The purpose of this study was to identify family caregivers’ experiences in managing the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) with particular focus on their interpersonal interactions with patient with dementia. Data were collected through focus-group interviews with 15 family caregivers from three local dementia-support centers located in Seoul. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Three main themes were identified through data analysis: triggers of BPSD, family caregiver’s actions in response to BPSD and patient’s reactions, and the effect of BPSD on family caregivers. Findings demonstrated that BPSD depended on the complex interplay of family caregivers and patients, including their interaction style. This information could help nurses when counseling and educating family caregivers to improve or modify their attitudes and approaches to behavioral symptoms of patients.
Incidence rate and patterns of physical restraint use were examined based on a cross-sectional study in 22 wards of a large teaching hospital in Malaysia. Results indicated that the highest rate of physical restraint (19.7%) was reported from neurology–neurosurgery wards. "Un-cooperative for electroconvulsive therapy" and "trying to pull out catheters" were the most commonly reported reasons to use restraint in psychiatric and non-psychiatric wards, respectively. There were some relationships between patterns of physical restraint in this study. Exploring the incidence rate and patterns of physical restraint is important so that effective strategies can be formulated to minimize using restraint in hospitals.
Older Black patients are at increased risk for experiencing a hospital readmission. This disparity may be related to a variety of factors, including care received during hospitalization. The purpose of this study was to elicit the perceptions of older Black patients at high risk for readmission, and explore their nursing care needs and preferences during and following hospitalization. A qualitative descriptive design was used, including individual interviews with 19 Black members of a Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly facility located in a northeastern urban setting. Four themes were captured encompassing characteristics of nursing care quality, unmet care needs, nurse–patient communication, and observations of competing nursing demands. Efforts to improve care transitions and prevent readmissions must address the needs and preferences of high-risk older Black patients while also attending to system-level inefficiencies that decrease the ability for nurses to complete all aspects of care.
This study investigated patients’ experiences of loneliness in professional caring relationships and their associations with perceived recovery, health, psychological distress, and general loneliness in life. The sample consisted of 406 patients who had undergone breast cancer or heart surgery 6 months earlier. The data were collected in May 2014-March 2015 using a postal survey including the Caring Loneliness Scale (CARLOS), questions concerning perceived health and recovery, 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), and a question concerning perceived general loneliness in life. Data analysis was done using Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal–Wallis test. The variables showing a statistically significant association with professional caring loneliness were perceived health, recovery, psychological distress, and general loneliness in life. It is necessary for health care professionals to identify the phenomenon of this dimension of loneliness because it is bound to affect patients’ experiences. Further studies with different patient groups are required.
Despite advances in mechanical ventilation, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates ranging from 26% to 58%. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a modified cardiopulmonary bypass circuit that serves as an artificial membrane lung and blood pump to provide gas exchange and systemic perfusion for patients when their own heart and lungs are unable to function adequately. ECMO is a complex network that provides oxygenation and ventilation and allows the lungs to rest and recover from respiratory failure while minimizing iatrogenic ventilator-induced lung injury. In critical care settings, ECMO is proven to improve survival rates and outcomes in patients with severe ARDS. This review defines severe ARDS; describes the ECMO circuit; and discusses recent research, optimal use of the ECMO circuit, limitations of therapy including potential complications, economic impact, and logistical factors; and discusses future research considerations.
Axillary digital thermometers (ADTs) and non-contact (infrared) forehead thermometers (NCIFTs) are commonly used in pediatric settings, where an incorrect body temperature measurement may delay treatments or lead to incorrect diagnoses and therapies. Several studies comparing ADT or NCIFT with other methods have found conflicting results. To investigate whether ADT and NCIFT can be used interchangeably, a comparative observational study was conducted involving 205 children aged 0 to 14 years who were consecutively admitted to the pediatric emergency department. The Bland–Altman plot illustrated agreement between the two methods. A total of 217 pairs of measurements were compared; axillary measurements showed average values significantly higher than forehead measurements (37.52°C and 37.12°C; t = 7.42, p = .000), with a mean difference of 0.41°C between the two methods (range = –1.80 and +2.40). In this setting and population, ADT and NCIFT cannot be used interchangeably.
The aim of this study is to describe and understand experiences related to social support for women with fibromyalgia who suffer from sexual dysfunction. An interpretive qualitative research methodology based on Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics was used. Data collection included a focus group and in-depth interviews with 13 women who averaged 44.8 years of age and 14.3 years since being diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Data were analyzed using Fleming’s method and two themes were identified: "searching for understanding in socio-family support" and "lack of formal support regarding fibromyalgia patient’s sexuality." The partner constitutes the main support for women with fibromyalgia. Although they can find understanding and social support in patient associations, they lack formal support from health care professionals. Women demand trusted and expert professionals, like sexologists and nurses, to carry out a multidisciplinary approach to tackle sexual dysfunction associated with fibromyalgia.
This study reports the association between parental uncertainty and characteristics of 123 parent–child dyads prior to the child’s herniorrhaphy. A cross-sectional study design and Mishel’s Parents’ Perception of Uncertainty Scale (PPUS) were used. Parent participants were married (98%), had a university degree (45%), identified with a religion (77%), and worked (69%). More boys (76%) than girls (23%) underwent herniorrhaphy (average age = 2.26 years); 60% were the first-born child and 25% were premature. More children presented with unilateral (63.4%; right = 44.7%, left = 18.7%) than bilateral (36.6%) hernias and most were primary (98%). Overall uncertainty was perceived as moderate and ambiguity had the highest score. Religion, birth order (first child), and hernia site (bilateral) explained 20.6% of total variance of uncertainty. Providing information about postoperative symptom and pain management is important for all parents, particularly for parents identified with a religion and whose first-born child had bilateral hernias.
Hospitalization can negatively affect mobility among older adults. Early detection of older patients most at risk for mobility decline can lead to early intervention and prevention of mobility loss. This study’s purpose was to identify factors from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health associated with mobility decline among hospitalized elders. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from 959 hospitalized adults age 65 and older. We estimated the effects of health conditions and environmental and personal factors on mobility decline using logistic regression. Almost half of the sample declined in mobility function during hospitalization. Younger age, longer length of hospital stay, having a hearing impairment, and non-emergency admit type were associated with mobility decline, after adjusting for covariates. Findings may be used to develop an evidence-based, risk-determination tool for hospitalized elders. Future research should focus on individual, environmental, and policy-based interventions promoting physical activity in the hospital.
The objective of this study is to synthesize and evaluate the current body of sleep research among long-term care (LTC) residents in China and provide insights for future research. Systematic searches identified 15 studies that examined sleep in LTC residents in China. Sleep disturbances and poor sleep quality were prevalent in Chinese LTC residents. Eight cross-sectional studies reported that demographics, comorbidities, lifestyle, and environment were associated with sleep quality in Chinese LTC residents. Seven intervention studies, including exercise, traditional Chinese medicine, light therapy, and behavioral interventions resulted in improved sleep quality. Only subjective sleep measures were used in all 15 studies. Some methodological issues were identified in studies, especially those conducted in Mainland China. Sleep research in LTC residents in China is still at the beginning stages. Future studies should consider more rigorous designs and objective sleep measures, and develop target interventions based on factors associated with sleep disturbances.
The sense of self is vulnerable in people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and might be positively and negatively influenced by research participation. The purpose of this study was to describe how people with AD express their experience of being a research participant with respect to their sense of self. Interviews and support group conversations involving 13 people with mild and moderate AD were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Three themes were constructed: contributing to an important cause, gaining from participating, and experiencing risks and drawbacks. Participants described contributing to research as being in line with their lifelong values and lifestyles. They expressed contentment and pride about being research participants, emphasized their positive relationships with the researchers, and described participation as a meaningful activity. When research procedures threatened their sense of self, they were able to reason about risks and decline participation.
Evidence supports the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption (FVC) and risk reduction for several illness conditions, even for older adults. Thus, we examined the effects of motivational interviewing (MI) on FVC in adults with a mean age ≥60. We chose MI because of its growing popularity as an effective behavior change strategy and because the person-centered MI principles are a good fit for older adults. We searched 10 electronic databases, several journals, and unpublished and fugitive literature. We retrieved seven primary studies, providing nine comparisons, with 1,978 participants. The overall MI effect size (ES) was .221 (p = .002). When the percentage of women was greater, ES was lower; when interventionists had more training, ES was higher; and when sessions were longer, ES was stronger. Future researchers might test longer sessions with trained interventionists and examine gender differences. Practitioners should be well trained and offer sessions that are 30 to 40 min in length.
Patient falls cause economic loss in hospitals, as well as patient injuries. This study aimed to calculate the additional hospital cost and length of stay (LOS) due to fall-related serious injuries and to identify the determining factors for both outcomes. A matched case-control design was used in the study. It was conducted with a case group of 39 patients and a control group of 39 patients in 28 hospitals in Izmir, Turkey. The additional hospital cost and LOS due to fall-related serious injuries were calculated to be US$3,302.60 and 14.61 days, respectively. Precautionary initiatives for the injurious falls can prevent patients from getting injured and avoid increases in cost and LOS due to these injuries.
Identifying those at risk of poor outcomes after hospital discharge is a central focus of health care systems. Our purpose was to better understand whether and how patient- and nurse-assessed readiness for discharge (Pt- and RN-RHDS) is related to patient experiences after discharge. We conducted a prospective survey of 70 Veterans and their assigned nurses on the day of, and again with Veterans 2 weeks after, hospital discharge. The predictive model for post-discharge coping difficulty included educational level (p = .05) and an interaction between Pt-RHDS ratings and Pt-RN RHDS discordance (p = .01). The predictive model for patient-reported quality of hospital to home transition experience included Pt-RN RHDS discordance and an interaction between Pt-RHDS and the number of people living with the patient (p = .05). Our findings demonstrate that agreement between Pt- and RN-RHDS may be an important measure in work aiming to improve patient outcomes post-hospitalization.
Psychological stressors can contribute to adverse health outcomes and lead to health disparities. To examine associations among psychological stressors, coping, blood pressure, body mass index, and body fat in ethnic minority women, we conducted a secondary analysis using data from 178 African American and Hispanic/Latina women who completed measures of perceived racial discrimination and stress, coping, blood pressure, and body composition. The mean age of participants was 45.3 (±9.3 years), and most were obese (74.2%) and had prehypertensive systolic blood pressure (125.7 ± 14.6 mmHg). Hierarchical multiple regression models indicated a significant negative relationship between racial discrimination and percent body fat, and positive associations between stress and blood pressure. Coping did not moderate the association between racial discrimination and blood pressure or body composition. Health care providers should consider psychological stressors as underlying causes for hypertension and address tailored stress-reduction coping strategies when treating African American and Hispanic/Latina women with hypertension.
The one-group pretest–posttest pre-experimental design has been widely criticized, yet continues to be used in some clinical nursing research studies. This editorial explains what is wrong with the design, suggests reasons for its continued use, and gives some recommendations regarding what can be done about it.
The purpose of this study was to examine coping strategies used by Iraqi refugees in Jordan based on their demographic details. A cross-sectional design was used. A representative sample of 333 refugees living in Jordan participated in the study. The Cope inventory and the demographic details were compiled to produce and collate the relevant data. Being older, female, educated, single, and living with more than three family members was associated with greater use of the problem solving coping strategy. Being female, educated, and unemployed was associated with greater use of the active emotional coping strategy. In addition, being older, male, illiterate, unemployed, and living with less than three family members was associated with greater use of the avoidant emotional coping strategy. This study recommends a multidisciplinary approach intervention as being the best method of addressing and fulfilling the health and socioeconomic needs of older, male, illiterate, unemployed people.
The study was aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Chemotherapy-induced Taste Alteration Scale (CiTAS), and was conducted on adult patients receiving chemotherapy (N = 184) in the Chemotherapy Unit and Hematology Clinic (Outpatient) of a university hospital between December 2013 and May 2014. The results showed that the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (.869) was satisfactory. The alpha value was .89 for the Decline in Basic Taste subscale, .70 for Discomfort subscale, .82 for Phantogeusia and Parageusia subscale, and .72 for General Taste Alterations subscale. The coefficients of the relationship between test–retest reliability results were significantly high (r = .939, n = 28). The Turkish version of the CiTAS was a sufficient and suitable tool in evaluating the taste alterations associated with chemotherapy.
Compared with type 2 diabetes, evaluating the direct biological and physical risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in overweight/obese adults with and without prediabetes is less understood. Therefore, the aim of the study was to compare baseline biological and physical risk factors for CVD among overweight/obese adults with and without prediabetes. A secondary data analysis was performed. Three hundred forty-one overweight/obese participants were included in the analysis. Compared with non-prediabetics, prediabetics had higher fasting blood glucose, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and triglycerides. Prediabetics were also more likely to be insulin resistant than non-prediabetics. Participants with prediabetes had much lower cardiorespiratory fitness than those without prediabetes. Findings from this study suggest that healthy overweight/obese adults with prediabetes were likely at higher biological and physical risk of CVD at baseline compared with those without prediabetes. Early intervention to improve CVD risk progression among persons with prediabetes is essential.
The early detection of depression after stroke is essential for the optimization of recovery in aphasic stroke patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Signs of Depression Scale (SODS), a non-language-based screening instrument. We conducted a cross-sectional study in a sample of 58 stroke patients in a rehabilitation center. The internal consistency and interrater reliability were good (α = .71 and intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = .79). The pre-defined hypotheses confirmed the construct validity, and the correlation between the SODS and the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9) was moderate (rb = .32). At a cutoff score of ≥1, the sensitivity was 0.80, and the specificity was 0.39. These findings indicate that the SODS is appropriate to screen for depressive symptoms and can be used by nurses to identify symptoms of depression in patients with aphasia who require further assessment.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of two concurrent randomized controlled interventions based on social cognitive theory to increase walking. A second purpose was to compare the efficacy of the intervention between two distinct groups: dog owners and non-dog owners. Adult dog owners (n = 40) and non-dog owners (n = 65) were randomized into control or intervention groups. Intervention groups received bi-weekly emails for first 4 weeks and then weekly email for the next 8 weeks targeting self-efficacy, social support, goal setting, and benefits/barriers to walking. Dog owner messages focused on dog walking while non-dog owners received general walking messages. Control groups received a 1-time email reviewing current physical activity guidelines. At 6 months, both intervention groups reported greater increases in walking and maintained these increases at 12 months. The greatest increases were seen in the dog owner intervention group. In conclusion, dog owners accumulated more walking, which may be attributed to the dog–owner relationship.
Nonpharmacological interventions are important in providing care for Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. However, there is limited evidence related to their impacts on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). We aimed to examine the effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions for improving the HRQOL of PD patients. Articles published in peer-reviewed journals from 2000 to 2015 were searched through electronic searching, computerized author searching, and footnote chasing. A meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.3 program. Overall, effect size for the studies (n = 18) was –4.17 with 95% confidence interval (CI) from –7.63 to –0.70 (Z = 2.36, p = .02), indicating positive effects of nonpharmacological interventions on HRQOL. In subgroup analysis regarding the intervention types, the effect size of exercise programs was –5.73 with 95% CI of –11.36 to –0.10 (Z = 2.00, p = .05). Thus, nonpharmacological interventions, and particularly exercise programs, were effective in improving the HRQOL of PD patients.
This study used step-by-step exploratory factor analysis in the framework of confirmatory factor analysis (EFA/CFA) to evaluate the psychometric properties of the translated and culturally adapted Swedish version of "The Violence Against Women Health Care Provider Survey." The Swedish version of the instrument was needed to measure district nurses’ preparedness to encounter women exposed to intimate partner violence. In the first step of EFA/CFA, the eight-factor model was confirmed. The item-total correlations ranged from .22 to 1.01, and Cronbach’s alphas from .68 to .71. After removing four items, the corrected item-total correlations ranged from .40 to .97. On the basis of the analysis, we concluded that the Swedish version of the instrument is valid and reliable for evaluating the preparedness of district nurses in Sweden to encounter women exposed to intimate partner violence.
Patient-centered care involves the provision of treatments that are responsive to patients’ preferences. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Treatment Perception and Preferences measure. Participants (n = 128) completed the measure relative to pharmacological, educational, and behavioral treatments for the management of insomnia. For each treatment, the measure presents a description of its goal, activities, mode and dose of delivery, and nine items to rate its perceived acceptability. All items measuring perception of treatment were internally consistent (α > .85) and loaded on one factor, except the item assessing severity of side effects. Differences in the measure’s scores between groups of participants provided evidence of validity: participants with a preference for a particular treatment rated it more favorably than alternative treatments. The measure provides a systematic and efficient method for eliciting well-informed treatment preferences. Its use in practice should be investigated.
Although exercise is essential for the treatment of fibromyalgia, adherence is low. Walking, as a form of physical exercise, has significant advantages. The aim of this article is to describe, in 920 women with fibromyalgia, the prevalence of certain walking beliefs and analyze their effects both on the walking behavior itself and on the associated symptoms when patients walk according to a clinically recommended way. The results highlight the high prevalence of beliefs related to pain and fatigue as walking-inhibitors. In the whole sample, beliefs are associated with an increased perception that comorbidity prevents walking, and with higher levels of pain and fatigue. In patients who walk regularly, beliefs are only associated with the perception that comorbidity prevents them from walking. It is necessary to promote walking according to the established way (including breaks to prevent fatigue) and to implement interventions on the most prevalent beliefs that inhibit walking.
The study aimed to assess adolescent patterns of eating habits, determine factors influencing these patterns, and identify male and female differences related to eating habits. Using a cross-sectional study approach, a sample of adolescents (N = 423) in randomly selected clusters chosen from government and private schools in the south of Jordan completed self-administered questionnaires relating to socio-demographic data and personal eating habits. Results showed that parents, peers, and mass media are contributing factors, with peer pressure likely outweighing parental guidance. Males were more likely to be influenced by peers than females, whereas females were more likely to be influenced by media-based advertising. Lower body mass indices correlate with eating breakfast, which a majority of adolescents reported they do not do. Interventions targeted toward improving eating and active behaviors should involve peers as well as parents.
We aimed to develop an in-depth understanding about factors that influence cardiac medication adherence among South Asian, Chinese, and European White cardiac patients. Sixty-four patients were purposively sampled from an ongoing study cohort. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed for analyses. Physicians’ culturally sensitive communication and patients’ motivation to live a symptom-free and longer life enhanced adherence. European Whites were motivated to enhance personal well-being and enjoy family life. South Asians’ medication adherence was influenced by the desire to fulfill the will of God and family responsibilities. The Chinese were motivated to avoid pain, illness, and death, and to obey a health care provider. The South Asians and Chinese wanted to ultimately reduce medication use. Previous positive experiences, family support, and establishing a routine also influenced medication adherence. Deterrents to adherence were essentially the reverse of the motivators/facilitators. This analysis represents an essential first step forward in developing ethno-culturally tailored interventions to optimize adherence.
The purpose of this scoping review is to identify cardiovascular interventions that are designed to address the needs of immigrant women across North America and Europe. The articles retrieved were reviewed independently by both the first author and a trained research assistant. Although the search revealed many articles and resources related to supporting cardiovascular self-management behaviors among individuals, few focused on interventions designed for immigrant women who were diagnosed and living with cardiovascular disease. Also, it was difficult to determine the quality of the literature retrieved, as the main goal of this scoping review was to assess the body of literature and categorize materials by common themes and topics. A more in-depth structured systematic review is needed to determine the quality of evidence being presented and to serve as a rationale for the design and implementation of future culturally sensitive interventions delivered to immigrant women diagnosed with cardiovascular disease.
The objectives of this study were to develop a cross-cultural Chinese version of the Emotional and Social Dysfunction Questionnaire (ESDQ-C) and test its validity and reliability among Chinese-speaking stroke patients. Various methods were used to develop the ESDQ-C. A cross-sectional study was used to examine the validity and reliability of the developed questionnaire, which consists of 28 items belonging to six factors, anger, helplessness, emotional dyscontrol, indifference, inertia and fatigue, and euphoria. Satisfactory convergence and known-group validities were confirmed by significant correlations of the ESDQ-C with the Profile of Mood States–Short Form (p < .05) and with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (p < .05). The internal consistency was represented by Cronbach’s alpha, which was .96 and .79 to .92 for the entire scale and subscales, respectively. Appropriate application of the ESDQ-C will be helpful to identify critical adjustment-related types of distress and patients who experience difficulty coping with such distress.
The focus of medical hospitalization for restrictive eating disorders is weight gain; however, no guidelines exist on how to achieve successful and safe weight gain. Meal supervision may be a supportive intervention to aid in meal completion and weight gain. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of standardized meal supervision on weight gain, length of stay, vital signs, electrolytes, and use of liquid caloric supplementation in hospitalized adolescents and young adults with restrictive eating disorders. A chart review compared patients who received meal supervision from admission through discharge to an earlier cohort who received meal supervision as needed. There were no differences in weight, electrolytes, or vital signs between the two cohorts. Length of stay for those who received meal supervision from admission was 3 days shorter than earlier cohort. Nursing supervised meals beginning at admission may shorten length of stay and decrease health care costs.
This integrative review provides an overview of nicotine dependence measures used with perinatal women and an evaluation of their psychometric properties. Fifty-five articles that met inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified from five different databases. Most of the studies used the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Other approaches included diagnostic tests, the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM), the Tobacco Dependence Screener, and single-item measures. This review indicated that the FTND may not be the best option for measuring nicotine dependence in this population. The WISDM is a newer instrument that has excellent psychometric properties and captures nonnicotinic dimensions of nicotine dependence relevant to women. Future research is needed to assess its reliability in the perinatal population. Other recommendations from this review include the use of biomarker validation, thorough psychometric reporting on nicotine dependence instruments, and the use of multiple instruments to maximize comparability between nicotine dependence instruments.
Triage classifies and prioritizes patients’ care based on the acuity of the illness in emergency departments (EDs). In Taiwan, the five-level Taiwan Triage and Acuity Scale (TTAS) computerized system was implemented nationally in 2010. The purpose of this study was to understand which factors affect decision-making practices of triage nurses in the light of the implementation of the new TTAS tool and computerized system. The qualitative data were collected by in-depth interviews. Data saturation was reached with 16 participants. Content analysis was used. The results demonstrated that the factors affecting nurses’ decision making in the light of the newly implemented computerized system sit within three main categories: external environmental, patients’ health status, and nurses’ experiences. This study suggests ensuring the patient’s privacy while attending the triage desk, improving the critical thinking of triage nurses, and strengthening the public’s understanding of the ED visits. These will make ED triage more efficient.
Most people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) reside in their homes with their family members. Nurses are in a good position to partner with people with PD and their family members for better self-management of the disease and improved quality of life. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the state of the science of nursing research related to PD during the 10-year period, 2006 to 2015. A total of 27 studies were included in this review. Family caregiving was the most studied topic, followed by symptom management/medication adherence, quality of life, end-of-life/palliative care, and functional status/improving function. Recommendations for future studies in PD include (a) developing and testing interventions based on theoretical models in the areas of self-management, symptom management, and function improvement in people with PD and for caregivers caring for people with advanced stage PD, and (b) building programs of research with interprofessional teams.
The lack of a suitable assessment tool may limit optimal stress management and impair the health-related quality of life of patients undergoing hemodialysis. The purpose of the study was to examine latent constructs and psychometric properties of the Vietnamese Hemodialysis Stressor Scale (HSS-V). In total, 180 patients receiving hemodialysis were recruited. Psychometric properties of the HSS-V, including the construct validity, internal consistency, and test–retest reliability, were tested after the instrument translation. The exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 24-item HSS-V with four extracted factors, which explained 58.32% of the total variance. The construct validity was confirmed by significant negative correlations between scores on the HSS-V and Vietnamese-version Short Form-36. The internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .82-.91) and test–retest reliability (intra-class correlations coefficient = .91-.94) of the 24-item HSS-V were satisfactory. A simple structure and preliminary acceptable psychometric properties of the HSS-V were established and can serve as a basis for further studies.
Despite suggestions in the literature that depression has serious consequences, few studies have examined specific health and psychosocial outcomes of depression in Black single mothers. The purpose of this study was to estimate paths in a just-identified theoretical model of outcomes of depression for Black single mothers based on theoretical propositions and empirical findings. The model included the variables, depressive cognitions, depressive symptomatology, perceived social support, and positive health practices. Five direct and two indirect hypothesized relationships were estimated using structural equation modeling. A nonprobability sample of convenience of 159 Black single mothers aged 18 to 45 years was recruited for the study. This study used a cross-sectional correlational design. The participants responded in person or via the U.S. mail to the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression scale, the Depressive Cognition Scale, the Personal Resource Questionnaire 85–Part 2, and the Personal Lifestyle Questionnaire. Beta and Gamma path coefficients were statistically significant for four out of five hypothesized direct relationships within the model (p < .01). The direct path between depressive cognitions and positive health practices was not supported (Gamma = –.11, p > .05). The two indirect paths were weak but statistically significant (p < .01). Depressive symptoms and perceived social support were outcomes of depressive cognitions. Positive health practices was not a direct outcome of depressive cognitions. Perceived social support and positive health practices were outcomes of depressive symptoms.
This cross-sectional study explored the level of patient needs and satisfaction in women with day surgery. A consecutive sample of 233 women was recruited from a women’s health care center in South Korea. Demographic and disease-specific characteristics, patient needs, and satisfaction were measured. Patient needs were evaluated based on patient-centered care framework; the average mean was 4.21 (.7) out of a possible 5. The mean score for overall patient satisfaction was 3.70 (.5) out of a possible 5. Among the five subdomains of patient needs, involvement of family and friends presented the highest mean score. The focus of day surgery care should respond to the care shift from hospital to home care, so that it should prepare family and friends to provide appropriate home care. This study reports high levels of patient needs and adds to the body of knowledge on perioperative nursing care interventions for women undergoing outpatient day surgery.
Adolescence is an unpredictable stage of life with varied and rapid changes. In Jordan, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has been examined among diabetic and obese children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to assess the HRQoL of Jordanian healthy adolescents. Three hundred fifty-four male and female adolescents whose ages ranged from 12 to 19 participated in the study. A descriptive comparative design was employed to investigate adolescents’ HRQoL. The results revealed statistically significant differences in physical well-being, psychosocial well-being, and autonomy in favor of male adolescents. In addition, statistically significant differences were observed in favor of nonsmoker adolescents in psychosocial well-being, self-perception, parent relations and home life, financial resources, social relations and peers and school environment. In conclusion, the creation of a school health nurse role in Jordanian schools is crucial for helping adolescents improve their health.
Eye care is an important area of critical care. However, lack of eye care studies is a common issue across the globe. The aim of this study is to determine the views and practices of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses on eye care in Turkey and Palestine. This descriptive study was conducted using a self-administrated questionnaire. The data were collected from 111 nurses in nine kinds of ICUs in two education hospital. Normal saline (75.9%) was the most commonly reported solution for eye hygiene among the Palestinian nurses, and gauze soaked in normal saline or sterile water (64.3%) were the most frequently used supplies by the Turkish nurses. Although both Palestinian and Turkish ICU nurses took some precautions to prevent eye complications in critical patients, there were some gaps and insufficiencies in the eye care of ICU patients. There is a need for continuing training in this area.
This pilot randomized controlled trial examined the effect of prophylactic dressings to minimize sacral pressure injuries (PIs) in high-risk hospitalized patients and assessed feasibility criteria to inform a larger study. Eighty patients were recruited at admission points (the emergency department and surgical care unit) or directly from participating wards in the general medical-surgical setting following the assessment of high risk of sacral PI. Participants were randomized into either the routine care or routine care and silicone foam border dressing group. Outcome assessment comprised digital photographs of each participant’s sacrum every 72 hr for evaluation by a blind-to-intervention assessor. Sixty-seven participants had at least one sacral photograph taken and assessed by a blind-to-intervention assessor. Three participants were assessed as having a Stage I PI. Although the use of photography was effective, feasibility criteria identified challenges related to bias, blinding, weight assessment, preparation of nursing staff, and sample size estimation.
Self-management of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is important for treating this chronic disease. This study developed and psychometrically tested a new instrument for measuring adult patients’ self-management needs of knee osteoarthritis (SMNKOA). The theoretical framework of self-care guided the development of the 35-item SMNKOA scale. Participants (N = 372) were purposively sampled from orthopedic clinics at medical centers in Taiwan. The content validity index was 0.83. Principal components analysis identified a three-factor solution, accounting for 53.19% of the variance. The divergent validity was –0.67; convergent validity was –0.51. Cronbach’s alpha was .95, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was .88, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was .95. The scale’s reliability and validity supports the SMNKOA, as a tool to measure self-management needs of adults with knee OA. Nurses and other health care providers can use this instrument to evaluate knee OA patients and identify strategies for improving health-related outcomes and patient education.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that greatly impacts one’s physical and psychosocial well-being. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences and support needs of adult patients living with RA. A descriptive qualitative study was conducted, and 16 adults with RA were interviewed from October 2013 to January 2014. The transcribed data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Five themes were identified: altered physical capacity and well-being, psychological and emotional challenges, changes in social life, coping strategies, and support received and further support needs. This study provided insights into the experiences and support needs of patients with RA in Singapore. Physical and psychosocial challenges experienced by patients affected their daily and social activities. Patients’ needs for variety of support should be addressed.
The study purpose was to describe how bedside nurses can use nursing bedside shift report (NBSR) to keep patients safe. NBSR has been recommended as a means of increasing patient safety, but little is known about how or whether it does so. Grounded theory methods were used. Data were collected from 2014 to 2015 with bedside nurses in a pediatric unit with an established NBSR process. The primary process by which bedside nurses use NBSR to keep patients safe is reducing risk of harm through conveying the patient story from shift to shift. Having a perspective from the bedside is a key antecedent to reducing risk of harm, as it supports the nurses’ ability to subsequently identify and address risks. Although often seen as a routine exchange of information, how nursing shift report is conducted can impact patient safety. The study reinforces the value of targeting nursing communication to improve patient safety.
This study examined differences in weekly time spent in physical activity by level of perceived environmental resources, 6 months following graduation from cardiac rehabilitation. A descriptive, longitudinal design used standardized measures to evaluate perceived environmental resources and physical activity levels. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to examine mean differences in weekly time spent in physical activity by level of perceived environmental resources. Adults 51 to 86 years old (N = 150) diagnosed with coronary heart disease were included. There was a significant change over time in physical activity as measured by minutes per week, F(2, 148) = 7.915, p = .001, where activity increased between baseline and 3 months, and then dropped slightly at 6 months. This change over time differed by the level of perceived neighborhood resources, F(2, 148) = 3.545, p = .032. Home and neighborhood resources may positively influence physical activity maintenance following cardiac rehabilitation.
This study looks to describe health care professionals’ knowledge regarding patient safety. A quantitative study using questionnaires was conducted in three multi-disciplinary hospitals in Western Lithuania. Data were collected in 2014 from physicians, nurses, and nurse assistants. The overall results indicated quite a low level of safety knowledge, especially in regard to knowledge concerning general patient safety. The health care professionals’ background factors such as their profession, education, the information about patient safety they were given during their vocational and continuing education, as well as their experience in their primary speciality seemed to be associated with several patient safety knowledge areas. Despite a wide variation in background factors, the knowledge level of respondents was generally found to be low. This requires that further research into health care professionals’ safety knowledge related to specific issues such as medication, infection, falls, and pressure sore prevention should be undertaken in Lithuania.
The aim of this study was to refine the long version of the Cigarette Dependence Questionnaire (CDQ-29) that includes 29-items by removing some redundant questions, and then examining the predictive utility of the resulting scale in terms of its ability to explain saliva cotinine level, and testing the measurement structure of the remaining items. Across three diverse independent samples of smokers, we developed a one-factor CDQ-12 that showed good internal consistency and concurrent validity that was comparable with the CDQ-29. The proposed model was a good fit for the data. The reliability coefficient was .92, and the score of the 12-item CDQ had a moderate correlation with the total score of cigarette withdrawal (r = .63, p < .01). The CDQ-12 is a reliable and valid Chinese-language instrument to assess cigarette dependence, which can be used to guide nursing interventions that support culturally and socially appropriate smoking cessation programs.
Guided by the relational cultural theory, we conducted a qualitative study to examine the relationship experiences of African American transgender women living in North Carolina. A convenience sample of 15 transgender women participated in the study. Semi-structured interviews, guided by an investigator-developed interview guide, were used to explore the personal experiences of transgender women on individual, family, and organizational levels. The findings provide a scheme for understanding the process through which transgender women’s relationships hinder or enhance their ability to connect with individuals, family, and organizations. Nurses can use these findings to better understand the connectedness that occurs or does not occur in transgender women’s relationships and provide culturally competent care to empower them to become resilient.
This study sought to assess the effect of precede–proceed model on preventive behaviors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in high-risk individuals. In this semi-experimental study, 164 high-risk individuals for type 2 DM were selected and were randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control (n = 85). Educational intervention was performed as a single session face-to-face instruction for 1.5 hr for the intervention group participants. Data were collected before (baseline) and immediately and 1 month after the intervention in the two groups. The mean score of predisposing (knowledge) factors (p = .001), reinforcing factors (p = .001), and enabling factors (p = .02) were significantly different at baseline and 1 month after the intervention in the intervention group compared with the control group (p < .05). A significant improvement occurred in the nutritional habits of high-risk participants in the intervention group at 1 month after the intervention compared with controls (p = .001). The precede–proceed model can be effective for promoting the preventive behaviors for type 2 DM in high-risk individuals.
As the population ages, continuity of care (CoC) has increasingly become a particular important issue. Articles published from 1994 to 2014 were identified from electronic databases. Studies with randomized controlled design and elderly adults with chronic illness were included if Short Form-36 (SF-36) was used as an outcome indicator to evaluate the effect of CoC. Seven studies were included for analysis with the sum of 1,394 participants. The results showed that CoC intervention can significantly improve physical function, physical role function, general health, social function, and vitality of QoL for elderly people with chronic disease.
Patient characteristics and lack of preparedness are associated with poor outcomes after hospital discharge. Our purpose was to explore the association between patient characteristics and patient- and nurse-completed Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale (RHDS). We conducted a prospective study of 70 Veterans being discharged from medical and surgical units. Differences in RHDS knowledge subscale scores were found among literacy levels, with lower perceived knowledge reported for those with marginal or inadequate literacy (p = .03). Differences in RHDS expected support subscale scores were also found, with those who were unmarried and/or living alone (p < .001) anticipating less support upon discharge. No other differences were found. Similar differences were found for the RHDS completed by nurses. These findings suggest that the RHDS appears responsive to differences in health literacy and social environment, adding to evidence of its utility as a tool to identify, and plan interventions for, those at risk for readmission.
Low health literacy (HL) has been associated with several negative health outcomes, yet routine HL screening is not commonplace. This study’s purpose was to determine the feasibility of incorporating HL screening into the electronic health record (EHR) of patients admitted to a large Mid-Atlantic teaching hospital. After Registered Nurse (RN) training, the HL screening was implemented for all adult patients upon admission. After implementation, RNs were surveyed about the feasibility of HL screening, and patient EHRs were reviewed for HL status. Results indicated that RNs were receptive to HL screening. Approximately 20% of all patients screened were at risk for low HL, with HL scores decreasing as age increased. Patients with low HL had significantly higher hospital readmissions, even when controlling for age and number of health conditions. Further research is needed to determine how healthcare providers alter their patient interactions if they have knowledge that patients are at risk for having low HL.
Hospitalizations are common in heart failure (HF). Multimorbidity, defined as ≥2 comorbid conditions, drives many readmissions. The purpose of this pilot study was to test the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) in decreasing these hospital readmissions. We enrolled 100 hospitalized HF patients into a randomized controlled trial, randomizing in a 2:1 ratio: intervention (n = 70) and control (n = 30). The intervention group received MI tailored to reports of self-care during one home visit and three to four follow-up phone calls. After 3 months, 34 participants had at least one hospital readmission. The proportion of patients readmitted for a condition unrelated to HF was lower in the intervention (7.1%) compared with the control group (30%, p = .003). Significant predictors of a non-HF readmission were intervention group, age, diabetes, and hemoglobin. Together, these variables explained 35% of the variance in multimorbidity readmissions. These preliminary results are promising in suggesting that MI may be an effective method of decreasing multimorbidity hospital readmissions in HF patients.
Interventions aiming to constructively address stress of conscience are rare. The aim of the study was to compare assessments of stress of conscience, perceptions of conscience, burnout, and social support among health care personnel (HCP) working in municipal residential care of older adults, before and after participation in a participatory action research (PAR) intervention aiming to learn to constructively deal with troubled conscience. Questionnaire data were collected at baseline and at follow-up (1-year interval; n = 29). Descriptive statistics and nonparametric statistical tests were used to make comparisons between baseline and follow-up. HCP gave significantly higher scores to the question, "Are your work achievements appreciated by your immediate superior?" at follow-up compared with baseline. No significant differences in levels of stress of conscience and burnout at follow-up were found. The results suggested that a PAR intervention aiming to learn HCP to deal with their troubled conscience in difficult situations could be partially successful.
The purpose of this study was to develop a transition nursing program for patients and family caregivers in neurological intensive care units (ICUs) and to evaluate the effects of the program. A literature review, focus group interviews, analysis of medical records, confirmation of validity, and clinical applicability were used to develop the program, which was tested using a pre- and post-test quasi-experimental design. Participants were recruited in 2011. The experimental group (46 patients and their family caregivers) received the developed program before transferring from the neurological ICU to a ward, whereas the control group (48 patients and their family caregivers) received routine care. The results showed that patients and family caregivers in the experimental group had significantly higher transition readiness and satisfaction with transition nursing and lower transition anxiety and transition stress, and family caregivers in the experimental group had a significantly lower burden of caregiving.
The purpose of this study was to conduct two meta-analyses. The first examined social support from parents in relation to adolescent hope, and the second examined social support from friends in relation to adolescent hope. Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for the literature reviewed, nine published studies or doctoral dissertations completed between 1990 and 2014 met the inclusion criteria. Using meta-analytic techniques and the mean weighted r statistic, the results indicated that social support from friends had a stronger mean effect size (ES = .31) than social support from parents (ES = .21); there was a statistically significant difference between the two ESs. Two of the four moderators for the parent social support–adolescent hope relationship were statistically significant. They were quality score and health status. Implications for school nurses and nurses in all settings are addressed, and conclusions are drawn based on the findings.
A randomized experimental design was used to determine the most effective intervention for enhancing cardiac rehabilitation (CR) enrollment for postmyocardial infarction and stent patients. The 104 subjects (70 males and 34 females; 23-87 years old) were patients with a discharge diagnosis of a myocardial infarction followed by a percutaneous coronary intervention, which included a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and the placement of one or more coronary stents. Regardless of the intervention, patients who received face-to-face nursing interventions were more likely to enroll in CR than were patients who had indirect interventions, 2(3) = 32.84, p < .001. Patients who experienced an entrance interview were most likely to enroll, 2(1) = 86.80, p < .001. Direct logistic regression determined that the full model was statistically significant for all predictors, 2(5), 105.56, p < .001, with the strongest predictor, the entrance interview, having an odds ratio of 1.73.
Poor sleep quality in family caregivers may impact their health status and cause quality of life to decline. Nurses are conducting an increasing number of studies that use sleep quality or related concepts as a main indicator to assess caregiver’s sleep. Therefore, a clear understanding of sleep quality and how it is different from other relevant sleep domains is essential. This article aimed to analyze the concept of sleep quality using the steps outlined by Walker and Avant. Findings include (a) attributes of sleep quality including subjective perception of sleep, sleep hours, and evaluation of activity after awaking; (b) antecedents of sleep quality including the ability to get naturally into the sleep cycle and status of conscious state; and (c) consequences of sleep quality including bio-psycho-social and global dimensions of health. This article intends to help clinicians and researchers better understand and define sleep quality in dementia caregivers.
The purposes of this study were to survey nurses at a large pediatric hospital to examine barriers to nursing research and to develop the Barriers to Nurses’ Participation in Research Questionnaire (BNPRQ) in preparation for its use at other institutions. The BNPRQ was created and refined through iterative pilot testing. Exploratory factor analysis was applied, and composite scores were computed for the identified factors. The two latent factors "Research Resources" and "Personal Relevance of Research" were extracted. The independent item "lack of time to do research" represented the largest barrier to research. Factor and item scores differed according to subject characteristics. Findings from this study will be used to create targeted interventions to reduce barriers to research participation prevalent in specific groups of nurses. By using the BNPRQ developed in this study, researchers and administrators at other institutions can identify and address barriers to research among their nurses.
The rate of obesity within the United States is dropping, yet the prevalence of obesity among young African American women continues to increase. This increase, in part, may be attributable to weight beliefs. The relationship between beliefs about personal weight and body mass index (BMI) was examined among 150 African American women, 18 to 40 years of age using weight descriptive characteristics, causal attributions, consequences, and calculated BMI. Key results show that the majority of participants described their weight as attractive, healthy, and normal despite a sample mean BMI in the obese category. Key beliefs about the causes of personal weight that were associated and predictive of BMI were unhealthy eating behaviors, limited physical activity, weight left from pregnancy, and not knowing how to maintain a healthy weight. Beliefs about the consequences of personal weight were not predictive of BMI. A discussion of study findings provides important implications for clinical practice.
Almost one third of older patients hospitalized for acute care suffer functional decline. Few studies have investigated the point of view of older patients on prevention of this decline. Within the framework of a descriptive qualitative study, the perceptions of 30 hospitalized older adults were collected regarding their personal prevention strategies, the barriers to implementing these, and nursing staff interventions deemed useful. Results show that participants are sensitive to the risk of functional decline and utilize various preventive strategies particularly to maintain their physical abilities, maintain good spirits, keep a clear mind, and foster nutrition and sleep. Their strategies are difficult to implement on account of internal and external barriers. Nursing interventions deemed useful are good relational approach, strong basic care, appropriate assessment, and respect for level of autonomy. The study underscores that older hospitalized patients are applying strategies to prevent functional decline, but some nursing interventions may thwart their efforts.
The purpose of this study was to explore quality of life (QoL) and the factors influencing QoL in gynecological cancer patients. One hundred sixty-seven patients with gynecologic cancers were recruited from a district hospital in Southern Taiwan. The instruments used included the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core-30 Version 3.0 in Chinese (EORTC QLQ-C30), the Symptom Distress Scale, and demographic characteristics and disease-related variables. The results showed that the mean score for the QLQ-C30 was 61.13 (SD = 22.71). In the stepwise regression model, two factors predicted overall global QoL: symptom distress (33.8%) and current occupation (2.2%). These predictors accounted for 36.0% of the total variance. These results showed that symptom distress was a predictor of QoL. This study provides a reference for use when designing improved educational care programs that reduce patient symptom distress and enhance gynecologic cancer patients’ QoL.
We report outcomes of a clinical audit examining criteria used in clinical practice to rationalize endotracheal tube (ETT) suction, and the extent these matched criteria in the Endotracheal Suction Assessment Tool(ESAT)©. A retrospective audit of patient notes (N = 292) and analyses of criteria documented by pediatric intensive care nurses to rationalize ETT suction were undertaken. The median number of documented respiratory and ventilation status criteria per ETT suction event that matched the ESAT© criteria was 2 [Interquartile Range (IQR) 1-6]. All criteria listed within the ESAT© were documented within the reviewed notes. A direct link was established between criteria used for current clinical practice of ETT suction and the ESAT©. The ESAT©, therefore, reflects documented clinical decision making and could be used as both a clinical and educational guide for inexperienced pediatric critical care nurses. Modification to the ESAT© requires "preparation for extubation" to be added.
Detection of diabetic foot complications is key to amputation prevention. This study used survey and retrospective record review to examine the relationship between frequency and performance of clinician’s diabetic foot examinations on performance of patient home self-foot examinations. An additional aim was to assess clinician performance of annual foot examination per American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines in a specialty clinic. The relationships between demographic characteristics, diabetic foot ulcer beliefs, health literacy, HbA1c level, and foot self-exam performance was also examined. No relationship was found between the performance frequency of foot examinations by providers and patient self-examination (N = 88). The presence of specific barriers to self-management was significantly higher in those patients who did not complete daily home self-foot examinations. Only 16% of patients’ charts reviewed met the ADA criteria for a complete annual foot exam. Motivational interviewing during patient visits could be a strategy to break down barriers to self-foot exam performance. Furthermore, the development of an Electronic Medical Record (EMR)–based diabetic foot exam template to improve provider documentation may improve compliance with ADA recommendations.
This study constructed and tested models using the mediators of resilience and self-efficacy to help explain the relationship between social support and positive health practices (PHPs) in Black late adolescents. A cross-sectional, correlational design was used with a convenience sample of 179 Black college students, aged 18 to 23 years. Participants responded to four instruments; the five bivariate hypotheses were supported. Social support correlated positively with PHPs (r = .45, p < .001), resilience (r = .28, p < .001), and self-efficacy (r = .40, p < .001). Resilience (r = .31, p < .001) and self-efficacy (r = .38, p < .001) correlated positively with PHPs. Regression analyses indicated that resilience and self-efficacy were partial, not complete mediators of the relationship between social support and PHPs. This research has relevance for practice involving Black late adolescents, with social support playing a role in promoting PHPs.
Participatory action research (PAR) is an approach for dealing with problematic areas in practice. Follow-up studies in which participants describe their participation in PAR in detail are rare. This follow-up study aimed to describe care providers’ (CPs) experiences of having participated in a PAR intervention designed to assist them to constructively deal with troubled conscience. Twenty-nine CPs who participated in a PAR intervention were interviewed 2 to 4 months post-intervention. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. The analysis revealed three main categories: the importance of having a communal and collaborative meeting place, perceived changes in daily life, and "It has been good, but it has not solved all of our problems." Using PAR to deal with troubled conscience might be an important organizational investment for the future that can help prevent ill health among CPs and maintain or improve the quality of care.
Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) may experience symptoms that impact comorbid conditions and quality of life (QOL). There is some evidence that symptom severity may vary in certain common health conditions in this population. We aimed to examine symptom severity in light of comorbid conditions commonly seen in individuals with MS (N = 339). Using a cross-sectional Internet survey, we found there was a significant increase in symptom severity of common symptoms of fatigue, imbalance, and weakness, specifically with presence or absence of certain comorbid conditions (depression, arthritis, migraine headaches, coronary artery disease [CAD]). These findings endorse the presence of more severe symptoms with certain comorbid conditions compared with individuals with MS who do not report having comorbid conditions. The findings support the importance of symptom management in individuals with MS who also have comorbid conditions.
The purpose of this study was to examine a staged theoretical model to explain cultural knowledge-based multidimensional burden of women family caregivers caring for community-dwelling older adults using a modified Poulshock and Deimling model. In the model, the antecedents included elders’ impairment in activities of daily living (ADL), elders’ cognitive impairment, caregivers’ self-efficacy, and caregivers’ familism. The perception contained the disruptive behavior burden and social functioning burden of caregivers. The consequence variable included social activity restriction and negative changes in family relationships. The total sample was 157 primary women caregivers caring for community-dwelling older adults aged 65 and older. Instruments were General Self-Efficacy Scale, Family Scale, and Burden Scale. Path analysis was done to analyze the model using multiple linear regression methods. This study showed that impairments of older adults (impairment in ADL, cognitive impairment) and caregiver beliefs (strong familism, low self-efficacy) had an indirect influence on negative changes in family relationship and social activity restriction through the perceived emotional distress.
This study was to explore the perceptions of Filipino nurses’ spirituality and the provision of spiritual nursing care. A descriptive, cross-sectional, and quantitative study was adopted for this study. The study was conducted in the Philippines utilizing a convenience sample of 245 nurses. Nurses’ Spirituality and Delivery of Spiritual Care (NSDSC) was used as the main instrument. The items on NSDSC with higher mean scores related to nurses’ perception of spirituality were Item 7, "I believe that God loves me and cares for me," and Item 8, "Prayer is an important part of my life," with mean scores of 4.87 (SD = 1.36) and 4.88 (SD = 1.34), respectively. Items on NSDSC with higher mean scores related to the practice of spiritual care were Item 26, "I usually comfort clients spiritually (e.g., reading books, prayers, music, etc.)," and Item 25, "I refer the client to his/her spiritual counselor (e.g., hospital chaplain) if needed," with mean scores of 3.16 (SD = 1.54) and 2.92 (SD = 1.59). Nurse’s spirituality correlated significantly with their understanding of spiritual nursing care (r = .3376, p ≤ .05) and delivery of spiritual nursing care (r = .3980, p ≤ .05). Positive significant correlations were found between understanding of spiritual nursing care and delivery of spiritual nursing care (r = .3289, p ≤ .05). For nurses to better provide spiritual nursing care, they must care for themselves through self-awareness, self-reflection, and developing a sense of satisfaction and contentment.
Sleep disorders are very common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, it is not clear how sleep disorders and quality of life (QoL) affect each other in the different stages of disease progression. This descriptive-correlational study investigated the relationship between QoL, quality of sleep, and degree of disease progression in 102 outpatients with COPD. The results showed that the QoL in patients with COPD is compromised and worsens with disease progression, and the quality of sleep is significantly associated with QoL and worsened as the disease progressed. The early identification of a risk of alteration of the quality of sleep, especially in nursing care, could facilitate a preventive approach for COPD patients that could positively affect their QoL.
A purposive sample of 14 immigrants living in Ontario, Canada, participated in two focus groups. The researchers used semi-structured interviews to collect data and five themes emerged from the data: beliefs about diabetes were centered on diverse factors, preserving culture through food preferences and preparation, cultural practices to stay healthy, cultural practices determined number of servings of fruit and vegetables per day, and engaging in physical activity to stay healthy. Findings indicated how health beliefs and cultural practices influenced behavior in preventing type 2 diabetes (T2D). Future research should focus on other high-risk minority groups (South Asian, Caribbean, and Latin American) to examine their health beliefs and cultural practices and use these finding to develop best practice guidelines, which should be incorporated into culturally tailored interventions.
Published research on discharge planning is written from the perspective of hospital wards and community services. Limited research focuses on discharge planning in the emergency department (ED). The objective of this study was to identify ED nurses’ perceptions of factors influencing the implementation of discharge planning. This qualitative study collected data from 25 ED nurses through in-depth interviews and a drawing task in which participants were asked to depict on paper the implementation of discharge planning in their practice. Factors influencing discharge planning were grouped into three categories: discharge planning as a neglected issue in the ED, heavy workload, and the negative attitudes of ED patients and their families. The study highlighted a need for effective discharge planning to be counted as an essential clinical competency for ED nurses and factored into their everyday workload. Nurses perceived that organizational culture, and parents’ and relatives’ attitudes were barriers to implementing discharge teaching in the ED.
Spiritual care is increasingly being recognized as an integral aspect of nursing practice. The aim of this study was to develop a new instrument, Spiritual Care Needs Inventory (SCNI), for measuring spiritual care needs in acute care hospital patients with different religious beliefs. The 21-item instrument was completed by 1,351 adult acute care patients recruited from a medical center in Taiwan. Principal components analysis of the SCNI revealed two components, (a) meaning and hope and (b) caring and respect, which together accounted for 66.2% of the total variance. The internal consistency measures for the two components were 0.96 and 0.91, respectively. Furthermore, younger age, female sex, Christian religion, and regularly attending religious activities had significantly higher mean total scores in both components. The SCNI was found to be a simple instrument with excellent internal consistency for measuring the spiritual care needs in acute care hospital patients.
The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention no longer recommend aspiration during intramuscular (IM) injections. The purpose of this study was to investigate the technique registered nurses (RNs) use during IM injections and incidence of blood aspiration. This descriptive study surveyed 164 RNs. Results noted that 74% of the sample continue to aspirate at least 90% of the time. Of the participants who continue to aspirate, only 3% aspirate for the recommended 5 to 10 s. Forty percent reported having aspirated blood at least once, whereas 6 RNs (4%) noted blood aspiration ≥13 times. Blood aspiration occurred most frequently in the dorsal gluteal (15%) and deltoid (12%). Based on the findings, it is recommended that RNs use a decision-making process to select the safest technique for IM injections. If a parental medication has different administration rates, dose, viscosity, or other concerns when given IM versus intravenously (IV), aspiration during IM administration should be implemented.
The aim of this study was to highlight family members’ experiences of participating in Family Health Conversation (FamHC), based on families in which a family member was living in a residential home for older people. A total of 10 families and 22 family members participated in evaluating family interviews 1 month after participating in FamHC. The interviews were analyzed by qualitative content analysis. The main finding was being a part of FamHC increased family members’ insights, understanding, and communication within the family. Getting confirmation from nurses was essential to cope with the new life situation, which also meant that they felt comfortable to partly hand over the responsibility for the older person who moved to the residential home. By being open and expressing their feelings, a bad conscience could be relieved. These findings showed that FamHC could be helpful for family members in adapting to this novel situation.
The purpose of this qualitative, descriptive study was to describe end-of-life decision-making experiences as understood by critical care nurses and physicians in intensive care units (ICUs). A purposive sample of seven nurses and four physicians from a large teaching hospital were interviewed. Grounded theory analysis revealed the core category of "end-of-life decision making as a balancing act." Three interacting subthemes were identified: emotional responsiveness, professional roles and responsibilities, and intentional communication and collaboration. Balancing factors included a team approach, shared goals, understanding the perspectives of those involved, and knowing your own beliefs. In contrast, feeling powerless, difficult family dynamics, and recognition of suffering caused an imbalance. When balance was achieved during end-of-life decision making, nurses and physicians described positive end-of-life experiences. The consequence of an imbalance during an end-of-life decision-making experience was moral distress. Practice recommendations include development of support interventions for nurses and physicians involved in end-of-life decision making and further research to test interventions aimed at improving communication and collaboration.
The purpose of this article is to describe patients’ experiences of sexual activity after suffering myocardial ischemia. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with people who had suffered myocardial ischemia in the last 6 to 24 months before the interview. We used maximum variation sampling method. After reaching theoretical saturation, a 19-informants sample was formed. Data were analyzed using the Giorgi method. Four themes were identified: "sexual activity becomes different," "determinants of the return to sexual activity," "how sexual activity ought to be," and "sexual information received." Patients showed a decrease both in frequency and desire for sexual activity influenced by fear of sexual activity and health care professionals’ recommendations. These recommendations were about "avoiding sexuality at the beginning" and conducting "sexual activity without overdoing it." Health care professionals should educate patients about the right time to resume sexual activity. Nurses can help patients to deal with fears related to sexual activity.
Coming to a new country involves many challenges. One of them is to approach a new health care system when you have a child with asthma. The aim of this study was to gain a broader understanding of immigrant parents’ experiences of the Swedish health care system. Twelve parents of children with asthma were interviewed and their narratives were analyzed by using qualitative content analysis. The results show that immigrant parents’ experiences of Swedish health care vary and involve both advantages and disadvantages. Advantages of the Swedish health care system are described as Being met with respect and Affordable care, while disadvantages are described as Problems with communication, Being discriminated against and Lack of confidence. The disadvantages are challenges for health care professionals, who are expected to offer care on equal terms to the whole population. Therefore, they need to provide culturally competent care and encourage immigrant parents to voice their expectations and worries.
Bedside nurses care for patients with pain every day but the task is often challenging. A previous qualitative study that investigated nurses’ experiences as they treated patients with pain suggested that nurses may suffer from moral distress if they are unsuccessful in providing adequate pain relief. As 20 of the original 48 nurses interviewed described frustration and distress when constrained from doing the right thing to provide pain relief for their patients, the purpose of this secondary qualitative analysis was to answer new research questions on nurse moral distress related to managing pain. Findings indicated that difficulties in nurse/physician communication and lack of pain education were contributors to nurses’ frustrations and provided barriers to optimal pain management. Many participants indicated a need for interprofessional pain management education. Further investigation is needed to clarify the impact of moral distress on nurses managing hospitalized patients’ pain.
This retrospective, descriptive, chart review study was done to demonstrate one strategy for communicating aggregated and actionable fall data to bedside nurses. It was conducted at a nonprofit acute care hospital in the northwestern United States to analyze the quantitative data captured in post-fall audit reports of patient falls (March 1-December 31, 2012, N = 107 falls). Descriptive and binary statistical analyses were used. The quarterly National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators 2011 and 2012 reports showed that implementation of post-fall audit reports can lead to a lower overall fall rate and a lower fall-injury rate. Increased nursing hours could be a confounding factor of the positive impact of conducting post-fall audits in this study. It is concluded that timely and systematic reporting, analysis, and interpretation of fall data in an electronic format can facilitate prevention of falls and fall injuries.
The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of falls that result in serious injury in hospitalized patients. The study involved secondary data analysis of 1,438 patient falls in a community hospital system between 2008 and 2010. The analysis included demographics, severity of illness, diagnosis-related group (surgical vs. medical), event type (bathroom, bed, chair, transfer, ambulating), risk factors identified by the Hendrich II fall risk assessment prior to the fall (confusion, depression, altered elimination, dizziness, antiepileptic or benzodiazepine medications), and contributing factors identified through an online event reporting system post-fall (incontinence, confusion, history of falls, alteration in mobility, and medication-related). Logistic regression results indicated that the overall model was a good fit and two predictors, age greater than 64 and male gender, were statistically reliable in predicting which patient falls would result in serious injury.
Our goal was to reduce the number of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) through providing lifestyle adjustment training and counseling to patients with type 2 diabetes. In this pre–post intervention study, 139 patients with diabetes were provided with training to reduce the modifiable risks of CVD. One hundred three patients attended the post-training evaluation. Two phone counseling sessions were provided with 1-month intervals. Consumption of red meat and processed food decreased and water consumption, carrying on the recommended diet, and the frequency of exercise increased (p = .000), A1C decreased (p = .05), and the use of aspirin increased (p = .03). Thus, a contribution to the reduction of CVD risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes was achieved. The training program for reducing CVD risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes was effective in improving nutrition and lifestyle behaviors and decreasing glycemic control.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing in Asian Indians globally. In this article, we review published studies of interventions designed to prevent T2DM or improve self-management in South Asian Indians. A PubMed, CINAHL, Medline, EMBASE, Psycinfo, Family & Society Studies Worldwide, Web of Science, and Consumer Health Complete search was conducted using the following search terms: type 2 diabetes mellitus, Asian Indian continental ancestry group, therapy, treatment, management, care, intervention, self-care, exercise, diet, and lifestyle. The review included pilot or full intervention studies examining the prevention and/or management of T2DM and qualitative studies analyzing the influence of various ethnic factors on the prevention and management of T2DM. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria. They examined the influence of culture and religion and the effectiveness of individual and community-based education and lifestyle improvement programs, exercise, and complementary therapies. Few programs led to the improved long-term management of T2DM. Further research is needed to develop ethnic-specific interventions.
People living with HIV (PLWH) see their providers quarterly to go over their laboratory results and discuss problems with antiretroviral treatment (ART) regimens. Our purpose was to determine whether socially and economically marginalized PLWH were accurate in self-reporting their most recent CD4 count, viral load, and ART regimen, and whether demographic differences influenced self-reporting. We conducted a secondary data analysis based on results from (N = 200) PLWH. We found moderate agreement for CD4 count (k = .58), and viral load (k = .43), but only 43% were able to recall their ART regimens accurately. PLWH ≥ age 50 (k = .77) and those with health insurance coverage (k = .61) were more accurate to self-report CD4. Women were more accurate in reporting viral load than men (k = .53, p = .003 vs. k = .38). These findings suggest that PLWH need multiple modalities of education to relate CD4 counts, viral load, and ART regimens to their personal health understanding.
This retrospective case-control study investigated risk factors for falls in hospitalized patients and the influence of falls on patient outcomes, using electronic medical records (EMRs) in a South Korean tertiary university hospital. Data were obtained from 868 patients who had experienced a fall and 3,472 patients who had not. Potential risk factors were obtained from EMR data and analyzed using hierarchical logistic regression analysis. Multiple logistic and linear regressions were used to analyze the influence of falls on patient outcomes. Results showed that introducing a fall prevention reinforcement policy contributed to reducing fall risk. Hospital inpatient falls contribute to negative patient outcomes (mortality, readmission, emergency room visits after discharge, length of stay, and costs).
The important role of caregivers in heart failure (HF) management is well documented, but few studies have explored HF patient–caregiver dyads when dyadic incongruence is evident. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of incongruence between HF patient–caregiver dyads, areas of incongruence, and the impact on individuals in the dyadic relationship. Data were collected as part of a longitudinal qualitative study examining the palliative care needs of HF dyads. Interviews with dyads determined to be incongruent were further analyzed. Of the 100 dyads, 47 were identified as being incongruent. Dyads were found to be incongruent in illness management, health care issues, and end-of-life decisions. Dyads that were incongruent reported more psychosocial issues and distress within the dyad and individually. Further research is needed to determine the impact of incongruence and whether interventions to modify incongruence will lead to improved HF patient and caregiver outcomes and experiences.
This two-phase, community-based pilot study examined the impact of an innovative calendar-based assessment on HIV risk perception and risk reduction planning with racially diverse youth aged 14 to 21 at a public health clinic. Participants (N = 232) completed a Sexual Health History Calendar (SHHC) assessing behaviors over the previous 12 months, risk self-appraisals, and future behavioral intentions. Youths’ narratives included negative self-appraisals (36%), named a risk-related critical incident (13%) or regret (9%), or expressed increased risk awareness (9%) and need for behavior change (18%). A minority were positive (28%) or reflected improvement (7%). All Phase 2 participants (n = 122) identified at least one specific risky behavior they intended to change. These data and the SHHC’s visual cues facilitated risk-reduction intervention tailored to the unique circumstances in which each youth’s risk taking occurred. For nurses and other providers in clinical settings, the SHHC can offer a critical link between assessment and intervention.
A complement to in-hospital educational interventions is web-based patient education accessed during the home recovery period. While findings demonstrate the effectiveness of web-based patient education interventions on patient outcomes, they fall short of identifying the characteristics that are associated with desired outcomes. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the characteristics of web-based patient education interventions that are associated with producing changes in self-care behaviors. A systematic review involving 19 studies was conducted to determine the most effective components of a web-based intervention. Findings suggest that the most effective form of web-based patient education is one that is interactive and allows patients to navigate the online system on their own. The findings from this systematic review allow for the design of a web-based educational intervention that will promote increased performance of self-care behaviors during the home recovery period.
The aim of this study was to explore the challenges of nursing handover process during shift rotation in hospitals. The research had a descriptive exploratory design with a qualitative content analysis approach. To conduct the study, three pediatric wards were selected at first. Data were gathered through a 4-month observation of nursing handovers by recording the oral conversations of nurses during the process and semistructured interviews. Then, qualitative content analysis was used for data analysis. Two major themes and five subthemes emerged through the data analysis. The first and the second themes were a nonholistic approach and poor management, respectively. In general, applying a holistic approach and managing handover situations are recommended for nursing managers to overcome handover challenges. Future focus could be on addressing handover challenges through an action research study.
This study examined the types of physical activity (PA) retirement community residents report and the effects of PA and depressive symptoms on functional limitations. Elders (N = 38) enrolled in a 2-year sensor technology study in senior housing completed regular assessments of functional limitations and depressive symptoms with the Short Physical Performance Battery and Geriatric Depression Scale, respectively. Evaluation of reported PA using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly coincided with 12-month functional limitation testing. Subjects were 69% female with mean age of 85 years. Individuals reporting greater PA had significantly fewer functional limitations at 12 months. In multiple regression analysis, baseline functional limitations explained 66% of the variance in 12-month functional limitations, while current PA explained an additional 5%. Although PA explained a small amount of variance in 12-month functional limitations, as a modifiable behavior, PA should be championed and supported to help ameliorate functional limitations in older adults.
The purpose of this study was to examine the quality of life (QoL) for patients in medical–surgical wards in Jordanian hospitals. A cross-sectional design was performed. The data were collected between January and April 2011 through individual interviews (n = 746) using the Medical Outcome Study 36-item Short-Form (MOS-SF-36) and Charlson’s Co-morbidity Index (CCI). The private and public hospitals in the three largest cities in Jordan were represented. The MANOVA test was used to examine the health status based on patients’ co-morbidity level. The results showed that QoL for patients with severe co-morbidity has been affected negatively in many aspects more than both patients with no co-morbidity and patients with mild co-morbidity. However, although it is difficult to change the demographic characteristics, it is possible to improve the health status of patients with multiple co-morbidities, which will result in having a better QoL.
In Korea, delirium risk screening has not been routinely implemented in intensive care units (ICUs). The purpose of this study was to implement an Automatic Prediction of Delirium in Intensive Care Units (APREDEL-ICU) system to investigate its impact on nursing-sensitive outcomes and to assess nurse satisfaction with the system. A pre–post research design was used. A total of 145 patients were involved prior to the system implementation and 172 were involved after implementation. Forty medical ICU nurses evaluated the system. The APREDEL-ICU system did not result in a reduction in the incidence of delirium. However, the nurses reported that their knowledge regarding delirium care increased after the system was introduced. The proposed system was successfully implemented without increasing the burden of nurses in their assessment of delirium risk. Long-term use of APREDEL-ICU could enhance preventive care and consequently result in positive patient outcomes.
For those individuals diagnosed with diabetes, the challenge is how to cope and manage the many aspects of their lives. The aim of this qualitative synthesis was to evaluate research studies for findings and then synthesize patients’ experiences within the context of diabetes self-care while facing daily barriers. A total of 95 findings from 21 studies were categorized via like themes. These themes were further analyzed and aggregated to represent an interpretive meta-synthesis via a rigorous methodological protocol as described by Pearson, Robertson-Malt, and Rittinmeyer and the Joanna Briggs Institute. Meta-synthesized findings suggest that patients "avoid and hinder self-management" as well as "desire self-care and living life." Clinicians can improve interactions and potentiate understanding when the therapeutic approach is about the person living with diabetes as opposed to clinical control.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of family-involved care on caregivers’ self-efficacy, the degree of satisfaction with central-line care, and the occurrence of central-line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs). We adopted a pretest–posttest quasi-experimental design, recruiting 62 participants from 2009 to 2010. Family caregivers in the experimental group received instructional guidance before collaboratively participating in patient care, whereas the control group received routine care. Our results indicated that in both groups, the overall posttest scores for self-efficacy were significantly higher than the pretest scores. The score for the question "When the patient moves around, how confident are you with ensuring catheter safety?" was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. Satisfaction with the provision of central-line care was also significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. CLABSIs did not occur in either group of patients.
This study was aimed to identify the mobilization patterns of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients during their first three days in the coronary care unit (CCU) by performing a prospective observational pilot study design. The study included 31 diagnosed AMI patients admitted to three CCUs. Mobilization patterns classified as bed rest, semi-fowler, transfer to chair, and standing/walking were documented by CCU nurses for 72 consecutive hours after patient admission to the CCU. Of 2,232 possible mobilization periods (72 hr x 31 patients), 1,385 recorded observations of mobilization (62%) were obtained. Bed rest and semi-fowler positions were the most common mobilization patterns; together they accounted for 70% of the documented positions over the first 72 hr in the CCU. Patients who experience an uncomplicated AMI spend the majority of their first 72 hr in CCU in bed.
Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience a myriad of symptoms. There is some evidence that symptoms may co-occur, or happen in particular combinations. Yet most existing studies focus on single symptoms and practitioners make a priori care decisions based on individual symptoms alone. We examined symptom co-occurrences in patients with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS), collecting qualitative and quantitative data (mixed methods; N = 140). Content analysis revealed fatigue, heat intolerance, numbness, balance problems, and leg weakness as the most common symptoms. Factor analysis revealed the following factors: urinary, problems with balance, vision, heat, depression, and sleep. These preliminary findings indicate co-occurrence of several disabling symptoms from the overall self-report MS-Related Symptom Scale and 3-month recall. This information will guide health care professionals in developing targeted interventions and improve outcomes.
The purpose of this qualitative systematic review was to more fully understand intimate partner abuse (IPA) among older women and to explicate strategies for enhancing their well-being. The sample (N = 20) was assembled based on an expansive search of the peer-reviewed literature using multiple electronic databases. Qualitative findings were extracted and coded/categorized. Reflective memos were developed, and a cohesive interpretation of the raw data emerged. IPA tends to be a multigenerational problem that older women are reluctant to discuss. With age, IPA assumes different forms, and many older women actively choose to make the best of their situations. Older women cope by trying to make sense of their lives and nurturing themselves in small ways. Occasionally, events occur that enable permanent change. Nurses are encouraged to nonjudgmentally assist older women to enhance their well-being, despite IPA. They are also urged to actively intervene when opportunities for significant change arise.
The aim of this study was to illuminate an intervention process to assist care providers in municipal care of older people to constructively deal with their troubled conscience generated from their perceived shortcomings about not providing sufficient activities for residents. The study design was grounded in participatory action research. Twelve care providers and their manager participated in intervention sessions. Content analysis was used to analyze the transcriptions. By sharing their experiences with each other, care providers became aware of, and confirmed in one another, what types of activities were meaningful for residents and actions were taken to provide such activities. The importance of being attentive and relying on residents’ responses, that is, providing person-centered activities, was found to be satisfying to residents and eased the care providers’ troubled conscience. An enlightened conscience can be an important asset, which may prevent ill-health and improve quality of care.
Numerous studies have shown that social support improves health behaviors in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between adherence to a healthy lifestyle, and social support and selected sociodemographics among patients with CAD. Cross-sectional descriptive design was used. A convenient sample of 153 patients with CAD was recruited from the cardiac clinic in an educational hospital in the north of Jordan. One hundred and thirty-three patients completed the interview. Social support was the most significant predictor—t(124) = 9.51, p < .001—which explained 60% of variance in adherence to a healthy lifestyle. Providing patients with adequate social support improves adherence to a healthy lifestyle. More attention should be given to the elderly and patients with low income to enhance adherence to a healthy lifestyle. The applications of this study in practice provide a guide for nursing clinical assessment of social support for patients facing CAD.
A woman’s psychological health can affect prenatal behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between maternal beliefs, prenatal behaviors, and preterm birth (PTB) in a multiethnic population. This was a planned secondary analysis of a cross-sectional trial of postpartum women with singleton gestation. In all, 210 participants were given the Fetal Health Locus of Control (FHLC) scale to measure three primary maternal beliefs that influenced their prenatal behaviors (Internal Control, Chance, Powerful Others). Women who experienced preterm delivery and those who smoked during pregnancy scored the Chance category significantly higher than those who delivered term infants (p = .05; p = .004, respectively). This suggests those who smoked during pregnancy had a greater degree of belief that Chance influenced their infant’s health status. Cultural differences also emerged specific to the impact of health care providers on PTB; with Hispanic women scoring Powerful Others the highest among the groups (p = .02). Nurses can plan a critical role in identifying at-risk women (smoking, strong Chance beliefs) while providing a clear message that taking action and modifying high-risk behaviors can reduce risk for adverse pregnancy outcome.
Inaccurate use of medication inhalers can reduce effectiveness, patient adherence, and disease stability. Therefore, the accurate use of inhalers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial. This cross-sectional study evaluated 196 Korean patients with COPD for step-by-step accuracy of inhaler use with four different types of inhalers (metered-dose inhaler [MDI], Turbuhaler, Diskus, and HandiHaler); differences in accuracy levels by sociodemographic or clinical characteristics were evaluated. Descriptive statistics and t tests were used for data analysis. The proportion of patients with completely accurate inhaler use was low, ranging from 21.9% (Turbuhaler) to 46.2% (MDI). Errors with all types of inhalers were most commonly seen in the "breathing out" steps, before and after medication inhalation. Personalized nursing educational programs, correcting errors individually for each patient, could dramatically increase the accuracy of inhaler use and the effectiveness of the inhaled medications in patients with COPD.
Improved patient outcomes have led to increased international interest in daily home hemodialysis as a kidney replacement therapy. Daily home hemodialysis often requires the assistance of a caregiver during and between treatments. Understanding the needs and concerns of caregivers of persons on daily home hemodialysis will inform the design of supportive interventions to improve caregiver retention and maintain their health and well-being. Using a descriptive qualitative design, the purpose of this study was to identify and describe the needs, concerns, strategies, and advice of family caregivers. Twenty-one caregivers were interviewed; five of these individuals were former caregivers of patients who had returned to outpatient hemodialysis. Data were collected via audio-recorded telephone interviews following a semistructured interview guide with five open-ended questions. A content analysis approach was used to code and analyze the data. Caregivers described needs, concerns, and strategies and offered advice in five predetermined major categories. Major findings included a need for respite services and a need for interventions to manage the emotional responses to caregiving. This study provides valuable information about relevant areas to consider when developing an intervention program for daily home hemodialysis caregivers.
The primary aim was to examine the influence of "quiet time" in critical care. A dual-unit, nonrandomized, uncontrolled trial of a quiet time (QT) protocol was completed. A sample of adult patients from the Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit (CVICU) participated. Environmental stressors were reduced and patient rest promoted prior to QT. One hundred twenty-nine patients participated in 205 QTs. A one-way, repeated measure analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was calculated comparing Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire scores, pain and anxiety over three consecutive QTs. No significant statistical effect was found. However, patients rated sleep higher and anxiety levels decreased over consecutive QTs. Ninety-three percent of patients reported QT mattered to them. The combined efforts of nursing, medicine, and ancillary staff are necessary to foster periods of uninterrupted rest, thereby optimizing patient care. Further research is needed to determine if successive QTs positively influence patient outcomes.
Approximately 90 million people in the United States lack basic literacy skills, which affect health behaviors. Cervical cancer is preventable and treatable, yet few older Hispanic women seek screening and continue to be a high-risk group for cervical cancer. A literature review was conducted to address the relationship between cervical cancer screening, health literacy, and older Hispanic women. Eighty studies were reviewed, and nine addressed health literacy and Hispanic women. One study addressed the association between functional health literacy and Pap smear screening among older Hispanic women. Few studies have explored the association between preventive cervical cancer screening and health literacy among older Hispanic women. Nurses must assess health literacy and be prepared to provide care, which is culturally, and linguistically appropriate to improve health outcomes. Further research is needed to be inclusive of all populations including older Hispanic women.
The pilot study aimed to explore the effects of an educational intervention on patients’ foot self-care knowledge, self-efficacy, and behaviors in adult patients with type 2 diabetes at low risk for foot ulceration. The intervention consisted of three sessions and was given over a 3-week period. A total of 70 eligible consenting participants were recruited for this pilot study. Fifty-six participants completed the study. The outcomes were assessed at pretest, following the first two sessions, and 3-month follow-up. The findings indicated that the foot self-care educational intervention was effective in improving foot self-care knowledge, self-efficacy and behaviors in adult patients with type 2 diabetes at low risk for foot ulceration. The findings support the effects of the intervention. Future research should evaluate its efficacy using a randomized clinical trial design, and a large sample of patients with type 2 diabetes at low risk for foot ulcerations.
Childhood obesity is worsening at dramatic rates and has become a public health crisis. This study investigated these trends in childhood obesity and examined parental factors that may contribute to overweight and obesity. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from height and weight measurements taken annually from 2004 to 2007 in a subsample of 136 children (2-4 years old), from the Jintan Child Health Project in China. Parental factors were assessed through a self-administered questionnaire. Prevalence rates of overweight and obesity rose from 6.6% and 2.2% in 2004 to 15.4% and 6.6% in 2007 (p < .05). Overweight was significantly associated with maternal employment (p < .05), but not with parental education level, maternal age at birth, or breast-feeding. To counter this rapid increase of obesity and overweight prevalence, nurses should regularly monitor children’s weight and advise parents, especially working mothers, on the nutritional benefits of home-cooked meals.
HIV-related fatigue remains the most troubling complaint of seropositive people. Researchers often use tools to measure fatigue that were developed for other patient populations; thus, the measurement of fatigue specific to HIV is needed. This article describes results from the HIV-Related Fatigue Scale (HRFS) including: (a) the variability in intensity and chronicity of HIV-related fatigue, (b) the circumstances surrounding changes in fatigue, (c) the impact of fatigue on activities of daily living (ADLs), and (d) the consequences of HIV-related fatigue. We collected data every 3 months over a 3-year period from 128 people. HIV-related fatigue was chronic and did not appear to remit spontaneously; those who were the most fatigued at the beginning of the study remained the most fatigued over 3 years. Fatigue interfered more with instrumental activities of daily living than basic ADLs; it also interfered with work, family, and social life. Stress and depression increased fatigue.
This mixed method study examines the prevalence of restraint usage; perception of nurses and doctors about the practice and whether they were trained to apply physical restraints. The physical restraint prevalence tools were used to observe 172 adult patients and conduct 47 chart audits in the medical-surgical wards and a psychiatric unit in November 2011. Focus group discussions with nurses and doctors were conducted. Quantitative data were analyzed using the SPSS and focus group discussions thematically analyzed. The prevalence of physical restraints between the medical-surgical wards was 75%. Nurses and medical doctors were not formally trained to apply restraint, and had learnt from peer observation. They expressed sadness, guilt, and fear when restraints are used and identified that inadequate institutional support existed. Restraint usage was high, and nurses and doctors experienced moral dilemma when they perceived that lack of formal training and inadequate institutional support may contribute to patient injury.
There is a need to develop nonpharmacological treatments and methods which can serve as alternatives or complements to medications in dementia care. Previous research indicates that animal-assisted intervention (AAI) can be beneficial. The purpose of the present pilot project was to evaluate effects of AAI on quality of life (QoL) in people with dementia in four Swedish nursing homes. A pretest/posttest research design was used. Twenty people (12 women, 8 men; aged 58 to 88) were included. Nine people completed the intervention which comprised 10 training sessions with a certified therapy dog team. QoL improved in the expected direction after the intervention (p = .035). Even though the effects of AAI may not be discernible over longer periods of time, there are still immediate effects which can promote better QoL for people living with dementia diseases.
This study examined organizational and individual variables impacting patient risk detection by Intensive Care Unit nurses and their decision to reduce the risk of failure to rescue. Thirty-four nurses were randomly assigned to two groups. A video of a manager and staff nurse patient safety discussion was used to prime one group to prioritize patient safety. Participants provided demographic information, received end-of-shift report on two fictional patients, experienced 52 alarm trials during a medication preparation scenario, and completed the Safety Attitude Questionnaire. No difference existed in risk detection; however, nurses who perceived their work environment quality to be good correctly ignored a clinically irrelevant alarm more often and were more apt to classify an alarm as irrelevant. They chose to reduce the risk of medication error rather than that of failure to rescue. This information can assist nurses to balance disregarding distractions with responding to potential patient risk signals.
This study examined the determinants of Black parents’ intention to have their daughters receive the HPV vaccine. Relationships between behavioral beliefs regarding the HPV vaccine, HPV vaccine attitudes, and HPV vaccine intentions among Black parents were explored. A descriptive correlational design and mediation model were used to explain the hypothesized relationships. HPV parental attitudes were significantly related to vaccine intention (r = .865, p < .001). A significant relationship between HPV vaccine behavioral beliefs and HPV vaccine attitudes was found among Black parents (r = .239, p < .001). Parental vaccine attitudes completely mediated the relationship between HPV vaccine behavioral beliefs and parental HPV vaccine intention. Understanding relevant factors associated with parental intent to have their daughters vaccinated are essential to reducing opposition to the HPV vaccine and increase vaccination rates among Black female adolescents.
The importance of increasing exercise to prevent falls among older adults remains a key worldwide public health priority. However, older adults do not necessarily take up exercise as a preventative measure for falls. This qualitative study aimed to explore the beliefs of community-dwelling South Asian and White British older adults aged 60 to 70 about falls and exercise for fall prevention through 15 focus groups (n = 87) and 40 in-depth interviews. Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using a framework approach. Data analysis identified six salient beliefs that influenced older adults’ intention to exercise for fall prevention. In general, older adults aged 60 to 70 did not acknowledge their risk of falling and were not motivated to exercise simply to help prevent falls. Positive beliefs were found to be an unlikely barrier to taking up exercise for fall prevention for those who had experienced a fall. The implications for health promotion and health professionals with this group of older adults are discussed.
Management of postoperative pain using patient controlled analgesia (PCA) has increased for its proven advantages over conventional methods of pain control. The purpose of this study was to investigate patients’ satisfaction about using PCA post surgical intervention among patients at Saudi health care settings. A cross-sectional, descriptive correlational design was used to collect data from patients using PCA post surgical interventions. The analysis showed that patients had a moderate to high level of perception about efficacy of PCA, and had a moderate level of knowledge about PCA use and its function. The duration of using a PCA pump, patients’ age, gender, marital status, educational level, type of surgery, and their work status were significant predictors (F 7, 76 = 5.13, p < .001; R2= 0.59). PCA offers patients with an individualized analgesic therapy that meets the patients’ demand of pain control. The implications for nurses and medical staff are discussed.
Although health literacy limitations are common among patient populations, no efficient yet comprehensive health literacy assessment tool is available to nurses for use in busy health care settings. This study presents beginning evidence for the validity and reliability of a new health literacy assessment tool, the Brief Health Literacy Screen (BHLS). One hundred patients attending four primary care clinics completed the BHLS and the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) short form and answered questions about the health literacy tools. Findings indicated significant correlations between BHLS and shortened version of the TOFHLA (S-TOFHLA) scores, with higher correlations between BHLS items addressing written health literacy and the S-TOFHLA. Comparative discrimination findings were significant at BHLS cut point of 18 and S-TOFHLA cut point less than 23. Patients rated the BHLS significantly less difficult to complete than the S-TOFHLA. Results of preliminary testing indicate the BHLS is a potentially efficient, effective, and patient-friendly screening tool for health literacy.
Asthma is the leading cause of pediatric hospital admissions in the United States. In response to the high prevalence of asthma and the variations in care, clinical practice guidelines have been developed and recommend the use of a clinical pathway for inpatient management. This review will examine the effects of a pediatric asthma clinical pathway on inpatient stays, specifically the length of stay (LOS) and cost of inpatient admissions. A literature review was performed to identify original research projects examining the effects of an asthma clinical pathway on inpatient pediatric admissions. Nine studies were found to fit the criteria and are included in this review. These nine studies found consistent evidence that the use of an asthma clinical pathway for inpatient asthma admissions resulted in reduced LOS and cost.
The purpose of this study was to test the effect of cardiac educational program on the level of knowledge and adherence to healthy lifestyle among patients with coronary artery disease in the north of Jordan. Pretest–posttest design was used. Eighty-four patients completed the posttest questionnaire. Knowledge and adherence to healthy lifestyle were measured at baseline and at 1 month after the application of the program. Paired t-test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the change in the mean knowledge scores (10.50), p < .01 was statistically significant 1 month after the application of the program. In addition, the change in the mean adherence to healthy lifestyle scores (33.30), p < .01 was statistically significant 1 month after the application of the cardiac educational program. Implementing cardiac educational programs help enhance knowledge and adherence to healthy lifestyle among patients with coronary artery disease in north of Jordan.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the "perceived social support levels" of the medical staff after the earthquake. The sample of this study is made up of 300 of the 490 medical staff of the Medical Faculty Hospital of Van. The data were collected using a survey that included the personal information and the "multidimensional perceived social support scale." It was observed that since the houses of the medical staff were being repaired or rebuilt, 55% of the medical staff were not residing in their homes. It was determined that 41.3% of the staff were residing in different cities away from their families. Among those, 52.4% was obliged to live apart from their families for more than 6 months. The medical staff whose families did not relocate, those who stayed with their spouses, and those who lived in containers were reported to have high social support.
The risk of pressure ulcers is widely assessed using the Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Ulcer Risk, which describes patient characteristics for various severity levels. However, many of these characteristics are described in vague terms that nurses may interpret inconsistently, potentially threatening scale reliability. To examine the consistency of nurses’ interpretations of five vaguely described patient characteristics on the Braden Scale we surveyed a convenience sample of 102 nurses and compared their interpretations with those of two nurse experts. The results show large variations in nurses’ interpretations. Although the highest frequency of nurses’ responses to the majority of descriptions was consistent with the experts’ interpretation, the large variation in responses may seriously threaten consistent and accurate assessment of pressure-ulcer risk with the Braden Scale. Our findings suggest that training programs provide operational definitions of these vague patient descriptions, so the Braden Scale can be used consistently in patient care.
This purpose of this mixed methods study was to understand access to primary care among older adults who present to an inner city emergency department (ED) for nonurgent care. Questionnaires (N = 62) included demographic, illness characteristics, and health care utilization. Qualitative interviews (N = 20) were conducted. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative methodology. More than half of the participants were female (60%), African American (57%) and pain was the presenting symptoms among 48% of the participants. Nearly all participants reported barriers to primary care; difficulty with phone systems and staff, and lack of available appointments resulting in an ED visit. Older adults face barriers accessing primary care and as a result, can turn to the ED for their primary care needs. Interventions to improve access for vulnerable older adults might have benefits not only for patient outcomes but also for health policy issues related to cost effective care and overcrowded EDs.
The purpose of the study was to design and evaluate an improvement project that implemented HF management in four skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). Kotter’s Change Management principles were used to guide the implementation. In addition, half of the facilities had an implementation coach who met with facility staff weekly for 4 months and monthly for 5 months. Weekly and monthly audits were performed that documented compliance with eight key aspects of the protocol. Contextual factors were captured using field notes. Adherence to the HF management protocols was variable ranging from 17% to 82%. Facilitators of implementation included staff who championed the project, an implementation coach, and physician involvement. Barriers were high staff turnover and a hierarchal culture. Opportunities exist to integrate HF management protocols to improve SNF care.
The purpose was to determine the effects of a school-based pedometer intervention (SBPI) on daily accrued steps, academic performance, attendance, tardiness, and fitness performance in middle school students. Students from one, public middle school were assigned to a control (n = 46) or a 6-week SBPI (n = 46). Both groups recorded daily accrued pedometer steps. Grade point average (GPA), tardiness, absenteeism, and physical fitness scores were assessed. While baseline daily accrued step-counts were similar (p = NS), SBPI significantly increased daily accrued step-counts versus control (p < 0.05). During the study interval, academic performance increased in both groups, while SBPI had reduced tardiness (p < 0.05) and a tendency for reduced absenteeism (p = 0.06) postintervention. Shuttle and mile run performance decreased from pre- to postintervention in both groups. These data suggest that SBPI can increase physical activity levels and decrease tardiness in middle school students, without translating into short-term improvements in academic or physical fitness performance.
The study purpose was to evaluate a computer-based questionnaire (SCKnowIQ) and CHOICES educational intervention using cognitive interviewing with childbearing-aged people with sickle cell disease (SCD) or trait (SCT). Ten control group participants completed the SCKnowIQ twice. Ten intervention group participants completed the SCKnowIQ before and after the CHOICES intervention. Most participants found the questionnaire items appropriate and responded to items as the investigators intended. Participants’ responses indicated that the information on SCD and SCT and reproductive options was understandable, balanced, important, and new to some. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were adequate (.47 to .87) for 4 of the 6 scales, with significant within-group changes in knowledge scores for the intervention group but not for the control group. Findings show evidence for potential efficacy of the intervention, but proof of efficacy requires a larger randomized study.
The purpose of the study was to explore the association between depression and medication adherence in heart failure (HF) patients. Studies have shown that people with depression are likely to be nonadherent to their prescribed medication treatment. But other studies suggest that nonadherence may be overestimated by people with depression. A total of 244 adults with Stage C HF completed the study. Self-reported medication adherence was obtained using the Basel Assessment of Adherence Scale (BAAS); objective data on medication adherence were collected using the electronic Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS). Depression was measured via self-report with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). There was a significant difference between depressed and nondepressed participants in self-reported medication nonadherence (p = .008), but not in objectively measured medication nonadherence (p = .72). The depressed sample was 2.3 times more likely to self-report poor medication adherence than those who were nondepressed (p = .006).
To measure the effect of an informational video intervention (IVI) compared to standard care (SC) preparation on anxiety and satisfaction prior to percutaneous cardiovascular procedure (PCVP). A quasi-experimental, randomized, prepost design was used to measure the effect of IVI, provided pre-PCVP, compared with SC only preparation on admission anxiety compared with post the IVI and SC preparation. There were 113 males/72 females, mean age of 61.8 years, assigned to IVI (n = 94) or SC group (n = 91). After the preparatory information session, there was no difference between groups on state anxiety (37.6 ± 11.7 vs. 36.3 ± 10.7; z = –.500, p = .617). There was a significant improvement in satisfaction in IVI group (54.23 ± 5.5 vs. 50.7 ± 6.6 (z = –2.9, p = .003). IVI session improved satisfaction with preparation. Viewing the IVI within hours of a PCVP did not reduce measurable anxiety. Further research may reveal a more ideal viewing time.
Patient–nurse interactions are foundational to care that is desired by patients. Evidence about patient-initiated interactions with nurses is scant and little focus has been placed on the meaning to patients of ways to call for help when needed. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to provide a more intensive focus on initiative, one of four categories identified in a grounded theory study related to the perception of feeling safe in intensive care. Of 10 participants, a subset of 9 participant interviews was included in this analysis. Participants perceived "the button" was a way to initiate interaction with a nurse and to get the help they might need "right now." This report emphasizes the importance of nurse call lights to patients and contributes to evidence focused on the meaning for patients of initiating interaction with nurses. Findings have important implications for care quality and nurse education.
Low anterior resection procedures are likely to negatively affect pelvic floor function, which are correlated with sexual dysfunction. The purpose of the study was to explore the prevalence of sexual problems in women with rectal cancer after low anterior resection (LAR). The study consisted of an LAR group (n = 32) and a group of healthy women (n = 32). Female sexual function was evaluated using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). A total of 71.8% of those with LAR reported sexual dysfunction, compared to 18.8% in those who are healthy. The FSFI domain scores were significantly lower for the LAR group relative to the healthy group. Logistic regression revealed that group, education, and age were predictors of female sexual functioning. Women who have had an LAR are at higher risk of sexual function problems. The sexual function of women with LAR should be evaluated in patient discharge planning; nurses should provide more information regarding the impact of LAR on sexual function.
Certified nurses’ assistants (CNAs) employed by a rural nursing home in Northeast Arkansas described their perceptions of resident-to-resident violence in order to provide insight on factors, including unmet needs, that may trigger the phenomenon. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 CNAs. Data were analyzed using content analysis and constant comparison. Two categories of triggers emerged from the data—active and passive. Active triggers involved the actions of other residents that were intrusive in nature, such as wandering into a residents’ personal space, taking a resident’s belongings, and so forth. Passive triggers did not involve the actions of residents but related to the internal and external environment of the residents. Examples were factors such as boredom, competition for attention and communication difficulties. Results indicate that there are factors, including unmet needs within the nursing home environment that may be identified and altered to prevent violence between residents.
In this study on nursing documentation in long-term care facilities, a set of 9 delirium symptoms was used to evaluate the agreement between symptoms reported by nurses during monthly interviews and those documented in the nursing notes for the same 7-day observation period. Residents aged 65 and above (N = 280) were assessed monthly over a 6-month period for the presence of delirium and its symptoms using the Confusion Assessment Method. The proportion of symptoms documented in the nursing notes ranged from 1.9% to 53.5%. A trend toward a lower proportion of documented symptoms for higher resident–nurse ratios was observed, although the difference was not statistically significant. Efforts should be made to improve the situation by revisiting the content of academic and clinical training given to nurses in addition to exploring innovative ways to make nursing documentation more efficient and less time-consuming within the current context of nurses’ work overload.
Despite considerable controversy about their effects, cranberries in various forms have been used widely for several decades to prevent as well as treat urinary tract infections (UTIs). The purpose of this article is to present a review of research-based information regarding the ability of cranberries to prevent UTIs in adults at risk for UTIs. Current evidence suggests that cranberries decrease bacterial adherence to uroepithelial cells and thus decrease the incidence of UTIs without adverse effects in most individuals. Thus clinicians may safely advise patients that cranberries are helpful in preventing UTIs. Cranberries may be a viable adjunct to antibiotics for patients with repeated UTIs.
The purpose of this article is to describe the development and feasibility testing of a Transition Toolkit to support caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in dealing with transitions. Using the Medical Research Council (MRC; UK) guidelines for complex intervention development, Step 1 was to develop a theoretical understanding of the likely processes of change, by reviewing existing evidence and theory, and conducting new primary research. Based on Step 1, the intervention was developed with the Alzheimer’s Society experts (Step 2), followed by concept mapping of the critical inputs of the intervention with the theoretical understanding (Step 3). A feasibility study was then conducted with 20 caregivers of persons with AD (Step 4) using a mixed methods concurrent design. The preliminary findings of the pilot study were positive with the participants describing the Transition Toolkit as acceptable, easy to use, and having the potential to help deal with transitions.
The unknown outcome of surgery has always been a source of anxiety for patients and their relatives. However, the experiences of Ghanaian surgical patients have not been adequately explored. This study sought to have an in-depth exploration of the preoperative experiences of Ghanaian general surgical patients to inform effective preoperative care. The study employed an ethnographic design and was conducted at two hospitals in Accra. Thirteen general surgical patients were purposively recruited and interviewed. Data analysis occurred concurrently and themes that emerged included reaction to impending surgery with subthemes of inappropriate disclosure, fear of death, readiness for surgery, and effect of waiting in the theatre. Also, the theme information gap had subthemes of preoperative care, expectations at the theatre, and undue delays. The study emphasized the need for health professionals to provide effective education to the public and patients, on surgery and its effects, to curb negative perceptions about surgery.
The effects of depression on patients with heart failure (HF) are substantial, yet the predictors remain unclear. The predictors of cognitive/affective and somatic depression in stable HF patients were studied. Using a cross-sectional design, 150 HF outpatients were recruited at two mid-Western HF clinics. Predictors included dyspnea with activities of daily living, family and friend social support, and loneliness; age and gender were control variables. All constructs were measured using standardized instruments. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that cognitive/affective depression was predicted by greater dyspnea and loneliness, whereas somatic depression was predicted by more dyspnea and friend support. Also, greater dyspnea was related to more loneliness and less friend support; less friend support was related to loneliness. Women reported more dyspnea and loneliness. Since cognitive/affective and somatic depression have different predictors, further study is warranted to identify HF patients at risk for depression and to establish interventions targeted at improving depression.
Priorities and allocation are complex tasks in health care. Unspoken and also often unconscious priorities frequently occur. Research concerning how registered nurses (RN) priorities are limited. The aim of this study was to illuminate the meanings of RNs’ lived experiences of priorities in surgery care. Narrative interviews were conducted with 10 RNs working in a department of surgery. The RNs interviewed had all worked for more than 5 years as RNs. A phenomenological-hermeneutic interpretation of the interviews was conducted. The findings revealed 3 themes: making a conscious allocation and priorities of care, doing unreflected good, and being qualified to determine. The RNs did not often comprehend their actions as prioritizing. They more often comprehended their nursing tasks as obvious and did not consider this as priorities. But in situations of ethical difficulty, the RNs reflected upon their priority and actions.
The purpose of this study was to examine rationing of nursing care and the possible relationship between nurses’ perceptions of their professional practice environment and care rationing. A total of 393 nurses from medical and surgical units participated in the study. Data were collected using the Basel Extent of Rationing of Nursing Care (BERNCA) instrument and the Revised Professional Practice Environment (RPPE) Scale. The highest level of rationing was reported for "reviewing of patient documentation" (M = 1.15, SD = 0.94; 31.2% sometimes or often) followed by "oral and dental hygiene" (M = 1.06, SD = 0.94; 31.5% sometimes or often) and "coping with the delayed response of physicians" (M = 1.04, SD = 0.96; 30% sometimes or often). Regression analyses showed that teamwork, leadership and autonomy, and communication about patients accounted in total 18.4% of the variance in rationing. In regard to application, the association between the practice environment and rationing suggests improvements in certain aspects that could minimize rationing.
This study examined the association between Nurse Practitioner (NP) and Physician Assistant (PA) staffing in nursing homes and the effect of a decision aid regarding feeding options in dementia on the frequency of surrogate-provider discussions and on surrogates’ decisional conflict. We compared these outcomes for facilities that had no NPs/PAs, part-time-only NP/PA staffing, and full-time NP/PA staffing. The sample included 256 surrogate decision makers from 24 nursing homes. The decision aid was associated with significant increases in discussion rates in facilities with part-time or no NP/PA staffing (26% vs. 51%, p < .001, and 13% vs. 41%, p < .001, respectively) and decreases in decisional conflict scores (–0.08 vs. –0.047, p = .008, and –0.30 vs. –0.68, p = .014, respectively). Sites with full-time NP/PA staffing had high baseline rates of discussions (41%). These findings suggest that the decision aid and full-time NP/PA staffing can enhance surrogate decision making in nursing homes.
The purpose of this European survey was to examine the relationship of surgical patients’ and nurses’ personal characteristics with their perceptions of caring behaviors. Caring Behaviors Inventory (CBI) was completed by convenience samples of 1,659 patients and 1,195 nurses from six countries of Europe. The results showed that the older the patients, the more positive were their evaluations of CBI. Those with planned admission and good/very good health conditions gave higher ratings compared to those with an emergency and poor health conditions. Type of admission, age, and health conditions explained 5.2% of CBI variance. Nurses with more work experience and experience in the unit gave significantly higher ratings compared to nurses with less experience. Nurses’ total experience and gender explained 2.3% of the variance of perceived care. Therefore, in a multinational surgical environment, caring behaviors may be influenced by other variables, better captured by using different research methods.
The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the process by which hospital staff nurses keep patients safe within their hospital safety culture. Findings from this study culminated in a grounded theory of Managing Risk, the process by which nurses keep their patients safe from harm. Participants perceived that their patients were always at risk (it’s always something), thus keeping patients safe was a continual, repetitive process of managing risk to prevent harm to patients. Stages of this process included risk assessment, risk recognition, prioritization, and protective interventions. Practicing nurses can use this theory to understand and articulate their critical role in keeping patients safe in hospitals. Further examination of this process is necessary for targeted assessment of a safety culture’s impact on bedside nursing practice, thus providing a basis for specific interventions to improve patient safety.
Evaluation of the Caring Assessment Tool (CAT) is essential for its use in the monitoring and ongoing improvement of patient–nurse relationships. This descriptive, prospective study evaluated the dimensionality and internal reliability of the instrument in a sample of hospitalized adults. In addition, reduction of items was achieved, lessening clinical and administrative burden. Data were collected from 1,111 patients in 12 U.S.hospitals in 4 geographically distinct regions. A single factor explained 73% of the variance in the construct and the number of items was reduced to 27. Internal consistency remained high (a = .97). Patient–nurse relationship data were collected safely and efficiently from hospitalized patients using a paper-and-pencil approach. The CAT holds promise for providing acute care registered nurses with the information they need to deliver reliable patient-centered care.