined the mediating role of self‐compassion in student psychological health. Method An international sample of 306 tertiary students completed measures of self‐compassion, well‐being (satisfaction with life, flourishing, and positive affect), and distress (stress, negative affect, burnout, and depression). Results Correlational analyses indicated that higher self‐compassion was associated with higher well‐being and lower distress. A series of multiple regression analyses indicated that self‐compassion mediated the relationships between stress and depression, negative affect and depression, burnout and depression, and aggregate distress and aggregate well‐being. Conclusion Overall, the findings suggest that self‐compassion may be a useful addition to interventions aimed at mitigating student distress and improving student well‐being.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12185   open full text
  • Alexithymia among Perpetrators of Violent Offences in Australia: Implications for Rehabilitation.
    James Strickland, Cate L. Parry, Maria M. Allan, Alfred Allan.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objective Alexithymia, which involves difficulties identifying, communicating, and thinking about emotions, could be an important factor in violent offending. Our aim with the current study was to explore the levels of alexithymia among perpetrators of different types of violence (i.e., general and intimate partner) in Australia to better understand their treatment needs. Method Seventy‐nine male general violent offenders incarcerated in Western Australian prisons, 31 male intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators from IPV intervention programs, and 80 men from the general community completed the 20‐item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS‐20). Results General violent offenders and IPV perpetrators both scored significantly higher than men from the general community on total alexithymia score and the subscales that measure difficulty identifying and describing feelings; the violent groups did not differ from the general community on externally oriented thinking style. There was no significant difference between the general violent offenders and IPV perpetrators on the total alexithymia score or any of the three subscales of the TAS‐20. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that perpetrators of violence in Australia have higher levels of alexithymia than non‐offending men, and that alexithymia should be assessed in the treatment of violent offenders. Our findings also suggest both types of violent offenders have similar alexithymia profiles and that both have difficulties identifying and describing their emotions.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12187   open full text
  • Transgender Mental Health in Australia: Satisfaction with Practitioners and the Standards of Care.
    Felicity Ho, Alexander J Mussap.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objective There is evidence that some transgender people find aspects of the Standards of Care (SOC) for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People, and/or their implementation by health professionals, problematic and counterproductive to transitioning. This study evaluated the significance of this dissatisfaction to the transitioning and mental health of transgender people. Method 161 self‐identified transgender people responded to an online survey that assessed satisfaction with health services provided in accordance with SOC guidelines, satisfaction with health professionals assisting with their transition, personal hardiness, gender congruence, steps to transition, and depression, anxiety, and stress. Results Although results revealed dissatisfaction with the Standards of Care and with health professionals (particularly psychiatrists), subsequent path analyses conducted via structural equation modelling failed to reveal associations between this dissatisfaction and factors relevant to transitioning or mental health. However, personal hardiness was found to be associated with greater progress in transitioning and, by way of this, improved gender congruence, self‐esteem, and mental health. Conclusion While the results reveal dissatisfaction with the Australian health system and its professionals, this does not appear to translate into poor mental health outcomes. Rather personal hardiness during transition is the important predictor of transitioning and mental health. This argues for greater emphasis to be placed on building and supporting personal resilience in transgender people.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12188   open full text
  • Acculturation of Indian Subcontinental Adolescents Living in Australia.
    Proshanta Dey, Gomathi Sitharthan.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objective The aim of this study was to explore the preferred acculturation strategies adopted by Indian subcontinental adolescents living in Australia. The study also examined the demographic, ethnocultural, and psychological factors that could influence subcontinental migrant groups' attitudes towards acculturation and their acculturation strategies. Method A cross‐sectional design was used in which the dependent variables were the four acculturation strategies. Multivariate data analysis was conducted. Pearson's correlation, analysis of variance, and step‐wise multiple regression analyses were performed to establish the relationships among the study variables. Results Integration was the most preferred strategy and marginalisation was the least preferred strategy for all ethnic groups. Acculturation preferences are predicted partly by the adolescents' ethnicity, their ethnic identity, friendship choices, acculturative stress, sense of mastery (self‐concept) and gender. The findings provide significant information on the acculturation practices of Indian subcontinental adolescents, including their ethnic identity search and commitment, their psychological well‐being and their integration strategies. Conclusions Educational institutions could benefit from increased awareness of the needs of these culturally diverse groups, especially if this information is incorporated into teacher training materials. The inclusion of intercultural relations courses in the academic curriculum would promote harmonious relations between culturally diverse ethnic groups.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12190   open full text
  • Cognitive Screening Following Stroke: Are We Following Best Evidence‐based Practice in Australian Clinical Settings?
    Renerus J Stolwyk.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objective Cognitive screening tools are now recommended by national governing bodies to detect cognitive impairments following stroke and to prompt referral for further comprehensive assessment and rehabilitation. The primary aim of this review was to critically examine and integrate data across clinical and research domains to better understand Australian cognitive screening practices following stroke. Method Data from national clinical guidelines and audits, psychometric research, and clinical practice investigations were sourced, critically examined, and integrated. Results National Australian audit data suggest over two thirds of stroke units are routinely using screening tools to detect cognitive impairment. However, psychometric research suggests traditional cognitive screening tools, such as the Mini‐Mental State Examination, lack sensitivity to detect stroke‐related cognitive impairment. Furthermore, although more recently developed screeners, such as the Montreal Cognitive Examination, possess improved content validity, further modification, and/or supplemented assessment is required to improve their clinical utility. Of additional concern, even when cognitive impairments are detected during cognitive screening, very few stroke patients are referred for further comprehensive assessment as recommended within clinical practice guidelines. Conclusions Current evidence indicates cognitive screening tools, in their current form, do not perform well in stroke populations due to a variety of factors including poor content validity and lack of sensitivity. It appears that most Australian stroke patients with cognitive impairment are not receiving the assessment and rehabilitation services they require. Recommendations to adapt current screening tools, develop new stroke‐specific screening measures, and consider cognitive assessment protocols other than screening are discussed.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12191   open full text
  • Determinants of Transition From Child and Adolescent to Adult Mental Health Services: A Western Australian Pilot Study.
    Rebecca H Perera, Shane L Rogers, Stephen Edwards, Paul Hudman, Catherine Malone.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objective The aim of this research was to explore the transition pathways of transition‐aged youth out of child and adolescent mental health services in Perth, Western Australia. A secondary aim was to identify factors that have some impact upon the transition process. Method Cases discharged from seven child and adolescent mental health community clinics in the Perth metropolitan area, from 1 June 2004 to 30 June 2013, at transition age (16–25 years of age), were examined retrospectively. Two hundred and forty‐five cases met the selection criteria and were reviewed on the Psychiatric Services Online Information System. Results Four specific pathways of referral and acceptance into an adult mental health service were identified: not referred, referred with immediate engagement, referred with delayed engagement, and referred with no engagement and not accepted. Principal discharge diagnosis, length of stay, and housing situation on discharge were all found to influence likelihood of referral. Only principal discharge diagnosis was found to influence successful acceptance into an adult mental health service. Conclusions The factors found to influence transition pathways in the present study were largely consistent with findings from the UK. Findings of the present research can assist clinicians to make more informed decisions when discussing transition with clients. More broadly, findings can be used by policy makers to support the formation and maintenance of transition protocols.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12192   open full text
  • Interviewing of Children for Family Law Matters: A Review.
    Katrine M Turoy‐Smith, Martine B Powell.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objective This study aims to provide a review of the current literature on the interviewing of children for family law matters as an up‐to‐date resource for practitioners who might be starting out in, or considering entering, the family law arena and as a guide for future research. Method This study is a literature review of publications concerning the purpose and practice of child interviews in family law matters. Specifically, this review is structured around the following questions: (a) what is sought from interviews with children for family law matters; (b) what capacity do children have to provide reliable information; and (c) how should children and how are children currently being interviewed in the family law context. Results Research on the interviewing of children for family law matters is still in its infancy, with the majority of the work concentrated on providing guidelines, principles, and suggestions for interviews without an evaluation of whether these guidelines or suggestions are being utilised or whether they are effective. Conclusions No one has yet extensively examined how child interviews for parenting disputes are being conducted. Overall, the aim of future research should therefore include investigation of: (a) how children are actually being interviewed for reports in family law proceedings; (b) what effect known interviewing techniques have in the family law context; and (c) how best practice interviewing can be developed and applied for assessments in family law proceedings.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12193   open full text
  • Professionals' Perceptions Regarding the Suitability of Investigative Interview Protocols with Aboriginal Children.
    Gemma Hamilton, Martine B Powell, Sonja P Brubacher.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objective Despite the heterogeneity of Australian Aboriginal peoples, certain styles of relating are shared and are markedly different to the communication styles of non‐Aboriginal peoples. These differences may affect the suitability of current investigative interview protocols to Australian Aboriginal children. This study aimed to qualitatively evaluate the applicability of an investigative interview protocol to Australian Aboriginal children and examine how it could be modified to better suit the communication styles in many Aboriginal communities. Method A diverse group of 28 participants who had expertise in Aboriginal language and culture, as well as an understanding of the child investigative interview process, each partook in an in‐depth semi‐structured interview where they were prompted to reflect on Aboriginal language and culture with reference to a current interview protocol (in the context of sexual assault investigation). Results Thematic analysis revealed overall support for the narrative‐based structure of the interview protocol when eliciting information from Aboriginal children. A number of concerns were also identified, and these largely related to the syntax and vocabulary within the protocol, as well as the methods of questioning and building rapport with the child. Conclusions Directions for future research and potential modifications to investigative interview protocols to better suit Aboriginal children are discussed.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12196   open full text
  • Resilience in Early‐Career Psychologists: Investigating Challenges, Strategies, Facilitators, and the Training Pathway.
    Christina Kolar, Kathryn von Treuer, Carly Koh.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objective The profession of psychology is a challenging and demanding field, particularly for newly registered psychologists entering the workforce. Resilience can be an important factor in psychologists' success and well‐being, therefore this study aimed to explore the concept of resilience among early‐career psychologists by identifying factors and strategies which support resilience and which aspects of work are most challenging for an early‐career psychologist. The study also explored how universities could help graduates to be more resilient. Method A sample of 96 early‐career psychologists practising in Australia within various specialisations was recruited, and participants were asked five questions about their resilience and any contributing factors. The research team implemented a qualitative method and formulated the interview schedule with items determined through the literature. Interview data were thematically analysed. Results Dominant themes regarding workplace factors that affect resilience concerned leadership, organisational culture, effort–reward imbalance, and emotional labour. Strategies reported to foster resilience in early‐career psychologists included workload management, professional development, utilising peer networks, reflection, exercise, and socialising. Regarding the university training pathway, support from the Australian Psychological Society and colleges was important, as well as greater focus on work placements, supervision, work‐integrated learning, job‐relevant coursework, self‐care education, teamwork, critical thinking skills, work readiness initiatives, career management support, and experience working within multidisciplinary teams. Conclusions This study has shown the important role that universities and workplaces play in determining an early‐career psychologist's resilience. These findings have new practical implications for university curricula and organisational practices.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12197   open full text
  • The Performance of Australian Children and Adolescents on Rey's Tangled Lines Test.
    Debra A Dunstan, Jennifer A Rees Brown.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objective The study aimed to generate preliminary Australian normative data for the performance of individuals aged 8–15 years on the Rey Tangled Lines Test (Rey TLT), and to chronicle age‐related trends in the acquisition of processing speed and accuracy. The Rey TLT is a neuropsychometric test that queries processing speed and was intended to assist in the differentiation of problems in fine eye tracking from wider cognitive disorders. This instrument does not require verbal or motor responses and may be administered in less than 10 min. To date, it has been unavailable for inclusion in a child or adolescent cognitive assessment battery due to the absence of normative data for this population. Methods N = 120 children aged 8–15 years (68 females and 52 males) were recruited to establish four, 2‐year chronological age groups (i.e., 8–9, 10–11, 12–13, and 14–15 years) with n = 30 participants per group. The Rey TLT was administered to each participant in a single session. Response time and accuracy were documented. Results Sets of normative data for Australian children's performance on the Rey TLT were collected. Completion time decreased and task accuracy increased with age; younger children generally performed more slowly and less accurately than older children. Conclusions The Rey TLT appears to be sensitive to changes in age of children and is quick and simple to administer. It holds promise for inclusion in a battery of psychological tests to examine processing speed and fine eye tracking.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12198   open full text
  • Factors Associated With Attrition in a 10‐year Longitudinal Study of Young People: Implications for Studies of Employment in School Leavers.
    Paul Delfabbro, Helen Winefield, Anthony Winefield, Catia Malvaso, Tanya Plueckhahn.
    Australian Psychologist. June 16, 2016
    Objectives The aim of this methodological evaluation study is to examine the likely effects of sample attrition on the social and psychological outcomes variables often examined in studies of school leavers and which have been included in many studies of employment. Methods We examine the effects of sample attrition based on analysis of a recently completed 10‐year longitudinal study of school leavers. Results The results showed that the dropouts differed from the stayers on a number of variables. For example, the dropouts tended to be older and were more likely to use illicit substances, such as marijuana. Males were more likely to drop out than females. On the other hand, the dropouts did not differ from the stayers in terms of the main variables of interest: psychological well‐being (including self‐esteem, suicidal ideation, life satisfaction, and other related variables). Conclusions Given that longitudinal studies of adolescents are often used to inform theoretical developments and policies relating to early intervention and longer term outcomes, these findings provide cautious optimism that selective attrition does not pose a major threat to the external or internality validity of employment studies investigating psychological or social outcomes, but it does raise questions about the importance of dealing with missing data in studies of high‐risk behaviours.
    June 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12207   open full text
  • Psychological Services for Asylum Seekers in the Community: Challenges and Solutions.
    Nigar G Khawaja, Georgia Stein.
    Australian Psychologist. June 14, 2016
    Objective Given the Australian government's current policy of placing asylum seekers into the community while their applications for asylum are being considered, it is important that mental health practitioners are able to offer culturally safe, sensitive, and competent services in this context. Methods A qualitative approach was used to interview seven practitioners who provided services to asylum seekers at a specialist health clinic in the community. These professionals used their experience to identify the psychosocial issues faced by these asylum seekers, the challenges of providing culturally effective services to this group, and how these services can be improved. Results Data were thematically analysed using NVivo. The findings indicated that participants perceived that clients experienced psychological, health, and cultural difficulties. The stress and uncertainty around visa applications emerged as the most severe factor impacting asylum seekers' mental health. Working effectively with interpreters and culturally adapting assessment and treatment for these clients emerged as effective strategies. Gathering information in a conversational way and using clients' different cultural explanatory models were methods used to identify and address mental health issues, rather than using formal measures. Interventions were eclectic and holistic, and reflected treatments that were appropriate for the clients' cultural backgrounds. Conclusion The study has implications for how psychological services are offered to asylum seekers in the community. Further, it identifies areas that can be incorporated in the future training of practitioners.
    June 14, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12149   open full text
  • Exploration of Client Profile and Clinical Outcome in a University Psychology Clinic.
    Lynette Brunnbauer, Susan Simpson, Cathy Balfour.
    Australian Psychologist. June 14, 2016
    Objective The main aim of this project was to provide a client profile and to evaluate effectiveness of therapy as provided by trainees in a university‐based psychology clinic setting. Method The participants included face‐to‐face (n = 82) and video‐therapy (n = 20) adult clients of the University of South Australia Psychology Clinic at Magill Campus who attended the clinic between March 2011 and August 2013. A mixed design was used to evaluate treatment effectiveness. Psychological distress was measured using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS‐21) and Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (CORE‐10). Results Scores in the CORE‐10 indicated that the clients' distress levels significantly decreased between pre‐ and post‐treatment; however, this was not dependent on therapy completion or dropout. Unemployment status was the only factor to significantly predict therapy dropout. Conclusion In summary, results suggest that trainees gained experience with a wide range of client groups and that therapy provided by trainees was effective.
    June 14, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12143   open full text
  • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health and Well‐Being: Implications for a Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Framework.
    Meegan Kilcullen, Anne Swinbourne, Yvonne Cadet‐James.
    Australian Psychologist. June 14, 2016
    Objective It has been acknowledged that the mental health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people has been “bedeviled” by the inappropriate application of non‐Indigenous models of mental health. To enhance Indigenous health and well‐being it is necessary for non‐Indigenous practitioners to find a culturally safe way to enter the negotiated space of cross‐cultural mental health. This will be facilitated through understanding both the points of similarity and divergence in perspectives of mental health across cultures. The current study aimed to explore urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander's understandings of mental health using a social emotional well‐being and cognitive behavioural framework. Method A qualitative research project was conducted with a sample of 19 Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Data were collected via individual semi‐structured interviews and focus groups. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify themes within the data. Results Qualitative: Four themes emerged as reflecting health and well‐being—coping skills, knowledge, social support, and connectedness. The theme of connectedness to country, family and kinship, cultural knowledge, and social networks emerged as reflecting a unique contribution to Indigenous health and well‐being. However, the themes of coping skills, knowledge, and social support shared cross‐cultural meaning. In particular, coping skills identified in the behavioural, emotional, and cognitive domains shared many cross‐culturally applicable avenues for intervention. Conclusions Therapeutic interventions in these domains are already well established within cognitive behaviour therapies. Cross‐cultural understandings within these themes offer clinicians a culturally safe avenue for supporting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and well‐being.
    June 14, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12159   open full text
  • Self‐management of Challenging Behaviours Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta‐Analysis.
    Monica E. Carr.
    Australian Psychologist. June 07, 2016
    Objective A diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often accompanied by challenging behaviour that may limit the ability to engage in education, employment, or social settings. The purpose of this review was to examine the effectiveness of self‐management interventions in reducing challenging behaviours for individuals diagnosed with ASD. This review included self‐management interventions that specifically targeted a reduction in challenging behaviours as well as studies that specifically targeted skill acquisition and described improvements in challenging behaviours as a collateral effect of the intervention Method Studies were located by conducting a systematic search of peer‐reviewed literature published in English prior to October 2015. The PsycINFO and ERIC databases were searched. A quality assessment was conducted using the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) guidelines. A final data set of 12 single‐subject research design studies that met quality standards was subsequently analysed. Treatment effect sizes were calculated using the percentage of non‐overlapping data. Results Results were analysed by age, gender, symptom severity, presentation of problem behaviour, and the presence of functional behaviour assessments. Results indicated that self‐management interventions are effective at decreasing challenging behaviour for children aged four to 18 years who may be described as either high or low functioning. Conclusions Self‐management of challenging behaviour was identified as an emerging treatment, and inclusion within a positive behaviour support framework was argued. Important areas for consideration in future research are described.
    June 07, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12227   open full text
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder, Language Disorder, and Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder: Overlaps, Distinguishing Features, and Clinical Implications.
    Lauren J. Taylor, Andrew J. O. Whitehouse.
    Australian Psychologist. June 07, 2016
    Background The diagnostic boundaries between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and specific language impairment (SLI) are not clear‐cut. Evidence of the lack of distinct boundaries between these disorders comes from research identifying a group of children who have pragmatic language difficulties that can be distinguished from those in children with SLI and those with ASD. These findings have led to the inclusion of a new diagnostic category, social (pragmatic) communication disorder (SPCD), in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐5th Edition DSM‐5. While this new diagnostic category appears to capture a subgroup of children who may not have been recognised in the DSM‐IV, SPCD has been criticised due to a lack of empirical evidence, showing that the disorder is distinct from ASD in terms of aetiology, intervention, and prognosis. Objective The purpose of this paper was to summarise the literature that has investigated overlaps in the phenotypes of SLI, ASD, and SPCD. A secondary objective was to present a framework for the assessment and diagnosis of these three conditions. Method and Results In this paper, we review the research that has examined overlaps in the aetiologies and phenotypes of ASD, SPCD, and SLI. While the results highlighted overlaps in the language profiles and autistic symptomatology, these three conditions could also be distinguished based on the severity of the social communication deficits and the absence of rigid and repetitive behaviour in strictly defined cases of SPCD and SLI. Conclusions Strictly defined cases of SPCD and SLI can be distinguished from ASD. However, there is a lack of assessment tools that can reliably distinguish these three conditions. We consider the clinical implications of the findings and present a model of assessment and diagnosis for ASD, SLI, and SPCD.
    June 07, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12222   open full text
  • Brief on the Role of Psychologists in Residential and Home Care Services for Older Adults.
    Tanya E. Davison, Deborah Koder, Edward Helmes, Colleen Doyle, Sunil Bhar, Leander Mitchell, Carol Hunter, Bob Knight, Nancy Pachana.
    Australian Psychologist. June 03, 2016
    Objective This brief examines the evidence that is currently available to inform the provision of psychological services within aged care services, considering both residential care and home care settings. Method A narrative literature review of the literature evaluating psychological approaches for common conditions in aged care settings was conducted, focusing on the assessment and treatment of common mental health disorders and dementia. Information on the current employment and training of Australian psychologists in geropsychology was also summarised. Results While further research is required, existing literature provides a clear rationale for the benefit of psychological approaches to address a range of conditions, including the management of dementia. There is only limited research focusing specifically on the home care setting, despite the increasing number of older adults who receive aged care services in their own homes. The current provision of psychological services in Australia is critically low, driven in part by funding limitations. Meanwhile, substantial gaps remain in the training provided to provisional psychologists. Conclusion A number of key recommendations are made to address the growing need for age‐specific psychological assessments and interventions to be included as part of the delivery of aged care services in this country. Given the continued high prevalence of mental health disorders and dementia within aged care settings, as well as even higher rates of subthreshold conditions, improved access to psychological services for older Australians must become a priority.
    June 03, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12209   open full text
  • Devaluation of Rewards for the Future Is Associated With Schizotypal Personality Features.
    Zhi Li, Yan‐Fang Shi, Giverny J Parker, Jia Huang, Chao Yan, Simon SY Lui, Eric FC Cheung, David L Neumann, David HK Shum, Raymond CK Chan.
    Australian Psychologist. June 03, 2016
    Objective Empirical evidence has suggested that schizophrenia is associated with dysfunctions in the reward system and working memory. However, little is known about individuals at risk for schizophrenia. In particular, it is not known if those with schizotypal personality features will show similar deficits in these two domains. This study examined whether individuals with schizotypal personality disorder features will subjectively devalue potential rewards in the future and show changes in their decision‐making behaviour, compared with healthy controls, and whether this devaluation is inversely associated with working memory performance. Method A total of 44 participants with schizotypal personality features and 22 healthy control participants without schizotypal personality features completed the Monetary‐Choice Questionnaire, the Cambridge Gambling Task, and number and letter span tasks, which assessed delay‐discounting rate, decision‐making behaviour, and working memory, respectively. Results The results showed that participants with schizotypal personality features, especially those with negative features, valued delayed rewards in the future to a lesser extent than healthy control participants. However, there was no significant group difference in decision‐making on the Cambridge Gambling Task. Moreover, the delay‐discounting rate of individuals with schizotypal personality features correlated significantly with working memory performance. Conclusion The findings suggest that people with schizotypal personality features may be impaired in future reward perception and that this impairment is related to their working memory ability, although their capacity to make decisions is not affected.
    June 03, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12141   open full text
  • Schizophrenia: An Exploration of an Acceptance, Mindfulness, and Compassion‐based Group Intervention.
    Maria João Martins, Paula Castilho, Vitor Santos, Andrew Gumley.
    Australian Psychologist. June 03, 2016
    Objective This study aimed to develop and apply a brief (five‐session) group‐based intervention called Compassionate, Mindful and Accepting approach to Psychosis (CMAP) for patients diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. Methods The intervention was based on three major approaches: the mindfulness framework adapted for psychosis with the proposed modifications for meditation work, the rationales from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Compassion‐Focused Therapy adapted to psychosis. The intervention was in group format, with one therapist (five 1‐hr sessions). Five patients (male, single, between 22 and 35 years old, Caucasian) completed the intervention. Participants completed self‐report measures at baseline (1 week prior to intervention) and post‐treatment (1 week—additionally the Satisfaction with Intervention Questionnaire). Results The intervention seemed acceptable for all participants. For illustration of potential benefits of this approach, pre‐post results are presented and discussed for two patients. Overall, there was improvement in both patients, although in different measures. Both patients’ conviction in paranoid delusions decreased, while an increase in acting with awareness was observed. Conclusions Although preliminary, the results are in line with previous research in psychosis. Future directions and clinical implications are discussed.
    June 03, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12210   open full text
  • In‐groups, Out‐groups, and Their Contrasting Perceptions of Values among Generational Cohorts of Australians.
    Brody Heritage, Lauren J Breen, Lynne D Roberts.
    Australian Psychologist. May 14, 2016
    Objective Personal values guide, and are used to justify, behaviours both within and beyond organisational contexts. Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y are purported to vary in the values they espouse and hence their behaviours. The aim of this research was to examine and compare self‐ratings and out‐group perceptions of the importance of the four overarching clusters of values in Schwartz's circumplex model by generation. Method A convenience sample of 157 participants (49 Baby Boomers, 47 Generation X, and 61 Generation Y) completed an online survey of self‐rated values and perceptions of another generation's values. Results Multivariate analyses identified that self‐ratings of self‐enhancement, openness to change, and conservation value clusters varied between generations (medium effect size), but self‐transcendence did not. Out‐group perceptions of generations varied across all four value clusters (very large effect size). We then compared each generation's self‐ratings of value importance with perceptions of value importance provided by other generations (in‐group/out‐group comparisons). There were significant variations between self‐ratings and perceived importance ratings provided by other generations for all three generations (large effect). Conclusions Larger differences in other‐ascribed than self‐ascribed value importance across generations highlights the need to avoid actions based on generation value stereotypes, both within and beyond the workplace. Further research on a representative sample of the Australian population using a mixed‐methods approach is recommended.
    May 14, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12114   open full text
  • Recognising and Treating Tourette's Syndrome in Young Australians: A Need for Informed Multidisciplinary Support.
    Deirdre O'Hare, Valsamma Eapen, Edward Helmes, Kerry McBain, John Reece, Rachel Grove.
    Australian Psychologist. May 14, 2016
    Objective This study aimed to evaluate the complex clinical phenomenology of Tourette's syndrome within a community‐based Australian sample. It also aimed to determine the service needs of this population. Method Participants included parents of individuals with Tourette's syndrome (n = 86; mean age = 11.4, standard deviation [SD] = 2.8) and control group peers (n = 108; mean age = 11.3, SD = 2.6). Clinical phenomenology was assessed using the Parent Tic Questionnaire, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Reports of formally diagnosed disorders, a comprehensive family history and accounts of service needs were also gathered. Results Findings mirrored the profile of Tourette's syndrome reported in international populations, revealing heterogeneous tic and comorbidity profiles. High rates of comorbidity (77%), often involving multiple co‐occurring diagnoses, were reported for the Tourette's syndrome group. These included obsessive compulsive disorder (44%), anxiety disorder (36%), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (32%), and learning disorders (18%). Results of the SDQ determined significant elevations in symptoms of conduct and mood disorders for individuals with Tourette's syndrome (p = .01). Parents also reported shortcomings in health and education services, low levels of understanding of Tourette's syndrome by health professionals, and half reported stigmatisation within the Australian context. Conclusions The study confirmed the challenges confronting youth with Tourette's syndrome and revealed deficits in Australian health and educational services for individuals with Tourette's syndrome. Findings indicate the need for increased education for health professionals and the provision of multidisciplinary services to meet the complex needs of this clinical population.
    May 14, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12170   open full text
  • Concentric Circles Therapy Training: Clinical Psychology Trainee's Reflections on Participation in a Revised Interpersonal Therapy Training Group.
    Clare S Rees, Ellen Maclaine.
    Australian Psychologist. May 14, 2016
    Objective The Concentric Circles Therapy Training (CCTT) approach is a revised version of a previously developed interpersonal therapy training approach that primarily aims to develop therapist's awareness of interpersonal process. The CCTT approach enables students to take part in an interpersonal therapy training group both as a participant and as an observer. The aim of the study was to obtain in‐depth accounts of the experience of this revised approach to interpersonal therapy training. Methods Seven Clinical Psychology post‐graduate students took part in the study, with each participant providing 6 weeks of in‐depth personal reflective journals regarding their psychotherapy training experience. Thematic analysis was used to determine the predominant themes. Results Three main themes emerged in the data: personal reflections, interpersonal reflections, and integration. Overall, participants indicated that being able to be both a participant and an observer was a unique and powerful learning experience, and all participants indicated that participation in the concentric circles training was an important part of their training to become psychotherapists. Conclusion The CCTT approach was developed to provide a practical solution to enable interpersonal therapy training in clinical psychology courses where class sizes continue to increase.
    May 14, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12167   open full text
  • Perceived Parent and Peer Alienation and Its Relations to Anxiety Sensitivity, Pathological Worry, and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Symptoms.
    Doris Curzik, Svjetlana Salkicevic.
    Australian Psychologist. May 14, 2016
    Objective Studies have only recently begun to explore the role of interpersonal factors in relation to anxiety sensitivity, a trait that has been hypothesised as a risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders. Therefore, the goal of this research was to further investigate the relations between anxiety sensitivity, worry, generalised anxiety disorder symptoms, and parent and peer attachment, more specifically—perceived parent and peer alienation on a clinical sample for the first time. The mediating role of anxiety sensitivity between perceptions of alienation and current worry and generalised anxiety disorder symptoms was also examined. Methods Analyses were conducted on a total sample of 72 psychiatric patients with diagnosed anxiety or depression disorder, who completed the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire‐IV, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, and Anxiety Sensitivity Index. All patients were Caucasian, and 48.6% of participants were men (Mage = 44.2 years) and 51.2% were women (Mage = 41.1 years). Results Participants with higher intensity of worry and generalised anxiety disorder symptoms reported higher perceptions of being alienated only from their peers. Also, anxiety sensitivity mediated the relation between perceptions of alienation from peers and worry and generalised anxiety disorder symptoms. Conclusion Perceptions of peer rather than parent alienation appear to be a salient construct in relation to the present levels of anxiety sensitivity, uncontrollable worry, and generalised anxiety disorder symptoms in individuals with a diagnosis of mental illness. Implications for cognitive–behavioural therapy practitioners are also shortly discussed.
    May 14, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12183   open full text
  • Violence Prevention and Intervention Programmes for Adolescents in Australia: A Systematic Review.
    Elise Cox, Rachel Leung, Gennady Baksheev, Andrew Day, John W Toumbourou, Peter Miller, Peter Kremer, Arlene Walker.
    Australian Psychologist. May 14, 2016
    Objective This article reports the findings of a systematic review of the peer‐reviewed published evaluation literature which documents the outcomes of Australian youth violence prevention programmes. Method A total of 19 evaluation studies evaluating 17 different programmes implemented across Australia were identified and categorised in terms of whether they examined programme effects on bullying, alcohol and other drug‐related violence, and antisocial/violent behaviour. Results Evidence to support their effectiveness was mixed. The more successful programmes focus on both addressing known risk factors for violence and enhancing protective factors across individual, family, and community levels. Conclusions There is a need to continue to evaluate the effects of adolescent violence prevention programmes to ensure that efforts to reduce youth violence in Australia are indeed successful.
    May 14, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12168   open full text
  • Statin Use, Ageing, and Cognition: A Review.
    Nadine E Stephenson, Simon F Crowe.
    Australian Psychologist. May 14, 2016
    Cholesterol performs a number of important roles in normal brain functioning, including the formation of myelin sheaths and communication between cells, and it has been theorised that statin use could disrupt these roles leading to deficits in cognition. Relevant research was identified via the La Trobe University library SummonTM search tool, using search terms including “statin cognition,” “statins cognition,” “statin brain,” “cholesterol cognition,” “cholesterol brain,” and “statin adverse effects” in addition to examination of the reference lists of the retrieved research articles. Research was examined from the published literature across several different research modalities: systematic reviews and meta‐analyses, randomised control trials, cohort studies, and case reports. On the basis of the surveyed literature, it is not possible to indicate any consistent caution or limitation with regard to the use of statins and their effects upon cognitive functioning due to the contradictory and inconsistent results arising from this literature. In summary, it is not possible to conclusively determine whether there are either cognitive benefits or detriments associated with the use of the statins. The determination of the effect of these agents on neuropsychological functioning requires more methodologically controlled long‐term longitudinal follow‐up studies of these treatments due to the complex and multisystem effects of these agents.
    May 14, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12116   open full text
  • Experiences of Fly‐In, Fly‐Out and Drive‐In, Drive‐Out Rural and Remote Psychologists.
    Carly Rose Sutherland, Anna Chur‐Hansen, Helen Winefield.
    Australian Psychologist. March 24, 2016
    Objective Fly‐in, fly‐out (FIFO) and drive‐in, drive out (DIDO) work practices have been central to the resource sector in Australia for many years. While research considering the impacts of this lifestyle on mining workers is emerging, comparatively little is known about the experiences of FIFO/DIDO health professionals. The lack of information on FIFO/DIDO psychologists may be detrimental to both the communities serviced by them and the profession in terms of developing appropriate workforce planning and training for psychological service delivery in rural and remote areas. This qualitative study therefore aimed to explore the experiences of FIFO/DIDO psychologists. Method Semi‐structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 10 psychologists living in metropolitan South Australia and working in rural and remote areas. Interviews were conducted by telephone, face‐to‐face, or in a group. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results While participants reported experiencing similar challenges as resident rural psychologists, including diverse and complex cases and a lack of referral options, they also reported unique challenges, advantages, and support needs as FIFO/DIDO psychologists. These were encompassed by the themes of “Living away from home” and “Working away from home,” which included two sub‐themes: “Limited time” (referring to the limited time spent in the rural setting) and “Professional isolation” (factors associated with working away from professional supports). Conclusions This study may assist in recruitment and retention of FIFO/DIDO psychologists by providing insight into what is required in the role and may inform training and models of rural and remote psychological service delivery.
    March 24, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12194   open full text
  • Initial Validation and Refinement of the Hierarchical Inventory of Personality for Children in the Australian Context.
    Dianne Watt, Laura Hopkinson, Shane Costello, John Roodenburg.
    Australian Psychologist. March 16, 2016
    Objective Amelioration of cross‐cultural and cross‐language impacts on scale validity should be of concern to the researcher. The Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children, (HiPIC), a 144‐item Five‐Factor Model Flemish personality scale, is both a cross‐cultural and language scale in Australia. The present study is a mixed method validation study of the translated version of the HiPIC for use within the Australian context. Method Cognitive interviewing of 10 end‐users of the HiPIC identified potentially confusing items. Alternate items were generated by a team of developmental psychologists. A further sample of parents/carers of children aged 5–14 years (N = 399) completed the HiPIC items. Iterative single‐factor principal component analyses of the internal structure of facets were used to select psychometrically defensible items for an adapted HiPIC or HiPIC‐A. The hierarchical model of the HiPIC‐A was then confirmed against a Flemish HiPIC sample using Procrustes rotation, with external validity considered by comparison to the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results The resulting HiPIC‐A, reduced to 124 items including 13 adapted items, achieved sound internal consistency and high total congruence (0.98) with the Flemish sample. Regression against the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire demonstrated further support for external validity of the HiPIC‐A. Conclusion The mixed method design was an effective approach to a cross‐language cultural adaptation and validation of the HiPIC, confirming the robust nature of the HiPIC model. The potential for the adapted HiPIC‐A to identify adaptive and maladaptive developmental trajectories in Australian children has important implications for practice and further research. On‐going validation is outlined.
    March 16, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12213   open full text
  • Grist to the Mill: A Qualitative Investigation of Mindfulness‐Integrated Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Experienced Health Professionals.
    Mick Darby, Vanessa Beavan.
    Australian Psychologist. March 15, 2016
    Objective Mindfulness‐integrated cognitive behaviour therapy (MiCBT) is a transdiagnostic psychological intervention for the alleviation of chronic mental health conditions. Although health workers utilise the approach in Australasia, Europe, and North America, the modality has been overlooked in the literature. Furthermore, few qualitative studies have investigated mindfulness training for experienced healthcare professionals. This study addresses these gaps and is the first investigation of an Australian sample in this field of study. Method The design comprises a two‐stage qualitative analysis of the recorded experiences of six health professionals during introductory MiCBT training in Australia, using course workbooks and semi‐structured interviews conducted at between 3 and 21 months’ follow‐up. Results Results show a high level of agreement with the extant literature on other mindfulness‐based approaches. Themes involve harnessing of personal challenges during training to one's advantage, gaining equanimity through exposure, and personal benefits linked to home practice. However, notable themes from the literature relating to group cohesion and professional self‐care are absent. Novel findings include the reported ability of participants to regard personal difficulties as opportunities, rather than threats, to practice; and differences in how mindfulness training is implemented professionally by psychologists and social workers working with dissimilar client groups. Conclusions Results suggest that specifics of the training delivery, occupation of professionals, and level of client functioning could all play a part in determining perceived outcomes of mindfulness training for participants. The findings will be of interest to anyone who designs, implements, or participates in mindfulness‐based training programmes.
    March 15, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12215   open full text
  • Psychological Treatment of Co‐occurring Anxiety Disorders in Clinical Practice: A Vignette Study.
    Gavin I. Clark, Tanya L. Hanstock, Laura H. Clark.
    Australian Psychologist. March 09, 2016
    Background and Objectives Many individuals with anxiety difficulties present with co‐occurring anxiety disorders yet no evidence‐based guidelines exist on how to treat this presentation. The present study investigated how Australian psychologists approach treating co‐occurring anxiety disorders. Methods A total of 169 psychologists practicing in Australia undertook an online survey consisting of open‐questions relating to the treatment of DSM‐IV anxiety disorder diagnoses and reported practice in relation to two clinical vignettes. Participant responses were coded using a directed content analysis approach. Results The majority of psychologists reported utilising cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) interventions in the treatment of single and co‐occurring anxiety disorders but not specific evidence‐based treatment guides or protocols. The majority of the psychologists surveyed reported that they adopt a transdiagnostic approach to addressing co‐occurring anxiety disorders. Conclusions Psychologists typically do not follow a specific treatment guide in the treatment of anxiety disorders and judge a transdiagnostic approach incorporating CBT techniques as the best way to treat comorbidity. More effort may be needed to disseminate evidence‐based interventions for anxiety disorders and for authors of empirically supported treatments to provide clear guidelines regarding treating co‐occurring anxiety disorders.
    March 09, 2016   doi: 10.1111/ap.12214   open full text
  • Implementing an Intercultural Psychology Undergraduate Unit: Approach, Strategies, and Outcomes.
    Linda N Chiodo, Christopher C Sonn, Romana Morda.
    Australian Psychologist. April 22, 2014
    The relative absence of Indigenous and multicultural perspectives in core undergraduate psychology curriculum is said to hamper the preparation of students for engaging with culturally diverse communities. An intercultural unit that includes perspectives on Australia's history of race relations, Indigenous issues, and migration as the basis from which to research and practise intercultural psychology was introduced into the psychology undergraduate syllabus at Victoria University. This article describes the unit framework, structure, and evaluation of the unit. Content analysis of survey data showed that students appeared to develop greater critical awareness of psychological perspectives on cultural and social diversity. Although many students reported positive learning and an increased awareness of cultural matters, there were also student responses that suggested dissatisfaction or disengagement from what was being taught. These responses are consistent with the dynamics of learning about self and other, and of dominance and subjugation. It is argued that promoting an understanding of psychological phenomena as socially, culturally, and historically embedded is important in preparing students to be culturally safe and respectful mental health practitioners.
    April 22, 2014   doi: 10.1111/ap.12047   open full text
  • Developing an Acculturation and Resilience Scale for Use with Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations.
    Nigar G Khawaja, Olga Moisuc, Elvia Ramirez.
    Australian Psychologist. April 22, 2014
    Australian multicultural society consists of culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) migrants, refugees, and international students from different parts of the world. Despite hardships, these individuals show resilience and adapt successfully. However, there is a dearth of scales measuring these positive developments and personal strengths. The study describes the development and evaluation of a scale measuring resilience and acculturation of CALD people. Items were generated for the Acculturation and Resilience Scale (AARS). The AARS and other acculturation and psychological distress scales were administered to 225 CALD community members. Exploratory factor analyses resulted in a 27‐item AARS with three subscales: Acculturation, Resilience, and Spirituality. The three‐factor structure was subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis on a sample of 515 international students. The factor structure stability was upheld by the second sample. The psychometric properties were investigated using the two samples and demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and divergent validity. The scale addresses a major gap in the literature and can be used to measure the positive acculturation and resilience of the newly arrived and relocated individuals. Further research is warranted to examine the scale's psychometric properties with migrants and refugees from a range of ethnic communities.
    April 22, 2014   doi: 10.1111/ap.12052   open full text
  • The Efficacy of a Group Triple P (Positive Parenting Program) for Chinese Parents with a Child Diagnosed with ADHD in Hong Kong: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Study.
    Alma Au, Kam‐Mei Lau, Ada Hsu‐Chong Wong, Candy Lam, Cynthia Leung, Joseph Lau, Yiu Ki Lee.
    Australian Psychologist. April 22, 2014
    The present pilot study evaluated the efficacy of the Level 4 Group Positive Parenting Program (Triple P) with Hong Kong Chinese parents who had a child with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), using a randomised controlled trial design. It was a mixed research method involving quantitative measurement and semi‐structured focus group. Participants were randomly assigned to Triple P (n = 8) or control group (n = 9) and completed measures on child disruptive behaviours, sense of parenting efficacy and satisfaction, family stress and service needs. Outcomes were assessed at pre‐, post‐, and 3‐month follow‐up. A focus group was also conducted with the participants in the intervention group upon the programme completion. Compared with the control group, the intervention group reported a significant reduction in intensity of child behaviour problems and a significant increase in parenting efficacy at post‐intervention. The gain in reducing intensity of child disruptive behaviours maintained to 3 months after the completion of programme. Qualitative data suggested the three key elements to help both parents and children get positive changes: understanding and empathy, emotional control, and persistence in applying positive parenting strategies. The results partially provided preliminary evidence supporting the efficacy of Triple P in reducing child behaviour problems for ADHD in Chinese society.
    April 22, 2014   doi: 10.1111/ap.12053   open full text
  • Childhood Predictors of Adulthood Antisocial Personality Disorder Symptomatology.
    Annette Krastins, Andrew James Peter Francis, Ashlee Michelle Field, Steven Neville Carr.
    Australian Psychologist. April 22, 2014
    The present study aimed to examine relationships between antisocial personality disorder (APD) symptoms in adulthood and retrospective reports of childhood maltreatment, parental bonding, and teasing, and while controlling for symptoms of depression and anxiety. Four hundred eleven non‐clinical participants (99 males, 312 females), aged 18–65 years, recruited from an Australian university and the general public, completed the questionnaire package. Findings indicated significant associations between childhood maltreatment, parental bonding, teasing, depression, and anxiety, and levels of APD symptomatology. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that physical abuse, physical neglect, teasing, and level of father care made the largest unique contributions to the prediction of APD scores after statistically controlling for comorbid depression and anxiety. Analysis of variance revealed higher levels of APD symptoms were reported by males and younger participants. This research contributes importantly to our understanding of factors influencing APD symptomatology, with clinical and early intervention implications.
    April 22, 2014   doi: 10.1111/ap.12048   open full text
  • The Construct Validity of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for Aboriginal Children Living in Urban New South Wales, Australia.
    Anna Williamson, Patrick McElduff, Mark Dadds, Catherine D' Este, Sally Redman, Beverley Raphael, John Daniels, Sandra Eades.
    Australian Psychologist. January 15, 2014
    The current study explores the construct validity of the standard Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for Aboriginal children living in urban communities in New South Wales, Australia. Parent report SDQ data from the first 717 Aboriginal children aged 4–17 years who participated in the baseline survey of the Study of Environment on Aboriginal Resilience and Child Health were analysed. The overall construct validity of the SDQ in our sample was acceptable but not “good.” The internal consistency reliability was excellent overall and good for all subscales with the exception of peer problems, a concept that may have a different significance for urban Aboriginal parents. Removing the peer relationships subscale, however, did not improve the fit of the model. The convergent validity of the SDQ was good. The prosocial behaviours scale and both the peer and conduct problems scales were highly correlated suggesting Aboriginal parents conceptualise these differently and that prosocial behaviours may be considered a key indicator of well‐being for Aboriginal children. Overall, the SDQ is a promising tool for urban Aboriginal children in New South Wales. Those working with Aboriginal young people should focus on the SDQ total difficulties score and limit their reliance on the peer relationships subscale.
    January 15, 2014   doi: 10.1111/ap.12045   open full text
  • Towards Positive Adaptive Change: The Association of Three Typologies of Agency With Motivational Factors.
    Terry Bowles, John Hattie.
    Australian Psychologist. June 19, 2013
    There have been many models of change, and generally they involve eight major factors: openness to opportunity, visualisation, planning, action, closure, social support, inner drive, and management of negative emotions. In this article, the question of whether groups of people vary in their application of these factors is considered. Using responses from 248 participants (154 females and 94 males; aged 18–79), cluster analysis was used to show the number of factors that are used in change scenarios. There were three groups based on the change factors: a stabiliser group, who preferred stability and were moderate to low on all factors of change; a group of adaptors, who had middle‐ranging scores on all eight factors; and a group of innovators, who had elevated scores on all factors. There was a statistically significant difference between the group scores of stabilisers, adaptors, and innovators on all eight factors, and there were important relations between these three groups and motivation, self‐efficacy, excuse making, and procrastination.
    June 19, 2013   doi: 10.1111/ap.12024   open full text
  • When Words Are Not Enough: A Validated Nonverbal Vocabulary of Feelings (Pictured Feelings Instrument).
    Beth A Stone, Roslyn Markham, Kay Wilhelm.
    Australian Psychologist. June 19, 2013
    Although nonverbal expressions in face and body are our primary means of communicating emotional feelings, word‐based instruments dominate in clinical/counselling, health, education, and research. Picture‐based instruments usually contain four to eight facial expressions of age‐, gender‐, and ethnic‐specific posed photos validated by multiple or forced choice, which may not be relevant for people of other demographics. We report the development, free‐choice validation and initial applications of a multipurpose nonverbal instrument designed for people to communicate their feelings and show recognition of a broad range of feelings. The Pictured Feelings Instrument, a nonverbal vocabulary of feelings, comprises 26 face and/or body line drawings of pictured feelings (PFs), which are intentionally ambiguous regarding age, gender, and ethnicity, but feeling‐specific (e.g., love, sad, victimised, strong, overloaded). Studies with 325 Australians found high validity and reliability: Adults validated all 26 PFs, and younger groups (12 and under) validated 22–24 PFs, similar to pilot study results in Hawaii. Methodologically, we use free‐choice naming for validation; we use images of face and body/context to express feelings in their appropriate modalities. Uses in psychology, medicine, education, rehabilitation, and research are discussed.
    June 19, 2013   doi: 10.1111/ap.12026   open full text
  • Brief Intervention Training for Smoking Cessation in Substance Use Treatment.
    Carol Daws, Sarah J Egan, Steve Allsop.
    Australian Psychologist. June 06, 2013
    The treatment of nicotine dependence in individuals with substance use disorders has been an area of neglect and contributes to morbidity and mortality. Lack of staff training and education is the most frequently reported barrier to providing smoking cessation treatment in alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment services. This study assessed the effectiveness of brief intervention training for smoking cessation for staff in AOD treatment services. Participants were recruited from one residential AOD Therapeutic Community, which received the intervention, and the results were compared with participants from two other centres, where no intervention was delivered. Results demonstrated that intervention training increased confidence and willingness to intervene, which are predictive of adopting tobacco interventions in AOD treatment services. This is important as providing more smoking cessation intervention in AOD centres is needed in order to decrease mortality and morbidity related to smoking in AOD clients. Findings indicated however that training did not increase motivation to intervene, and future research is required to determine effective ways to increase staff motivation to address smoking cessation in AOD services.
    June 06, 2013   doi: 10.1111/ap.12020   open full text
  • Is the Tail Wagging the Dog? A Review of the Evidence for Prison Animal Programs.
    Claire Mulcahy, Deirdre McLaughlin.
    Australian Psychologist. June 06, 2013
    In the last 10 years, Prison Animal Programs (PAPs) have been implemented in many Australian correctional centres. Like our international counterparts, these programs receive glowing endorsements from key stakeholders and accolades in the media. The evidence supporting these programs however has not kept pace with public opinion. This article provides a review of the literature surrounding PAPs. Findings highlight that PAPs vary markedly in design, and few have been subjected to research or evaluation. Of these few, only one study was conducted in Australia. Additionally, the research strategies used within international studies are varied; providing little foundation from which to identify consistent outcomes or develop evidence‐based practices. It is concluded that more extensive research is needed to identify the program features that most commonly benefit prisoners, particularly prisoners with mental health needs. A greater evidence base is also needed to guide the introduction of new programs, according to the program objectives at each site.
    June 06, 2013   doi: 10.1111/ap.12021   open full text
  • The Assessment of Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder for Workers' Compensation in Emergency Service Personnel.
    Delphine Bostock Matusko, Richard I Kemp, Helen M Paterson, Richard A Bryant.
    Australian Psychologist. May 02, 2013
    There is considerable debate concerning the diagnosis of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in compensation claims. This study reviewed the quality of the assessment reports prepared by clinicians who evaluated 31 emergency service workers making PTSD‐related compensation claims. Assessments were conducted by 4‐year trained psychologists (39%), psychologists holding a masters degree (36%), and psychiatrists (19%). The assessment reports were evaluated relative to the diagnostic criteria for PTSD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition (2000). In the majority of cases (81%), the assessor determined that the emergency service worker had PTSD, but only one report met the minimum standard for that diagnosis. In the majority (65%) of cases the clinician failed to address the possibility of malingering. These data suggest that clinical assessment reports for PTSD frequently fail to meet minimum assessment standards.
    May 02, 2013   doi: 10.1111/ap.12009   open full text
  • Parenting From the Outside‐in: Reflections on Parent Training During a Potential Paradigm Shift.
    Joe Coyne.
    Australian Psychologist. May 02, 2013
    This article proposes that a paradigm shift that has implications for practitioners of parenting interventions is emerging. This shift represents a challenge to the dominant model of parent training. The Triple P Parenting Program is discussed as an example of parent training programme to highlight the relevant issues for practitioners, including common practitioner objections encountered in dissemination as identified, in part, by Mazzucchelli and Sanders. It is argued that apart from these objections, there are more essential concerns in relation to the adoption of parent training programmes by practitioners. Rather, the article argues that parent training is “mind‐blind” and that approaches emerging from the field of interpersonal neurobiology represent developmentally sophisticated alternatives for intervention. The Circle of Security programme is discussed as one example of this emerging paradigm shift that integrates attachment, social neuroscience, and psychodynamic theory. Contrasts are highlighted between the models, and considerations for future issues in parent intervention conclude the article.
    May 02, 2013   doi: 10.1111/ap.12010   open full text
  • The Relationship Between Violent Fantasy and Alcohol Misuse in Aggressive Behaviours.
    Bruce D Watt, Arisara Kohphet, Dante Oberin, Sean Keating.
    Australian Psychologist. May 02, 2013
    Alcohol misuse and cognitions supportive of violent behaviour have been linked with higher likelihood of engaging in aggressive actions. The present study investigated the interactive effects of alcohol abuse and violent fantasy on aggressive behaviour. A community sample of 279 adults recruited from South East Queensland completed the Aggression Questionnaire, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, Scheduled of Imagined Violence, and the Marlowe‐Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Controlling for age, gender, and social desirability response, participants who acknowledged fantasies about violence and higher levels of alcohol consumption reported higher levels of aggression. Importantly, the interactive effects of alcohol and fantasy indicated that the contribution of violent fantasies was greatest among individuals with high levels of alcohol use compared with individuals with low alcohol use. The current findings, in conjunction with recent experimental evidence, highlight potential concerns regarding the additive effects of alcohol and violent fantasy.
    May 02, 2013   doi: 10.1111/ap.12011   open full text
  • Respect for the Dignity of People: What Does This Principle Mean in Practice?
    Alfred Allan, Graham R Davidson.
    Australian Psychologist. May 02, 2013
    Researchers have found that disrespectful behaviour can have a notable psychological impact on victims and observers thereof. It is not surprising, therefore, that law and all the major psychology codes of ethics acknowledge the principle of respect for the dignity of persons. The practical implications of this principle, however, are not clear. In this article we argue, with reference to the philosophical roots of the principle, that there are rules of manners in all societies that describe how people should demonstrate respect for persons. Generally, the profession cannot require psychologists to adhere to the rules of manners, not even those that demonstrate respect for persons, but it can, and does, prescribe to psychologists how they should act while they practice as psychologists. We proceed to examine the principles and standards of the Australian Psychology Society's Code of Ethics (2007) that require psychologists to demonstrate respect for persons while acting as psychologists.
    May 02, 2013   doi: 10.1111/ap.12012   open full text
  • The Effect of Different Attentional Strategies on Physiological and Psychological States During Running.
    David L Neumann, Amy Piercy.
    Australian Psychologist. May 02, 2013
    The attentional focus of an athlete or recreational exerciser may influence performance outcomes during running. The present study used an experimental approach to manipulate the associative attentional focus of regular exercisers (n = 21) as they ran on a treadmill at 75% of Vmax. Participants focused their attention on their breathing, running movements, the distance travelled, or under no specific instructions (control). A focus on distance travelled produced the lowest respiration frequency, and a focus on running movements produced the lowest VO2 consumption. The distance focus was also rated as one of the least difficult and most preferred strategies. Mood states and enjoyment of exercise did not differ across the conditions. The results suggest that the attentional focus that an individual adopts can improve physiological performance outcomes during running without any negative psychological cost. The attentional focus may, thus, be an important factor in the advice that psychologists give to competitive athletes and recreational exercisers.
    May 02, 2013   doi: 10.1111/ap.12015   open full text
  • Registered Australian Psychologists' Responses to Ethical Dilemmas Regarding Medicare Funding of Their Services.
    Athena Natalie Politis, Ann Knowles.
    Australian Psychologist. April 25, 2013
    Psychological services have been funded by the Australian government through Medicare since 2006. Medicare guidelines specify the conditions that psychologists can treat and the types of treatment that will be funded. The current study aimed to carry out an exploratory investigation of possible ethical issues raised by these guidelines. Psychologists' responses to hypothetical ethical dilemmas related to Medicare funding were examined. Two hundred and thirty‐seven registered psychologists responded to an online questionnaire. Results suggest that psychologists base ethical decisions regarding Medicare‐funded services on a number of factors, including the Australian Psychological Society Code of Ethics, best practice/treatment considerations, client interests, and Medicare guidelines. The characteristics of the dilemma and whether the situation can be referred to in the Code of Ethics appeared to influence psychologists' decisions. Participants were more ethically willing (they would do what they believed they should do) when the situation could be clearly related to the Code of Ethics. It was concluded that as psychologists must consider various professional values and standards, Medicare guidelines add a further level of complexity to practice decisions, and further education regarding Medicare rules is recommended.
    April 25, 2013   doi: 10.1111/ap.12014   open full text
  • Longitudinal Predictors of Alcohol‐Related Harms During the Transition to Adulthood.
    Keriann Little, Mary T Hawkins, Ann Sanson, Meredith O'Connor, John W Toumbourou, Diana Smart, Suzanne Vassallo.
    Australian Psychologist. February 22, 2013
    While a range of factors have been found to increase the likelihood of alcohol‐related harms among young people, little is known about their relative importance. This article aimed to identify the risks for alcohol‐related harms at an age when alcohol use and problems tend to peak in Australia (19–20 years). A wide range of concurrent and antecedent factors from multiple domains were examined using path analysis, including individual characteristics, family environment, and externalising and internalising problems. The sample comprised of 941 individuals from the Australian Temperament Project, a large longitudinal community‐based study. The path model controlled for current risky drinking and revealed a number of variables that were significant longitudinal predictors of alcohol‐related harms within each of the domains, including adolescent antisocial behaviour and drinking behaviour, low agreeableness, impulsivity, and paternal drinking levels. The potential for developmental prevention approaches to reduce alcohol‐related harms by targeting externalising behaviour problems, interpersonal influences, and individual characteristics is discussed.
    February 22, 2013   doi: 10.1111/j.1742-9544.2012.00095.x   open full text
  • Predictors of Diabetes Self‐care, Metabolic Control, and Mental Health in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes.
    Naomi J Hackworth, Victoria E Hamilton, Susan M Moore, Elisabeth A Northam, Zvezdana Bucalo, Fergus J Cameron.
    Australian Psychologist. February 22, 2013
    The purpose of this study was to explore the psychosocial predictors of diabetes self‐care (adherence to care regimes), metabolic control (glycated haemoglobin), and mental health among rural‐ and urban‐dwelling youth with type 1 diabetes. One hundred and twenty three adolescents/young adults (aged 13−25 years, mean = 16 years, standard deviation = 3.8 years) with type 1 diabetes, 50 males and 73 females, completed questionnaires reporting on diabetes self‐care, metabolic control, mental health (negative affect, quality of life), risk‐taking behaviours and attitudes, diabetes self‐efficacy, community engagement, and perceived social support. No rural/urban differences were detected on key predictors or outcome variables. Structural equation modelling revealed that high diabetes self‐efficacy, lower risk behaviour, and more conservative attitudes to risk taking predicted better diabetes self‐care, which in turn predicted better metabolic control and mental health. Social support and engagement in community activities did not influence diabetes self‐care. The study has significance because both diabetes self‐efficacy and propensity towards risk behaviour are potential targets for educational and counselling interventions designed to improve diabetes self‐care regimes and resultant metabolic and mental health outcomes.
    February 22, 2013   doi: 10.1111/ap.12007   open full text
  • Towards the DSM‐5 Criteria for Autism: Clinical, Cultural, and Research Implications.
    Giacomo Vivanti, Kristelle Hudry, David Trembath, Josephine Barbaro, Amanda Richdale, Cheryl Dissanayake.
    Australian Psychologist. February 14, 2013
    The new edition of the DSM is proposing significant changes to current diagnostic definitions of autism and related conditions. In this article, we will discuss the clinical, research, and cultural implications of these changes. We conclude that the new criteria appear to better reflect current understanding of the autism spectrum disorder than the current DSM‐IV criteria. As expected with any major change in classification systems, there are also significant risks, which will have to be carefully monitored and addressed by both policy makers and the scientific community to ensure that best clinical practice and research are facilitated and advanced.
    February 14, 2013   doi: 10.1111/ap.12008   open full text
  • Treating Youth Depression and Anxiety: A Randomised Controlled Trial Examining the Efficacy of Computerised versus Face‐to‐face Cognitive Behaviour Therapy.
    Suvena Sethi.
    Australian Psychologist. February 14, 2013
    Barriers to accessing psychologists for the treatment of depression and anxiety include a shortage of specialised therapists, long waiting lists, and the affordability of therapy. This study examined the efficacy of a computerised‐based self‐help program (MoodGYM) delivered in‐conjunction with face‐to‐face cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) to expand the delivery avenues of psychological treatment for young adults (aged 18–25 years). Eighty‐nine participants suffering from depression and/or generalised anxiety were randomly allocated to a control intervention or to one of three experimental groups: receiving face‐to‐face CBT, receiving computerised CBT (cCBT), or receiving treatment in‐conjunction (face‐to‐face CBT and cCBT). While MoodGYM did not significantly decrease depression in comparison to the control group, significant decreases were found for anxiety. MoodGYM delivered in‐conjunction with face‐to‐face CBT is more effective in treating symptoms of depression and anxiety compared with standalone face‐to‐face or cCBT. This study suggests that for youth who are unable to access face‐to‐face therapy—such as those in rural or remote regions, or for communities in which there is stigma attached to seeking help—computerised therapy may be a viable option. This is an important finding, especially in light of the current capacity‐to‐treat and accessibility problems faced by youth when seeking treatment for depression and/or anxiety.
    February 14, 2013   doi: 10.1111/ap.12006   open full text
  • Shedding Light on the Difficulties and Challenges Experienced by Mothers of Infants.
    Emma J Marshall, Anthony P Thompson.
    Australian Psychologist. February 04, 2013
    Adjustment to life with a newborn presents a variety of challenges, and some mothers experience postnatal disorders. It may be more normative for mothers to face less severe but nevertheless troubling difficulties. In this qualitative study, seven mothers (32–42 years) participated in individual interviews about the stresses and difficulties that they experienced with their infants. An interpretive analytical approach was used to identify the manifest difficulties and make sense of them in terms of three underlying psychological issues: (1) effectiveness as a mother; (2) relationship dynamics; and (3) sense of self. In spite of facing difficulties, mothers evaluated their overall experience as positive. We report on the main adjustments and changes that facilitated their way through the challenges.
    February 04, 2013   doi: 10.1111/j.1742-9544.2012.00093.x   open full text
  • Adolescents, Risk Behaviour and Confidentiality: When Would Australian Psychologists Breach Confidentiality to Disclose Information to Parents?
    Rony E Duncan, Ben J Williams, Ann Knowles.
    Australian Psychologist. December 11, 2012
    The protection of confidentiality in psychological practice is vital. However, confidentiality is not absolute and psychologists are permitted to breach confidentiality under particular circumstances. Ethical challenges surrounding confidentiality are complex with adolescent clients, as assessments often consider the risk that adolescents pose to themselves in addition to the risk posed to others. The current study documented situations in which Australian psychologists would breach adolescents' confidentiality to disclose information about risk behaviour to parents, with a focus on situations where adolescents posed a risk to themselves as opposed to other people putting adolescents at risk. A total of 264 Australian psychologists were surveyed online. They were each presented with 68 variations of a vignette about a 15‐year‐old boy who was engaged in risk behaviour and were asked whether they would breach confidentiality in each case. The vignettes covered six behavioural domains (smoking, sexual behaviour, drinking, drug use, suicide, stealing) and varied in behaviour intensity, frequency and duration. Consensus was reached about breaching confidentiality in 16% of cases (related to sexual behaviour, drug use, and suicide). Consensus was reached about not breaching confidentiality in 41% of cases (relating to smoking, sexual behaviour, drug use, suicide, and stealing). In the remaining 43% of cases, significant disagreement occurred (relating to all six behavioural domains). The findings suggest a high degree of variation in opinion about confidentiality with adolescents, emphasising the importance of transparent communication and informed consent. The findings also raise questions about how important consistency of psychological practice is across Australia.
    December 11, 2012   doi: 10.1111/ap.12002   open full text
  • The Moderating Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Distress and Emotional Eating Behaviour.
    Aileen Pidgeon, Klaire Lacota, James Champion.
    Australian Psychologist. August 28, 2012
    Current evidence and theory suggests that emotional eating resulting from attempts to manage psychological distress, such as anxiety, depression, and stress, is considered to be a major contributor to obesity. Mindfulness has been shown to be related to disordered eating behaviours. Employing a non‐clinical sample of 42 males and 115 females, the present study investigated the contribution of mindfulness as a potential moderator between psychological distress and engagement in emotional eating, while controlling for the effects of gender and general nutrition knowledge. Consistent with predictions, psychological distress was positively associated with engagement in emotional eating, while mindfulness was found to share an inverse relationship. Moreover, after controlling for gender and general nutrition knowledge, the interaction between psychological distress and mindfulness was found to significantly predict the tendency to engage in emotional eating over and above the individual effects of these variables. The findings from the current study add to the current literature supporting the use of mindfulness‐based interventions for treatment of emotional eating practices in individuals experiencing anxiety, stress, and lower levels of depression.
    August 28, 2012   doi: 10.1111/j.1742-9544.2012.00091.x   open full text
  • Fighting Like Brother and Sister: Sibling Relationships and Future Adult Romantic Relationship Quality.
    Rebecca Robertson, Daniel Shepherd, Sonja Goedeke.
    Australian Psychologist. July 17, 2012
    Many factors influence the quality of a romantic relationship, and there has been increasing evidence that early attachment plays a vital role in adult bonds, including romantic relationships. However, most of the literature has focused on the role of parent–child and peer attachments with little focus on sibling attachments. Using the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire, we asked a sample of New Zealand university students to retrospectively rate the relationship they had with a significant sibling during their adolescence, and to rate their current romantic relationship quality using the Relationship Assessment Scale. We found no significant correlations between the subscales of the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire and the Relationship Assessment Scale. However, further analysis uncovered a significant association between the Relationship Assessment Scale, birth order, and relationship length.
    July 17, 2012   doi: 10.1111/j.1742-9544.2012.00084.x   open full text
  • Some Personality Predictors of Tolerance to Human Diversity: The Roles of Openness, Agreeableness, and Empathy.
    Ninawa Butrus, Rivka T Witenberg.
    Australian Psychologist. July 09, 2012
    The aim of this study was to determine the most salient predictors of tolerance to human diversity. A total of 118 individuals (M = 32.93 years, standard deviation = 13.80) responded to dilemma‐like stories involving holding prejudicial beliefs (beliefs), talking about them (speech) and acting on them (acts). Participants also completed the openness and agreeableness scales from the Big Five Inventory and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Differences in tolerance judgements were found to be related to differences in personality characteristics. Results showed that openness and agreeableness were predictors of tolerance in the belief dimension, whereas the most salient predictor of tolerance in the speech and act dimensions was empathic concern, which also mediated the relationships between agreeableness and tolerance for these dimensions. These findings are not unexpected because holding intolerant beliefs is inconsistent with having an open mind, and intolerant speech and actions are inconsistent with pro‐social behaviour, of which tolerance is arguably one form.
    July 09, 2012   doi: 10.1111/j.1742-9544.2012.00081.x   open full text
  • Bulimia Nervosa: Professional and Lay People's Beliefs About the Causes.
    Rachel Dryer, Graham A Tyson, Michael J Kiernan.
    Australian Psychologist. June 24, 2012
    This study examined the explanatory models of bulimia nervosa (BN) held by members of professionals in the medical, psychological, and allied health fields; the general public; and female university students. The participants (N = 787) were presented with 44 potential causal explanations for BN and were asked to rate the importance of each in the development of this condition on a 5‐point rating scale (“unimportant” to “extremely important”). Principal component analysis identified four causal components. These were interpreted as corresponding to (1) socio‐cultural pressure, (2) eating and dieting practices, (3) family dynamics, and (4) psychological vulnerability. A high degree of consistency in the mean ratings for the four causal components was observed among the professional groups. However, important differences were found between the professional and the lay respondents in their beliefs about the role of socio‐cultural pressure, eating and dieting practices, and family dynamics in the development of BN. The congruence in beliefs among the professionals groups would contribute to the ease of interdisciplinary collaboration required in the multi‐modal treatment approach to BN. However, the differences observed between the professional and lay groups may have implications for educational and preventative strategies for BN.
    June 24, 2012   doi: 10.1111/j.1742-9544.2012.00077.x   open full text
  • An Ecological Perspective: Therapist Practices with Children who Experienced Abuse and Trauma.
    Claudia Edwards, Wally Karnilowicz.
    Australian Psychologist. May 11, 2012
    This qualitative study explores experiences of psychotherapists working in public settings with children who experienced abuse and trauma. The study sought to investigate and understand factors which intruded upon and or supported the capacity for psychotherapists in a community clinic to cognitively process and understand supportive and constraining aspects of the professional context. An important focus was the organisational context of psychotherapists. Nine psychotherapists were interviewed to gain an understanding of their experiences with and perceptions of the needs of children including factors considered important in therapy, the influences of their organisational context, and challenges and rewards of the work. An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of interview data revealed three broad themes identified as relational, organisational, and systemic. An ecological metaphor was used to conceptualise these themes as they related to psychotherapists and the children with whom they worked. The findings demonstrated the importance of the psychotherapist's organisational context on how they experienced their work. This study also considered the need to conceptualise therapy with children who have experienced trauma within the interaction of the child and therapist's relational, organisational, and systems context.
    May 11, 2012   doi: 10.1111/j.1742-9544.2012.00073.x   open full text
  • Mental Health among Youth in South Australia: A Survey of Flourishing, Languishing, Struggling, and Floundering.
    Anthony Venning, Anne Wilson, Lisa Kettler, Jaklin Eliott.
    Australian Psychologist. March 28, 2012
    The Complete State Model of Mental Health was used to describe the prevalence of flourishing, languishing, struggling, and floundering in life in a sample of young South Australians (n = 3,913; 13–17 years, 52% female). Categorisation was based on the relative proportion of mental health and mental illness symptoms reported on standardised measures and the association of these categories to health‐risk behaviour. Variability in categories and health‐risk behaviour due to gender or region was investigated. Results indicated that a disturbingly small proportion of adolescents (<50%) were flourishing in life, that poorer states of mental health were associated with increased health‐risk behaviour, and that the propensity to engage in health‐risk behaviour did vary by gender and region. The current study extends the platform from which positively focused mental health strategies can be tailored and launched to meet the mental health needs of adolescents.
    March 28, 2012   doi: 10.1111/j.1742-9544.2012.00068.x   open full text